1
|
Tan X, Jahan I, Xu Y, Stock S, Kwan CC, Soriano C, Xiao X, García-Añoveros J, Fritzsch B, Richter CP. Auditory Neural Activity in Congenitally Deaf Mice Induced by Infrared Neural Stimulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:388. [PMID: 29321651 PMCID: PMC5762820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether responses during infrared neural stimulation (INS) result from the direct interaction with spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), we tested three genetically modified deaf mouse models: Atoh1-cre; Atoh1f/f (Atoh1 conditional knockout, CKO), Atoh1-cre; Atoh1f/kiNeurog1 (Neurog1 knockin, KI), and the Vglut3 knockout (Vglut3−/−) mice. All animals were exposed to tone bursts and clicks up to 107 dB (re 20 µPa) and to INS, delivered with a 200 µm optical fiber. The wavelength (λ) was 1860 nm, the radiant energy (Q) 0-800 µJ/pulse, and the pulse width (PW) 100–500 µs. No auditory responses to acoustic stimuli could be evoked in any of these animals. INS could not evoke auditory brainstem responses in Atoh1 CKO mice but could in Neurog1 KI and Vglut3−/− mice. X-ray micro-computed tomography of the cochleae showed that responses correlated with the presence of SGNs and hair cells. Results in Neurog1 KI mice do not support a mechanical stimulation through the vibration of the basilar membrane, but cannot rule out the direct activation of the inner hair cells. Results in Vglut3−/− mice, which have no synaptic transmission between inner hair cells and SGNs, suggested that hair cells are not required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Chicago Avenue, Searle 12-561, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Israt Jahan
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 129 E. Jefferson Street, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yingyue Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Chicago Avenue, Searle 12-561, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Stuart Stock
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Changyow Claire Kwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Chicago Avenue, Searle 12-561, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Carmen Soriano
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jaime García-Añoveros
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Physiology, and Neurology, Northwestern University Institute for Neuroscience, Ward 10-070, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 129 E. Jefferson Street, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Claus-Peter Richter
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 320 E. Chicago Avenue, Searle 12-561, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E310, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. .,The Hugh Knowles Center, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Frances Searle Building, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peterson LM, Gu S, Karunamuni G, Jenkins MW, Watanabe M, Rollins AM. Embryonic aortic arch hemodynamics are a functional biomarker for ethanol-induced congenital heart defects [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1823-1837. [PMID: 28663868 PMCID: PMC5480583 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The great arteries develop from symmetrical aortic arch arteries which are extensively remodeled. These events are vulnerable to perturbations. Hemodynamic forces have a significant role in this remodeling. In this study, optical coherence tomography (OCT) visualized live avian embryos for staging and measuring pharyngeal arch morphology. Measurements acquired with our orientation-independent, dual-angle Doppler OCT technique revealed that ethanol exposure leads to higher absolute blood flow, shear stress, and retrograde flow. Ethanol-exposed embryos had smaller cardiac neural crest (CNC) derived pharyngeal arch mesenchyme and fewer migrating CNC-derived cells. These differences in forces and CNC cell numbers could explain the abnormal aortic arch remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsy M. Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Shi Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Ganga Karunamuni
- Congenital Heart Collaborative, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Michael W. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Congenital Heart Collaborative, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Michiko Watanabe
- Congenital Heart Collaborative, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Andrew M. Rollins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raghunathan R, Singh M, Dickinson ME, Larin KV. Optical coherence tomography for embryonic imaging: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:50902. [PMID: 27228503 PMCID: PMC4881290 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.050902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is a highly complex and dynamic process, and its visualization is crucial for understanding basic physiological processes during development and for identifying and assessing possible defects, malformations, and diseases. While traditional imaging modalities, such as ultrasound biomicroscopy, micro-magnetic resonance imaging, and micro-computed tomography, have long been adapted for embryonic imaging, these techniques generally have limitations in their speed, spatial resolution, and contrast to capture processes such as cardiodynamics during embryogenesis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality with micrometer-scale spatial resolution and imaging depth up to a few millimeters in tissue. OCT has bridged the gap between ultrahigh resolution imaging techniques with limited imaging depth like confocal microscopy and modalities, such as ultrasound sonography, which have deeper penetration but poorer spatial resolution. Moreover, the noninvasive nature of OCT has enabled live imaging of embryos without any external contrast agents. We review how OCT has been utilized to study developing embryos and also discuss advances in techniques used in conjunction with OCT to understand embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Raghunathan
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3517 Cullen Boulevard, Room 2027, Houston, Texas 77204-5060, United States
| | - Manmohan Singh
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3517 Cullen Boulevard, Room 2027, Houston, Texas 77204-5060, United States
| | - Mary E. Dickinson
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza- BCM335, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Kirill V. Larin
- University of Houston, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3517 Cullen Boulevard, Room 2027, Houston, Texas 77204-5060, United States
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, One Baylor Plaza- BCM335, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Linask KK, Han M, Bravo-Valenzuela NJM. Changes in vitelline and utero-placental hemodynamics: implications for cardiovascular development. Front Physiol 2014; 5:390. [PMID: 25426076 PMCID: PMC4227466 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of cardiovascular development have shown an important interplay between heart function, blood flow, and morphogenesis of heart structure during the formation of a four-chambered heart. It is known that changes in vitelline and placental blood flow seemingly contribute substantially to early cardiac hemodynamics. This suggests that in order to understand mammalian cardiac structure-hemodynamic functional relationships, blood flow from the extra-embryonic circulation needs to be taken into account and its possible impact on cardiogenesis defined. Previously published Doppler ultrasound analyses and data of utero-placental blood flow from human studies and those using the mouse model are compared to changes observed with environmental exposures that lead to cardiovascular anomalies. Use of current concepts and models related to mechanotransduction of blood flow and fluid forces may help in the future to better define the characteristics of normal and abnormal utero-placental blood flow and the changes in the biophysical parameters that may contribute to congenital heart defects. Evidence from multiple studies is discussed to provide a framework for future modeling of the impact of experimental changes in blood flow on the mouse heart during normal and abnormal cardiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kersti K Linask
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, University of South Florida Health St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Mingda Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Children's Research Institute, University of South Florida Health St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|