1
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García-Mendívil L, Pérez-Zabalza M, Mountris K, Duwé S, Smisdom N, Pérez M, Luján L, Wolfs E, Driesen RB, Vallejo-Gil JM, Fresneda-Roldán PC, Fañanás-Mastral J, Vázquez-Sancho M, Matamala-Adell M, Sorribas-Berjón JF, Bellido-Morales JA, Mancebón-Sierra FJ, Vaca-Núñez AS, Ballester-Cuenca C, Oliván-Viguera A, Diez E, Ordovás L, Pueyo E. Analysis of age-related left ventricular collagen remodeling in living donors: Implications in arrhythmogenesis. iScience 2022; 25:103822. [PMID: 35198884 PMCID: PMC8850748 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related fibrosis in the left ventricle (LV) has been mainly studied in animals by assessing collagen content. Using second-harmonic generation microscopy and image processing, we evaluated amount, aggregation and spatial distribution of LV collagen in young to old pigs, and middle-age and elder living donors. All collagen features increased when comparing adult and old pigs with young ones, but not when comparing adult with old pigs or middle-age with elder individuals. Remarkably, all collagen parameters strongly correlated with lipofuscin, a biological age marker, in humans. By building patient-specific models of human ventricular tissue electrophysiology, we confirmed that amount and organization of fibrosis modulated arrhythmia vulnerability, and that distribution should be accounted for arrhythmia risk assessment. In conclusion, we characterize the age-associated changes in LV collagen and its potential implications for ventricular arrhythmia development. Consistency between pig and human results substantiate the pig as a relevant model of age-related LV collagen dynamics. Collagen remodeling traits change from youth to adulthood, not from midlife onwards In humans, collagen remodeling traits relate with the biological age-pigment lipofuscin Beyond collagen amount, its distribution also influences ventricular arrhythmogenesis Consistent age-related remodeling was observed amid healthy farm pigs and living donors
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Mendívil
- Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation Group (BSICoS), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,BSICoS, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - María Pérez-Zabalza
- Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation Group (BSICoS), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,BSICoS, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Mountris
- Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation Group (BSICoS), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,BSICoS, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Sam Duwé
- Advanced Optical Microscopy Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3500, Belgium
| | - Nick Smisdom
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3500, Belgium
| | - Marta Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Animal Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50013, Spain.,Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3500, Belgium
| | - Ronald B Driesen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3500, Belgium
| | - José María Vallejo-Gil
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | - Javier Fañanás-Mastral
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Sancho
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Marta Matamala-Adell
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Ballester-Cuenca
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Aida Oliván-Viguera
- Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation Group (BSICoS), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,BSICoS, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Emiliano Diez
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Laura Ordovás
- Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation Group (BSICoS), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,BSICoS, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Esther Pueyo
- Biomedical Signal Interpretation and Computational Simulation Group (BSICoS), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,BSICoS, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza 50018, Spain
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2
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Palacio LC, Ugarte JP, Saiz J, Tobón C. The Effects of Fibrotic Cell Type and Its Density on Atrial Fibrillation Dynamics: An In Silico Study. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102769. [PMID: 34685750 PMCID: PMC8534881 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling in atrial fibrillation (AF) underlines the electrical and structural changes in the atria, where fibrosis is a hallmark of arrhythmogenic structural alterations. Fibrosis is an important feature of the AF substrate and can lead to abnormal conduction and, consequently, mechanical dysfunction. The fibrotic process comprises the presence of fibrotic cells, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and fibrocytes, which play an important role during fibrillatory dynamics. This work assesses the effect of the diffuse fibrosis density and the intermingled presence of the three types of fibrotic cells on the dynamics of persistent AF. For this purpose, the three fibrotic cells were electrically coupled to cardiomyocytes in a 3D realistic model of human atria. Low (6.25%) and high (25%) fibrosis densities were implemented in the left atrium according to a diffuse fibrosis representation. We analyze the action potential duration, conduction velocity and fibrillatory conduction patterns. Additionally, frequency analysis was performed in 50 virtual electrograms. The tested fibrosis configurations generated a significant conduction velocity reduction, where the larger effect was observed at high fibrosis density (up to 82% reduction in the fibrocytes configuration). Increasing the fibrosis density intensifies the vulnerability to multiple re-entries, zigzag propagation, and chaotic activity in the fibrillatory conduction. The most complex propagation patterns were observed at high fibrosis densities and the fibrocytes are the cells with the largest proarrhythmic effect. Left-to-right dominant frequency gradients can be observed for all fibrosis configurations, where the fibrocytes configuration at high density generates the most significant gradients (up to 4.5 Hz). These results suggest the important role of different fibrotic cell types and their density in diffuse fibrosis on the chaotic propagation patterns during persistent AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Palacio
- Materiales Nanoestructurados y Biomodelación (MATBIOM), Universidad de Medellín, Medellín 050032, Colombia;
| | - Juan P. Ugarte
