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Neuroprotective Role of Hypothermia in Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010104. [PMID: 35052784 PMCID: PMC8773047 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Even nowadays, the question of whether hypothermia can genuinely be considered therapeutic care for patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) remains unanswered. Although the mechanisms of hypothermia action are yet to be fully explored, early hypothermia for patients suffering from acute SCI has already been implemented in clinical settings. This article discusses measures for inducing various forms of hypothermia and summarizes several hypotheses describing the likelihood of hypothermia mechanisms of action. We present our objective neuro-electrophysiological results and demonstrate that early hypothermia manifests neuroprotective effects mainly during the first- and second-month post-SCI, depending on the severity of the injury, time of intervening, duration, degree, and modality of inducing hypothermia. Nevertheless, eventually, its beneficial effects gradually but consistently diminish. In addition, we report potential complications and side effects for the administration of general hypothermia with a unique referment to the local hypothermia. We also provide evidence that instead of considering early hypothermia post-SCI a therapeutic approach, it is more a neuroprotective strategy in acute and sub-acute phases of SCI that mostly delay, but not entirely avoid, the natural history of the pathophysiological events. Indeed, the most crucial rationale for inducing early hypothermia is to halt these devastating inflammatory and apoptotic events as early and as much as possible. This, in turn, creates a larger time-window of opportunity for physicians to formulate and administer a well-designed personalized treatment for patients suffering from acute traumatic SCI.
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Jamaludin MR, Lai KW, Chuah JH, Zaki MA, Hum YC, Tee YK, Mohd Salim MI, Saw LB. Transcranial Electrical Motor Evoked Potential in Predicting Positive Functional Outcome of Patients after Decompressive Spine Surgery: Review on Challenges and Recommendations towards Objective Interpretation. Behav Neurol 2021; 2021:2684855. [PMID: 34777631 PMCID: PMC8580690 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2684855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spine surgeries impose risk to the spine's surrounding anatomical and physiological structures especially the spinal cord and the nerve roots. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is a technology developed to monitor the integrity of the spinal cord and the nerve roots via the surgery. Transcranial motor evoked potential (TcMEP) (one of the IONM modalities) is adopted to monitor the integrity of the motor pathway of the spinal cord and the motor nerve roots. Recent research suggested that the IONM is conducive as a prognostic tool towards the patient's functional outcome. This paper summarizes the researches of IONM being adopted as a prognostic tool. In addition, this paper highlights the problems associated with the signal parameters as the improvement criteria in the previous researches. Lastly, we review the challenges of TcMEP to achieve a prognostic tool focusing on the factors that could interfere with the generation of a stable TcMEP response. The final section will discuss recommendations for IONM technology to achieve an objective prognostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Redzuan Jamaludin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khin Wee Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Joon Huang Chuah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Afiq Zaki
- Center of Environmental Health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yan Chai Hum
- Centre for Healthcare Science & Technology, Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | - Yee Kai Tee
- Centre for Healthcare Science & Technology, Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
| | - Maheza Irna Mohd Salim
- Bioinspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Lim Beng Saw
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sunway Medical Centre, Malaysia
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All AH, Luo S, Liu X, Al-Nashash H. Effect of thoracic spinal cord injury on forelimb somatosensory evoked potential. Brain Res Bull 2021; 173:22-27. [PMID: 33991605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the forelimbs somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) signals, which are representative of the integrity of ascending sensory pathways and their stability as well as function, recorded from corresponding cortices, post thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI). We designed a series of distinctive transection SCI to investigate whether forelimbs SSEPs change after right T10 hemi-transection, T8 and T10 double hemi-transection and T8 complete transection in rat model of SCI. We used electrical stimuli to stimulate median nerves and recorded SSEPs from left and right somatosensory areas of both cortices. We monitored pre-injury baseline and verified changes in forelimbs SSEP signals on Days 4, 7, 14, and 21 post-injury. We previously characterized hindlimb SSEP changes for the abovementioned transection injuries. The focus of this article is to investigate the quality and quantity of changes that may occur in the forelimb somatosensory pathways post-thoracic transection SCI. It is important to test the stability of forelimb SSEPs following thoracic SCI because of their potential utility as a proxy baseline for the traumatic SCIs in clinical cases wherein there is no opportunity to gather baseline of the lower extremities. We observed that the forelimb SSEP amplitudes increased following thoracic SCI but gradually returned to the baseline. Despite changes found in the raw signals, statistical analysis found forelimb SSEP signals become stable relatively soon. In summary, though there are changes in value (with p > 0.05), they are not statistically significant. Therefore, the null hypothesis that the mean of the forelimb SSEP signals are the same across multiple days after injury onset cannot be rejected during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo H All
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Room RRS844, Sir Run Run Shaw Building, Ho Sin Hang Campus, Hong Kong.
