A Community-Based IoT Personalized Wireless Healthcare Solution Trial

A Remote Monitoring System for Rodent Infestation Based on LoRaWAN

Rodent infestations are a common problem that can result in several issues, including diseases, damage to property, and crop loss. Conventional methods of controlling rodent infestations often involve using mousetraps and applying rodenticides manually, leading to high manpower expenses and environmental pollution. To address this issue, we introduce a system for remotely monitoring rodent infestations using Internet of Things (IoT) nodes equipped with Long Range (LoRa) modules. The sensing nodes wirelessly transmit data related to rodent activity to a cloud server, enabling the server to provide real-time information. Additionally, this approach involves using images to auxiliary detect rodent activity in various buildings. By capturing images of rodents and analyzing their behavior, we can gain insight into their movement patterns and activity levels. By visualizing the recorded information from multiple nodes, rodent control personnel can analyze and address infestations more efficiently. Through the digital and quantitative sensing technology proposed at this stage, it can serve as a new objective indicator before and after the implementation of medication or other prevention and control methods. The hardware cost for the proposed system is approximately USD 43 for one sensor module and USD 17 for one data collection gateway (DCG). We also evaluated the power consumption of the sensor module and found that the 3.7 V 18,650 Li-ion batteries in series can provide a battery life of two weeks. The proposed system can be combined with rodent control strategies and applied in real-world scenarios such as restaurants and factories to evaluate its performance.

Requirements, Deployments, and Challenges of LoRa Technology: A Survey

LoRa is an ISM-band based LPWAN communication protocol. Despite their wide network penetration of approximately 20 kilometers or higher using lower than 14 decibels transmitting power, it has been extensively documented and used in academia and industry. Although LoRa connectivity defines a public platform and enables users to create independent low-power wireless connections while relying on external architecture, it has gained considerable interest from scholars and the market. The two fundamental components of this platform are LoRaWAN and LoRa PHY. The consumer LoRaWAN component of the technology describes the network model, connectivity procedures, ability to operate the frequency range, and the types of interlinked gadgets. In contrast, the LoRa PHY component is patentable and provides information on the modulation strategy which is being utilized and its attributes. There are now several LoRa platforms available. To create usable LoRa systems, there are presently several technical difficulties to be overcome, such as connection management, allocation of resources, consistent communications, and security. This study presents a thorough overview of LoRa networking, covering the technological difficulties in setting up LoRa infrastructures and current solutions. Several outstanding challenges of LoRa communication are presented depending on our thorough research of the available solutions. The research report aims to stimulate additional research toward enhancing the LoRa Network capacity and allowing more realistic installations.

LPAI-A Complete AIoT Framework Based on LPWAN Applicable to Acoustic Scene Classification Scenarios

Deploying artificial intelligence on edge nodes of Low-Power Wide Area Networks can significantly reduce network transmission volumes, event response latency, and overall network power consumption. However, the edge nodes in LPWAN bear limited computing power and storage space, and researchers have found it challenging to improve the recognition capability of the nodes using sensor data from the environment. In particular, the domain-shift problem in LPWAN is challenging to overcome. In this paper, a complete AIoT system framework referred to as LPAI is presented. It is the first generic framework for implementing AIoT technology based on LPWAN applicable to acoustic scene classification scenarios. LPAI overcomes the domain-shift problem, which enables resource-constrained edge nodes to continuously improve their performance using real data to become more adaptive to the environment. For efficient use of limited resources, the edge nodes independently select representative data and transmit it back to the cloud. Moreover, the model is iteratively retrained on the cloud using the few-shot uploaded data. Finally, the feasibility of LPAI is analyzed, and simulation experiments on the public ASC dataset provide validation that our proposed framework can improve the recognition accuracy by as little as 5% using 85 actual sensor data points.