- Grupo de Investigación en Modelamiento y Simulación Computacional (GIMSC), Universidad de San Buenaventura, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Javier Saiz
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (CIB), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Catalina Tobón
- Materiales Nanoestructurados y Biomodelación (MATBIOM), Universidad de Medellín, Medellín 050032, Colombia;
- Correspondence:
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3
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A comprehensive, multiscale framework for evaluation of arrhythmias arising from cell therapy in the whole post-myocardial infarcted heart. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9238. [PMID: 31239508 PMCID: PMC6592890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct remuscularization approaches to cell-based heart repair seek to restore ventricular contractility following myocardial infarction (MI) by introducing new cardiomyocytes (CMs) to replace lost or injured ones. However, despite promising improvements in cardiac function, high incidences of ventricular arrhythmias have been observed in animal models of MI injected with pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs). The mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis remain unclear. Here, we present a comprehensive framework for computational modeling of direct remuscularization approaches to cell therapy. Our multiscale 3D whole-heart modeling framework integrates realistic representations of cell delivery and transdifferentiation therapy modalities as well as representation of spatial distributions of engrafted cells, enabling simulation of clinical therapy and the prediction of emergent electrophysiological behavior and arrhythmogenensis. We employ this framework to explore how varying parameters of cell delivery and transdifferentiation could result in three mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis: focal ectopy, heart block, and reentry.
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4
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Cheniti G, Vlachos K, Pambrun T, Hooks D, Frontera A, Takigawa M, Bourier F, Kitamura T, Lam A, Martin C, Dumas-Pommier C, Puyo S, Pillois X, Duchateau J, Klotz N, Denis A, Derval N, Jais P, Cochet H, Hocini M, Haissaguerre M, Sacher F. Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms and Implications for Catheter Ablation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1458. [PMID: 30459630 PMCID: PMC6232922 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AF is a heterogeneous rhythm disorder that is related to a wide spectrum of etiologies and has broad clinical presentations. Mechanisms underlying AF are complex and remain incompletely understood despite extensive research. They associate interactions between triggers, substrate and modulators including ionic and anatomic remodeling, genetic predisposition and neuro-humoral contributors. The pulmonary veins play a key role in the pathogenesis of AF and their isolation is associated to high rates of AF freedom in patients with paroxysmal AF. However, ablation of persistent AF remains less effective, mainly limited by the difficulty to identify the sources sustaining AF. Many theories were advanced to explain the perpetuation of this form of AF, ranging from a single localized focal and reentrant source to diffuse bi-atrial multiple wavelets. Translating these mechanisms to the clinical practice remains challenging and limited by the spatio-temporal resolution of the mapping techniques. AF is driven by focal or reentrant activities that are initially clustered in a relatively limited atrial surface then disseminate everywhere in both atria. Evidence for structural remodeling, mainly represented by atrial fibrosis suggests that reentrant activities using anatomical substrate are the key mechanism sustaining AF. These reentries can be endocardial, epicardial, and intramural which makes them less accessible for mapping and for ablation. Subsequently, early interventions before irreversible remodeling are of major importance. Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation remains the cornerstone of the treatment of AF, regardless of the AF form and of the AF duration. No ablation strategy consistently demonstrated superiority to pulmonary vein isolation in preventing long term recurrences of atrial arrhythmias. Further research that allows accurate identification of the mechanisms underlying AF and efficient ablation should improve the results of PsAF ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassen Cheniti
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France.,Cardiology Department, Hopital Sahloul, Universite de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Konstantinos Vlachos
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Thomas Pambrun
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Darren Hooks
- Cardiology Department, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Masateru Takigawa
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Felix Bourier
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Takeshi Kitamura
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Anna Lam
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | | | - Stephane Puyo
- Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Xavier Pillois
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France
| | - Josselin Duchateau
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Nicolas Klotz
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Arnaud Denis
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Nicolas Derval
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Pierre Jais
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Hubert Cochet
- Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France.,Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France
| | - Meleze Hocini
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Michel Haissaguerre
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Frederic Sacher
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Department, Hopital Haut Leveque, Bordeaux, France.,Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute (LIRYC), Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
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5
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Galectin-3 in Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040976. [PMID: 29587379 PMCID: PMC5979515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of atrial fibrillation is a complex mechanism, including extensive electrical and structural remodeling of the atria which involves progressive fibrogenesis. Galectin-3 is a biomarker of fibrosis, and, thus, may be involved in atrial remodeling in atrial fibrillation patients. We review the role of galectin-3 in AF mechanisms and its potential therapeutic implications.
