|
1
|
Li DDU, Ameer-Beg S, Arlt J, Tyndall D, Walker R, Matthews DR, Visitkul V, Richardson J, Henderson RK. Time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging techniques suitable for solid-state imaging sensor arrays. SENSORS 2012; 12:5650-69. [PMID: 22778606 PMCID: PMC3386705 DOI: 10.3390/s120505650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have successfully demonstrated video-rate CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD)-based cameras for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) by applying innovative FLIM algorithms. We also review and compare several time-domain techniques and solid-state FLIM systems, and adapt the proposed algorithms for massive CMOS SPAD-based arrays and hardware implementations. The theoretical error equations are derived and their performances are demonstrated on the data obtained from 0.13 μm CMOS SPAD arrays and the multiple-decay data obtained from scanning PMT systems. In vivo two photon fluorescence lifetime imaging data of FITC-albumin labeled vasculature of a P22 rat carcinosarcoma (BD9 rat window chamber) are used to test how different algorithms perform on bi-decay data. The proposed techniques are capable of producing lifetime images with enough contrast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Day-Uei Li
- Department of Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QT, UK
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-127-387-3513
| | - Simon Ameer-Beg
- Division of Cancer Research & Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; E-Mails: (S.A.B.); (V.V.)
| | - Jochen Arlt
- SUPA, COSMIC, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Scotland, UK; E-Mail:
| | - David Tyndall
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland, UK; E-Mails: (D.T.); (R.W.); (J.R.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Richard Walker
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland, UK; E-Mails: (D.T.); (R.W.); (J.R.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Daniel R. Matthews
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Viput Visitkul
- Division of Cancer Research & Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; E-Mails: (S.A.B.); (V.V.)
| | - Justin Richardson
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland, UK; E-Mails: (D.T.); (R.W.); (J.R.); (R.K.H.)
| | - Robert K. Henderson
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland, UK; E-Mails: (D.T.); (R.W.); (J.R.); (R.K.H.)
| |
Collapse
|