A Survey on Wireless Wearable Body Area Networks: A Perspective of Technology and Economy

The deployment of wearable or body-worn devices is increasing rapidly, and thus researchers' interests mainly include technical and economical issues, such as networking, interoperability, security, power optimization, business growth and regulation. To address these issues properly, previous survey papers usually focused on describing the wireless body area network architecture and network protocols. This implies that deployment issues and awareness issues of wearable and BAN devices are not emphasized in previous work. To defeat this problem, in this study, we have focused on feasibility, limitations, and security concerns in wireless body area networks. In the aspect of the economy, we have focused on the compound annual growth rate of these devices in the global market, different regulations of wearable/wireless body area network devices in different regions and countries of the world and feasible research projects for wireless body area networks. In addition, this study focuses on the domain of devices that are equally important to physicians, sportsmen, trainers and coaches, computer scientists, engineers, and investors. The outcomes of this study relating to physicians, fitness trainers and coaches indicate that the use of these devices means they would be able to treat their clients in a more effective way. The study also converges the focus of businessmen on the Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and provides manufacturers and vendors with information about different regulatory bodies that are monitoring and regulating WBAN devices. Therefore, by providing deployment issues in the aspects of technology and economy at the same time, we believe that this survey can serve as a preliminary material that will lead to more advancements and improvements in deployment in the area of wearable wireless body area networks. Finally, we present open issues and further research direction in the area of wireless body area networks.

A Review of Digital Health and Biotelemetry: Modern Approaches towards Personalized Medicine and Remote Health Assessment

With the prevalence of digitalization in all aspects of modern society, health assessment is becoming digital too. Taking advantage of the most recent technological advances and approaching medicine from an interdisciplinary perspective has allowed for important progress in healthcare services. Digital health technologies and biotelemetry devices have been more extensively employed for preventing, detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, and predicting the evolution of various diseases, without requiring wires, invasive procedures, or face-to-face interaction with medical personnel. This paper aims to review the concepts correlated to digital health, classify and describe biotelemetry devices, and present the potential of digitalization for remote health assessment, the transition to personalized medicine, and the streamlining of clinical trials.

Channel Occupancy Measurements in 868 MHz ISM Band in Residential Areas

The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) has led to more and more devices using ISM frequency bands. Because they are not time synchronized, medium access collisions are unavoidable. The probability of such a collision is usually reasonably low; however, it increases with the number of transmitters competing for the same frequency channel. For this reason, ISM bands' occupancy is regularly monitored by researchers. This paper presents the results of the measurement campaign during which a selected part of the 868 MHz ISM frequency band was monitored for the presence of transmissions in six locations in various residential areas in Warsaw, Poland. For the purpose of the campaign, a dedicated measurement set-up comprising a software-defined radio (SDR) module was assembled. The measurements results showed that the channel occupancy is in most cases lower than 1% with a maximum observed value of 2%. The paper presents selected characteristics of the detected signals. Additionally, distribution over time of the detected signals was used together with the Monte Carlo simulations to analyze how long idle time blocks are available for new transmitters that could be deployed in the band under testing.

Blockchain Integration With Digital Technology and the Future of Health Care Ecosystems: Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

In the era of big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT), digital data have become essential for our everyday functioning and in health care services. The sensitive nature of health care data presents several crucial issues such as privacy, security, interoperability, and reliability that must be addressed in any health care data management system. However, most of the current health care systems are still facing major obstacles and are lacking in some of these areas. This is where decentralized, secure, and scalable databases, most notably blockchains, play critical roles in addressing these requirements without compromising security, thereby attracting considerable interest within the health care community. A blockchain can be maintained and widely distributed using a large network of nodes, mostly computers, each of which stores a full replica of the data. A blockchain protocol is a set of predefined rules or procedures that govern how the nodes interact with the network, view, verify, and add data to the ledger.

OBJECTIVE

In this article, we aim to explore blockchain technology, its framework, current applications, and integration with other innovations, as well as opportunities in diverse areas of health care and clinical research, in addition to clarifying its future impact on the health care ecosystem. We also elucidate 2 case studies to instantiate the potential role of blockchains in health care.