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6
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Aghighi A, Comtois P. Noise-induced effects on multicellular biopacemaker spontaneous activity: Differences between weak and strong pacemaker cells. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2017; 27:093927. [PMID: 28964145 DOI: 10.1063/1.5000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-organization of spontaneous activity of a network of active elements is important to the general theory of reaction-diffusion systems as well as for pacemaking activity to initiate beating of the heart. Monolayer cultures of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, consisting of resting and pacemaker cells, exhibit spontaneous activation of their electrical activity. Similarly, one proposed approach to the development of biopacemakers as an alternative to electronic pacemakers for cardiac therapy is based on heterogeneous cardiac cells with resting and spontaneously beating phenotypes. However, the combined effect of pacemaker characteristics, density, and spatial distribution of the pacemaker cells on spontaneous activity is unknown. Using a simple stochastic pattern formation algorithm, we previously showed a clear nonlinear dependency of spontaneous activity (occurrence and amplitude of spontaneous period) on the spatial patterns of pacemaker cells. In this study, we show that this behavior is dependent on the pacemaker cell characteristics, with weaker pacemaker cells requiring higher density and larger clusters to sustain multicellular activity. These multicellular structures also demonstrated an increased sensitivity to voltage noise that favored spontaneous activity at lower density while increasing temporal variation in the period of activity. This information will help researchers overcome the current limitations of biopacemakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Aghighi
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger E., Montréal, Québec H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Philippe Comtois
- Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger E., Montréal, Québec H1T 1C8, Canada
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7
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Boyle PM, Zahid S, Trayanova NA. Towards personalized computational modelling of the fibrotic substrate for atrial arrhythmia. Europace 2017; 18:iv136-iv145. [PMID: 28011841 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Atrial arrhythmias involving a fibrotic substrate are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. In many cases, effective treatment of such rhythm disorders is severely hindered by a lack of mechanistic understanding relating features of fibrotic remodelling to dynamics of re-entrant arrhythmia. With the advent of clinical imaging modalities capable of resolving the unique fibrosis spatial pattern present in the atria of each individual patient, a promising new research trajectory has emerged in which personalized computational models are used to analyse mechanistic underpinnings of arrhythmia dynamics based on the distribution of fibrotic tissue. In this review, we first present findings that have yielded a robust and detailed biophysical representation of fibrotic substrate electrophysiological properties. Then, we summarize the results of several recent investigations seeking to use organ-scale models of the fibrotic human atria to derive new insights on mechanisms of arrhythmia perpetuation and to develop novel strategies for model-assisted individualized planning of catheter ablation procedures for atrial arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Boyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, 208 Hackerman Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sohail Zahid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, 208 Hackerman Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St, 208 Hackerman Hall, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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8
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Effects of Na + Current and Mechanogated Channels in Myofibroblasts on Myocyte Excitability and Repolarization. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:6189374. [PMID: 27980607 PMCID: PMC5131562 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6189374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic remodeling, characterized by fibroblast phenotype switching, is often associated with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. This study aimed to investigate the effects on electrotonic myofibroblast-myocyte (Mfb-M) coupling on cardiac myocytes excitability and repolarization of the voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and single mechanogated channels (MGCs) in human atrial Mfbs. Mathematical modeling was developed from a combination of (1) models of the human atrial myocyte (including the stretch activated ion channel current, ISAC) and Mfb and (2) our formulation of currents through VGSCs (INa_Mfb) and MGCs (IMGC_Mfb) based upon experimental findings. The effects of changes in the intercellular coupling conductance, the number of coupled Mfbs, and the basic cycle length on the myocyte action potential were simulated. The results demonstrated that the integration of ISAC, INa_Mfb, and IMGC_Mfb reduced the amplitude of the myocyte membrane potential (Vmax) and the action potential duration (APD), increased the depolarization of the resting myocyte membrane potential (Vrest), and made it easy to trigger spontaneous excitement in myocytes. For Mfbs, significant electrotonic depolarizations were exhibited with the addition of INa_Mfb and IMGC_Mfb. Our results indicated that ISAC, INa_Mfb, and IMGC_Mfb significantly influenced myocytes and Mfbs properties and should be considered in future cardiac pathological mathematical modeling.