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore; The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Hasan Al-Nashash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, ESB-2018, Engineering Science Building, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, 26666, United Arab Emirates.
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Qian J, Wu W, Xiong W, Chai Z, Xu XM, Jin X. Longitudinal Optogenetic Motor Mapping Revealed Structural and Functional Impairments and Enhanced Corticorubral Projection after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:485-499. [PMID: 29848155 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evaluation of impairment and repair after spinal cord injury (SCI) is largely dependent on behavioral assessment and histological analysis of injured tissue and pathways. Here, we evaluated whether transcranial optogenetic mapping of motor cortex could reflect longitudinal structural and functional damage and recovery after SCI. In Thy1-Channelrhodopsin2 transgenic mice, repeated motor mappings were made by recording optogenetically evoked electromyograms (EMGs) of a hindlimb at baseline and 1 day and 2, 4, and 6 weeks after mild, moderate, and severe spinal cord contusion. Injuries caused initial decreases in EMG amplitude, losses of motor map, and subsequent partial recoveries, all of which corresponded to injury severity. Reductions in map size were positively correlated with motor performance, as measured by Basso Mouse Scale, rota-rod, and grid walk tests, at different time points, as well as with lesion area at spinal cord epicenter at 6 weeks post-SCI. Retrograde tracing with Fluoro-Gold showed decreased numbers of cortico- and rubrospinal neurons, with the latter being negatively correlated with motor map size. Combined retro- and anterograde tracing and immunostaining revealed more neurons activated in red nucleus by cortical stimulation and enhanced corticorubral axons and synapses in red nucleus after SCI. Electrophysiological recordings showed lower threshold and higher amplitude of corticorubral synaptic response after SCI. We conclude that transcranial optogenetic motor mapping is sensitive and efficient for longitudinal evaluation of impairment and plasticity of SCI, and that spinal cord contusion induces stronger anatomical and functional corticorubral connection that may contribute to spontaneous recovery of motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Spinal Surgery and Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wu
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wenhui Xiong
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zhi Chai
- 3 Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology & Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Wu W, Xiong W, Zhang P, Chen L, Fang J, Shields C, Xu XM, Jin X. Increased threshold of short-latency motor evoked potentials in transgenic mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178803. [PMID: 28562670 PMCID: PMC5451077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice that express channelrhodopsin-2 or its variants provide a powerful tool for optogenetic study of the nervous system. Previous studies have established that introducing such exogenous genes usually does not alter anatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral properties of neurons in these mice. However, in a line of Thy1-ChR2-YFP transgenic mice (line 9, Jackson lab), we found that short-latency motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation had a longer latency and much lower amplitude than that of wild type mice. MEPs evoked by transcranial electrical stimulation also had a much higher threshold in ChR2 mice, although similar amplitudes could be evoked in both wild and ChR2 mice at maximal stimulation. In contrast, long-latency MEPs evoked by electrically stimulating the motor cortex were similar in amplitude and latency between wild type and ChR2 mice. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings from layer V pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex in ChR2 mice revealed no significant differences in intrinsic membrane properties and action potential firing in response to current injection. These data suggest that corticospinal tract is not accountable for the observed abnormality. Motor behavioral assessments including BMS score, rotarod, and grid-walking test showed no significant differences between the two groups. Because short-latency MEPs are known to involve brainstem reticulospinal tract, while long-latency MEPs mainly involve primary motor cortex and dorsal corticospinal tract, we conclude that this line of ChR2 transgenic mice has normal function of motor cortex and dorsal corticospinal tract, but reduced excitability and responsiveness of reticulospinal tracts. This abnormality needs to be taken into account when using these mice for related optogenetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wenhui Xiong
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lifang Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.,Department of Acupuncture, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Acupuncture, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Christopher Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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Marcon RM, Cristante AF, de Barros Filho TEP, Ferreira R, dos Santos GB. Effects of ganglioside G(M1) and erythropoietin on spinal cord lesions in rats: functional and histological evaluations. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2016; 71:351-60. [PMID: 27438570 PMCID: PMC4930661 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2016(06)11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the functional and histological effects of ganglioside G(M1) and erythropoietin after experimental spinal cord contusion injury. METHODS Fifty male Wistar rats underwent experimental spinal cord lesioning using an NYU-Impactor device and were randomly divided into the following groups, which received treatment intraperitoneally. The G(M1) group received ganglioside G(M1) (30 mg/kg); the erythropoietin group received erythropoietin (1000 IU/kg); the combined group received both drugs; and the saline group received saline (0.9%) as a control. A fifth group was the laminectomy group, in which the animals were subjected to laminectomy alone, without spinal lesioning or treatment. The animals were evaluated according to the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale, motor evoked potential recordings and, after euthanasia, histological analysis of spinal cord tissue. RESULTS The erythropoietin group had higher BBB scores than the G(M1) group. The combined group had the highest BBB scores, and the saline group had the lowest BBB scores. No significant difference in latency was observed between the three groups that underwent spinal cord lesioning and intervention. However, the combined group showed a significantly higher signal amplitude than the other treatment groups or the saline group (p<0.01). Histological tissue analysis showed no significant difference between the groups. Axonal index was significantly enhanced in the combined group than any other intervention (p<0.01). CONCLUSION G(M1) and erythropoietin exert therapeutic effects on axonal regeneration and electrophysiological and motor functions in rats subjected to experimental spinal cord lesioning and administering these two substances in combination potentiates their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Martus Marcon