METHODS

To identify related existing work, terms based on Medical Subject Headings were used. We included studies focusing mainly on health care and clinical research and developed a functional framework for implementation and testing with data. The literature sources for this systematic review were PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane library, in addition to a preliminary search of IEEE Xplore.

RESULTS

The included studies demonstrated multiple framework designs and various implementations in health care including chronic disease diagnosis, management, monitoring, and evaluation. We found that blockchains exhibit many promising applications in clinical trial management such as smart-contract application, participant-controlled data access, trustless protocols, and data validity. Electronic health records (EHRs), patient-centered interoperability, remote patient monitoring, and clinical trial data management were found to be major areas for blockchain usage, which can become a key catalyst for health care innovations.

CONCLUSIONS

The potential benefits of blockchains are limitless; however, concrete data on long-term clinical outcomes based on blockchains powered and supplemented by AI and IoT are yet to be obtained. Nonetheless, implementing blockchains as a novel way to integrate EHRs nationwide and manage common clinical problems in an algorithmic fashion has the potential for improving patient outcomes, health care experiences, as well as the overall health and well-being of individuals.

Internet of things-assisted intelligent monitoring model to analyze the physical health condition

BACKGROUND

Physical health monitoring may take several forms, from individual quality changes to complex health checks carried out by health staff. Present health issues are detected with monitoring, and potential health problems are expected. Wearable sensors provide users with ease in everyday tracking, although many issues must be addressed in such sensor systems. The devices take a long time to obtain the requisite detection and diagnostic expertise and produce false alarms.

OBJECTIVE

In this paper, the Internet of Things-assisted Health Condition Monitoring system (IoT-HCMS) has been proposed to track and analyze the patient physical health condition.

METHOD

The proposed IoT-HCMS utilizes the intelligent monitoring model to follow the patient physical health day by day activities and instantaneously generate the health records. The system will indeed support patients in tracking psychological signs to minimize risks to their well-being.

RESULTS

The experimental results show that the IoT-HCMS improves accuracy in patient health monitoring and has less response time.

Internet of Things (IoT) enabled healthcare helps to take the challenges of COVID-19 Pandemic

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The Internet of Things (IoT) can create disruptive innovation in healthcare. Thus, during COVID-19 Pandemic, there is a need to study different applications of IoT enabled healthcare. For this, a brief study is required for research directions.

METHODS

Research papers on IoT in healthcare and COVID-19 Pandemic are studied to identify this technology's capabilities. This literature-based study may guide professionals in envisaging solutions to related problems and fighting against the COVID-19 type pandemic.

RESULTS

Briefly studied the significant achievements of IoT with the help of a process chart. Then identifies seven major technologies of IoT that seem helpful for healthcare during COVID-19 Pandemic. Finally, the study identifies sixteen basic IoT applications for the medical field during the COVID-19 Pandemic with a brief description of them.

CONCLUSIONS

In the current scenario, advanced information technologies have opened a new door to innovation in our daily lives. Out of these information technologies, the Internet of Things is an emerging technology that provides enhancement and better solutions in the medical field, like proper medical record-keeping, sampling, integration of devices, and causes of diseases. IoT's sensor-based technology provides an excellent capability to reduce the risk of surgery during complicated cases and helpful for COVID-19 type pandemic. In the medical field, IoT's focus is to help perform the treatment of different COVID-19 cases precisely. It makes the surgeon job easier by minimising risks and increasing the overall performance. By using this technology, doctors can easily detect changes in critical parameters of the COVID-19 patient. This information-based service opens up new healthcare opportunities as it moves towards the best way of an information system to adapt world-class results as it enables improvement of treatment systems in the hospital. Medical students can now be better trained for disease detection and well guided for the future course of action. IoT's proper usage can help correctly resolve different medical challenges like speed, price, and complexity. It can easily be customised to monitor calorific intake and treatment like asthma, diabetes, and arthritis of the COVID-19 patient. This digitally controlled health management system can improve the overall performance of healthcare during COVID-19 pandemic days.