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9
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Haissaguerre M, Shah AJ, Cochet H, Hocini M, Dubois R, Efimov I, Vigmond E, Bernus O, Trayanova N. Intermittent drivers anchoring to structural heterogeneities as a major pathophysiological mechanism of human persistent atrial fibrillation. J Physiol 2016; 594:2387-98. [PMID: 26890861 PMCID: PMC4850206 DOI: 10.1113/jp270617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for perpetuation of human persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) are controversial and probably vary between individuals. A wide spectrum of mechanisms have been described in experimental studies, ranging from a single localized stable (focal/reentrant) source, to multiple sources, up to diffuse bi-atrial wavelets. We characterized AF drivers in patients with persistent AF (lasting less than 1 year) using novel high resolution mapping, imaging and modelling approaches with the objective of evaluating their relationship to atrial structural heterogeneities. Using panoramic non-invasive mapping in humans, focal or reentrant sources driving AF waves were identified, originating from multiple distinct regions and exhibiting short lifespans and periodic recurrences in the same locations. The reentrant driver regions harboured long, fractionated electrograms covering most of the fibrillatory cycle lengths with varying beat-to-beat sequences suggestive of unstable trajectories attached to slow conducting heterogeneous tissue. MRI atrial imaging demonstrated that such drivers preferentially clustered at the borders of fibrotic atrial regions. In patient-specific computer simulations, sustained AF was shown to be driven by meandering transitory reentries attached to fibrosis borders expressing specific metrics in density and extent. Finally, random microstructural alterations devoid of cellular electrical changes were modelled, showing that a percolation mechanism could also explain atrial reentries and complex fractionated electrograms. These data from clinical, imaging and computational studies strongly suggest that intermittent and spatially unstable drivers anchoring to structural heterogeneities are a major pathophysiological mechanism in human persistent atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok J Shah
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
| | - Hubert Cochet
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
| | - Meleze Hocini
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
| | - Remi Dubois
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
| | - Igor Efimov
- LIRYC Institute, University and CHU of Bordeaux, France
- Washington University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | | | | | - Natalia Trayanova
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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10
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Horn MA, Trafford AW. Aging and the cardiac collagen matrix: Novel mediators of fibrotic remodelling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:175-85. [PMID: 26578393 PMCID: PMC4945757 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and there is a pressing need for new therapeutic strategies to treat such conditions. The risk of developing cardiovascular disease increases dramatically with age, yet the majority of experimental research is executed using young animals. The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), consisting predominantly of fibrillar collagen, preserves myocardial integrity, provides a means of force transmission and supports myocyte geometry. Disruptions to the finely balanced control of collagen synthesis, post-synthetic deposition, post-translational modification and degradation may have detrimental effects on myocardial functionality. It is now well established that the aged heart is characterized by fibrotic remodelling, but the mechanisms responsible for this are incompletely understood. Furthermore, studies using aged animal models suggest that interstitial remodelling with disease may be age-dependent. Thus with the identification of new therapeutic strategies targeting fibrotic remodelling, it may be necessary to consider age-dependent mechanisms. In this review, we discuss remodelling of the cardiac collagen matrix as a function of age, whilst highlighting potential novel mediators of age-dependent fibrotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux A Horn
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 3.06 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew W Trafford
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, 3.06 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
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11