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP), Divisão de Cirurgia de Coluna Vertebral, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 41), São Paulo/SP, Brazil
- E-mail: .
| | - Alexandre Fogaça Cristante
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP), Divisão de Cirurgia de Coluna Vertebral, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 41), São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Eloy Pessoa de Barros Filho
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP), Divisão de Cirurgia de Coluna Vertebral, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 41), São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ferreira
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP), Divisão de Cirurgia de Coluna Vertebral, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 41), São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Bispo dos Santos
- Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-HCFMUSP), Divisão de Cirurgia de Coluna Vertebral, Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM 41), São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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Tian DS, Jing JH, Qian J, Chen L, Zhu B. Effect of oscillating electrical field stimulation on motor function recovery and myelin regeneration after spinal cord injury in rats. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:1465-71. [PMID: 27313352 PMCID: PMC4905891 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oscillating electrical field stimulation on motor function recovery and myelin regeneration in rats with spinal cord injury. [Subjects and Methods] A rat model of spinal cord injury was constructed by using the Allen weight-drop method. These rats were randomly divided into normal, spinal cord injury, and spinal cord injury + oscillating electrical field stimulation groups. The experimental group received the intervention with oscillating electrical field stimulation, and the control group received the intervention with an electrical field stimulator without oscillating electrical field stimulation. Each group was then randomly divided into seven subgroups according to observation time (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks). Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan score and inclined plate test score evaluation, motor evoked potential detection, and histological observation were performed. [Results] In the first 2 weeks of oscillating electrical field stimulation, the oscillating electrical field stimulation and inclined plate test scores of spinal cord injury group and spinal cord injury + oscillating electrical field stimulation group were not significantly different. In the fourth week, the scores of the spinal cord injury group were significantly lower than those of the spinal cord injury + oscillating electrical field stimulation group. The motor evoked potential incubation period in the spinal cord injury + oscillating electrical field stimulation group at the various time points was shorter than that in the spinal cord injury group. In the sixth week, the relative area of myelin in the spinal cord injury + oscillating electrical field stimulation group was evidently larger than that in the spinal cord injury group. [Conclusion] Oscillating electrical field stimulation could effectively improve spinal cord conduction function and promote motor function recovery in rats with spinal cord injury, as well as promote myelin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Sheng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University: Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jue-Hua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University: Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University: Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University: Hefei 230601, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University: Hefei 230601, China
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Electrophysiological Monitoring of Brain Injury and Recovery after Cardiac Arrest. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25999-6018. [PMID: 26528970 PMCID: PMC4661797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable prognostic methods for cerebral functional outcome of post cardiac-arrest (CA) patients are necessary, especially since therapeutic hypothermia (TH) as a standard treatment. Traditional neurophysiological prognostic indicators, such as clinical examination and chemical biomarkers, may result in indecisive outcome predictions and do not directly reflect neuronal activity, though they have remained the mainstay of clinical prognosis. The most recent advances in electrophysiological methods--electroencephalography (EEG) pattern, evoked potential (EP) and cellular electrophysiological measurement--were developed to complement these deficiencies, and will be examined in this review article. EEG pattern (reactivity and continuity) provides real-time and accurate information for early-stage (particularly in the first 24 h) hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury patients with high sensitivity. However, the signal is easily affected by external stimuli, thus the measurements of EP should be combined with EEG background to validate the predicted neurologic functional result. Cellular electrophysiology, such as multi-unit activity (MUA) and local field potentials (LFP), has strong potential for improving prognostication and therapy by offering additional neurophysiologic information to understand the underlying mechanisms of therapeutic methods. Electrophysiology provides reliable and precise prognostication on both global and cellular levels secondary to cerebral injury in cardiac arrest patients treated with TH.
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Zhang Q, Ni M, Zhou HF, Ding SQ, Fan ZM. Value of evoked potential in study of functional bowel disorders. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:184-189. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of neurogastroenterology and the application of neurophysiologic examinations have gradually revealed the association of gastrointestinal activity with cortical activity through the efferent and afferent pathways. The state of nerve conduction pathway between the brain and gastrointestinal tract is closely related with specific functions of the anus and rectum. Scholars have put forward the "brain gut axis" and "brain gut interaction" theories to explain the bidirectional interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. Evoked potentials have an important role in the diagnosis and research of electrophysiological changes in various parts of the neural system, which provides practical information for the study of the brain-gut pathway, promotes the diagnosis and understanding of diseases related to the brain-gut axis abnormalities, and provides the basis for developing new treatment methods. In this paper, we summarize the roles of various evoked potential techniques in the study of functional bowel disorders.
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All AH, Bazley FA, Gupta S, Pashai N, Hu C, Pourmorteza A, Kerr C. Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitors aid in functional recovery of sensory pathways following contusive spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47645. [PMID: 23091637 PMCID: PMC3473046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transplantations of human stem cell derivatives have been widely investigated in rodent models for the potential restoration of function of neural pathways after spinal cord injury (SCI). Studies have already demonstrated cells survival following transplantation in SCI. We sought to evaluate survival and potential therapeutic effects of transplanted human embryonic stem (hES) cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in a contusive injury in rats. Bioluminescence imaging was utilized to verify survivability of cells up to 4 weeks, and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEPs) were recorded at the cortex to monitor function of sensory pathways throughout the 6-week recovery period. Principal Findings hES cells were transduced with the firefly luciferase gene and differentiated into OPCs. OPCs were transplanted into the lesion epicenter of rat spinal cords 2 hours after inducing a moderate contusive SCI. The hES-treatment group showed improved SSEPs, including increased amplitude and decreased latencies, compared to the control group. The bioluminescence of transplanted OPCs decreased by 97% in the injured spinal cord compared to only 80% when injected into an uninjured spinal cord. Bioluminescence increased in both experimental groups such that by week 3, no statistical difference was detected, signifying that the cells survived and proliferated independent of injury. Post-mortem histology of the spinal cords showed integration of human cells expressing mature oligodendrocyte markers and myelin basic protein without the expression of markers for astrocytes (GFAP) or pluripotent cells (OCT4). Conclusions hES-derived OPCs transplanted 2 hours after contusive SCI survive and differentiate into OLs that produce MBP. Treated rats demonstrated functional improvements in SSEP amplitudes and latencies compared to controls as early as 1 week post-injury. Finally, the hostile injury microenvironment at 2 hours post-injury initially caused increased cell death but did not affect the long-term cell proliferation or survival, indicating that cells can be transplanted sooner than conventionally accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo H. All
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AA); (CK)
| | - Faith A. Bazley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nikta Pashai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amir Pourmorteza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AA); (CK)
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Ma Y, Thakor NV, Jia X. Statistical model applied to motor evoked potentials analysis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:2001-4. [PMID: 22254727 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6090563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) convey information regarding the functional integrity of the descending motor pathways. Absence of the MEP has been used as a neurophysiological marker to suggest cortico-spinal abnormalities in the operating room. Due to their high variability and sensitivity, detailed quantitative studies of MEPs are lacking. This paper applies a statistical method to characterize MEPs by estimating the number of motor units and single motor unit potential amplitudes. A clearly increasing trend of single motor unit potential amplitudes in the MEPs after each pulse of the stimulation pulse train is revealed by this method. This statistical method eliminates the effects of anesthesia, and provides an objective assessment of MEPs. Consequently this statistical method has high potential to be useful in future quantitative MEPs analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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