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Effects of Heterogeneous Diffuse Fibrosis on Arrhythmia Dynamics and Mechanism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20835. [PMID: 26861111 PMCID: PMC4748409 DOI: 10.1038/srep20835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is an important risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias. Previous experimental and numerical studies have shown that the texture and spatial distribution of fibrosis may play an important role in arrhythmia onset. Here, we investigate how spatial heterogeneity of fibrosis affects arrhythmia onset using numerical methods. We generate various tissue textures that differ by the mean amount of fibrosis, the degree of heterogeneity and the characteristic size of heterogeneity. We study the onset of arrhythmias using a burst pacing protocol. We confirm that spatial heterogeneity of fibrosis increases the probability of arrhythmia induction. This effect is more pronounced with the increase of both the spatial size and the degree of heterogeneity. The induced arrhythmias have a regular structure with the period being mostly determined by the maximal local fibrosis level. We perform ablations of the induced fibrillatory patterns to classify their type. We show that in fibrotic tissue fibrillation is usually of the mother rotor type but becomes of the multiple wavelet type with increase in tissue size. Overall, we conclude that the most important factor determining the formation and dynamics of arrhythmia in heterogeneous fibrotic tissue is the value of maximal local fibrosis.
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12
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Optogenetics-enabled assessment of viral gene and cell therapy for restoration of cardiac excitability. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17350. [PMID: 26621212 PMCID: PMC4664892 DOI: 10.1038/srep17350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cardiac pathologies are accompanied by loss of tissue excitability, which leads to a range of heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmias). In addition to electronic device therapy (i.e. implantable pacemakers and cardioverter/defibrillators), biological approaches have recently been explored to restore pacemaking ability and to correct conduction slowing in the heart by delivering excitatory ion channels or ion channel agonists. Using optogenetics as a tool to selectively interrogate only cells transduced to produce an exogenous excitatory ion current, we experimentally and computationally quantify the efficiency of such biological approaches in rescuing cardiac excitability as a function of the mode of application (viral gene delivery or cell delivery) and the geometry of the transduced region (focal or spatially-distributed). We demonstrate that for each configuration (delivery mode and spatial pattern), the optical energy needed to excite can be used to predict therapeutic efficiency of excitability restoration. Taken directly, these results can help guide optogenetic interventions for light-based control of cardiac excitation. More generally, our findings can help optimize gene therapy for restoration of cardiac excitability.
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Computational modeling of cardiac optogenetics: Methodology overview & review of findings from simulations. Comput Biol Med 2015; 65:200-8. [PMID: 26002074 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac optogenetics is emerging as an exciting new potential avenue to enable spatiotemporally precise control of excitable cells and tissue in the heart with low-energy optical stimuli. This approach involves the expression of exogenous light-sensitive proteins (opsins) in target heart tissue via viral gene or cell delivery. Preliminary experiments in optogenetically-modified cells, tissue, and organisms have made great strides towards demonstrating the feasibility of basic applications, including the use of light stimuli to pace or disrupt reentrant activity. However, it remains unknown whether techniques based on this intriguing technology could be scaled up and used in humans for novel clinical applications, such as pain-free optical defibrillation or dynamic modulation of action potential shape. A key step towards answering such questions is to explore potential optogenetics-based therapies using sophisticated computer simulation tools capable of realistically representing opsin delivery and light stimulation in biophysically detailed, patient-specific models of the human heart. This review provides (1) a detailed overview of the methodological developments necessary to represent optogenetics-based solutions in existing virtual heart platforms and (2) a survey of findings that have been derived from such simulations and a critical assessment of their significance with respect to the progress of the field.
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Trayanova NA, Boyle PM, Arevalo HJ, Zahid S. Exploring susceptibility to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias resulting from remodeling of the passive electrical properties in the heart: a simulation approach. Front Physiol 2014; 5:435. [PMID: 25429272 PMCID: PMC4228852 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under diseased conditions, remodeling of the cardiac tissue properties (“passive properties”) takes place; these are aspects of electrophysiological behavior that are not associated with active ion transport across cell membranes. Remodeling of the passive electrophysiological properties most often results from structural remodeling, such as gap junction down-regulation and lateralization, fibrotic growth infiltrating the myocardium, or the development of an infarct scar. Such structural remodeling renders atrial or ventricular tissue as a major substrate for arrhythmias. The current review focuses on these aspects of cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Due to the inherent complexity of cardiac arrhythmias, computer simulations have provided means to elucidate interactions pertinent to this spatial scale. Here we review the current state-of-the-art in modeling atrial and ventricular arrhythmogenesis as arising from the disease-induced changes in the passive tissue properties, as well as the contributions these modeling studies have made to our understanding of the mechanisms of arrhythmias in the heart. Because of the rapid advance of structural imaging methodologies in cardiac electrophysiology, we chose to present studies that have used such imaging methodologies to construct geometrically realistic models of cardiac tissue, or the organ itself, where the regional remodeling properties of the myocardium can be represented in a realistic way. We emphasize how the acquired knowledge can be used to pave the way for clinical applications of cardiac organ modeling under the conditions of structural remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick M Boyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hermenegild J Arevalo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sohail Zahid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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Trayanova NA. Mathematical approaches to understanding and imaging atrial fibrillation: significance for mechanisms and management. Circ Res 2014; 114:1516-31. [PMID: 24763468 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in humans. The mechanisms that govern AF initiation and persistence are highly complex, of dynamic nature, and involve interactions across multiple temporal and spatial scales in the atria. This article aims to review the mathematical modeling and computer simulation approaches to understanding AF mechanisms and aiding in its management. Various atrial modeling approaches are presented, with descriptions of the methodological basis and advancements in both lower-dimensional and realistic geometry models. A review of the most significant mechanistic insights made by atrial simulations is provided. The article showcases the contributions that atrial modeling and simulation have made not only to our understanding of the pathophysiology of atrial arrhythmias, but also to the development of AF management approaches. A summary of the future developments envisioned for the field of atrial simulation and modeling is also presented. The review contends that computational models of the atria assembled with data from clinical imaging modalities that incorporate electrophysiological and structural remodeling could become a first line of screening for new AF therapies and approaches, new diagnostic developments, and new methods for arrhythmia prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Trayanova
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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A comprehensive multiscale framework for simulating optogenetics in the heart. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2370. [PMID: 23982300 PMCID: PMC3838435 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has emerged as an alternative method for electrical control of the heart, where illumination is used to elicit a bioelectric response in tissue modified to express photosensitive proteins (opsins). This technology promises to enable evocation of spatiotemporally precise responses in targeted cells or tissues, thus creating new possibilities for safe and effective therapeutic approaches to ameliorate cardiac function. Here, we present a comprehensive framework for multi-scale modelling of cardiac optogenetics, allowing both mechanistic examination of optical control and exploration of potential therapeutic applications. The framework incorporates accurate representations of opsin channel kinetics and delivery modes, spatial distribution of photosensitive cells, and tissue illumination constraints, making possible the prediction of emergent behaviour resulting from interactions at sub-organ scales. We apply this framework to explore how optogenetic delivery characteristics determine energy requirements for optical stimulation and to identify cardiac structures that are potential pacemaking targets with low optical excitation threshold.
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Methodology for patient-specific modeling of atrial fibrosis as a substrate for atrial fibrillation. J Electrocardiol 2012; 45:640-5. [PMID: 22999492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Personalized computational cardiac models are emerging as an important tool for studying cardiac arrhythmia mechanisms, and have the potential to become powerful instruments for guiding clinical anti-arrhythmia therapy. In this article, we present the methodology for constructing a patient-specific model of atrial fibrosis as a substrate for atrial fibrillation. The model is constructed from high-resolution late gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) images acquired in vivo from a patient suffering from persistent atrial fibrillation, accurately capturing both the patient's atrial geometry and the distribution of the fibrotic regions in the atria. Atrial fiber orientation is estimated using a novel image-based method, and fibrosis is represented in the patient-specific fibrotic regions as incorporating collagenous septa, gap junction remodeling, and myofibroblast proliferation. A proof-of-concept simulation result of reentrant circuits underlying atrial fibrillation in the model of the patient's fibrotic atrium is presented to demonstrate the completion of methodology development.
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