How does innovative technology impact nursing in infectious diseases and infection control? A scoping review

Aim

Considering the increasing number of emerging infectious diseases, innovative approaches are strongly in demand. Additionally, research in this field has expanded exponentially. Thus, faced with this diverse information, we aim to clarify key concepts and knowledge gaps of technology in nursing and the field of infectious diseases.

Design

This scoping review followed the methodology of scoping review guidance from Arksey and O’Malley.

Methods

Six databases were searched systematically (PubMed, Web of Science, IEEE Explore, EBSCOhost, Cochrane Library and Summon). After the removal of duplicates, 532 citations were retrieved and 77 were included in the analysis.

Results

We identified five major trends in technology for nursing and infectious diseases: artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, information and communications technology, simulation technology and e‐learning. Our findings indicate that the most promising trend is the IoT because of the many positive effects validated in most of the reviewed studies.

Future Smart Connected Communities to Fight COVID-19 Outbreak

Internet of Things (IoT) has grown rapidly in the last decade and continues to develop in terms of dimension and complexity, offering a wide range of devices to support a diverse set of applications. With ubiquitous Internet, connected sensors and actuators, networking and communication technology along with artificial intelligence (AI), smart cyber-physical systems (CPS) provide services rendering assistance and convenience to humans in their daily lives. However, the recent outbreak of COVID-19 (also known as coronavirus) pandemic has exposed and highlighted the limitations of contemporary technological deployments especially to contain the widespread of this disease. IoT and smart connected technologies together with data-driven applications can play a crucial role not only in the prevention, mitigation, or continuous remote monitoring of patients, but also enable prompt enforcement of guidelines, rules, and administrative orders to contain such future outbreaks. In this paper, we envision an IoT and data-supported connected ecosystem designed for intelligent monitoring, pro-active prevention and control, and mitigation of COVID-19 and similar epidemics. We propose a gamut of synergistic applications and technology systems for various smart infrastructures including E-Health, smart home, supply chain management, transportation, and city, which will work in convergence to develop 'pandemic-proof' future smart communities. We also present a generalized cloud-enabled IoT implementation framework along with scientific solutions, which can be adapted and extended to deploy smart connected ecosystem scenarios using widely used Amazon Web Services (AWS) cloud infrastructures. In addition, we also implement an E-Health RPM use case scenario to demonstrate the need and practicality for smart connected communities. Finally, we highlight challenges and research directions that need thoughtful consideration and across the board cooperation among stakeholders to build resilient communities against future pandemics.

Intelligent Control Method of Hoisting Prefabricated Components Based on Internet-of-Things

Prefabricated buildings are widely used because of their green environmental protection and high degree of industrialization. However, in construction process, there are some defects such as small wireless network coverage, high-energy consumption, inaccurate control, and backward blind hoisting methods in the hoisting process of prefabricated components (PC). Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology can be used to collect and transmit data to strengthen the management of construction sites. The purpose of this study was to establish an intelligent control method in the construction and hoisting process of PC by using IoT technology. Long Range Radio (LoRa) technology was used to conduct data terminal acquisition and wireless transmission in the construction site. The Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Global Positioning System (GPS), and other multi-sensor fusion was used to collect information during the hoisting process of PC, and multi-sensor information was fused by fusion location algorithm for location control. Finally, the feasibility of this method was verified by a project as a case. The results showed that the IoT technology can strengthen the management ability of PC in the hoisting process, and improve the visualization level of the hoisting process of PC. Analysis of the existing outdated PC hoisting management methods, LoRa, IMU, GPS and other sensors were used for data acquisition and transmission, the PC hoisting multi-level management and intelligent control.

LoRa Architecture for V2X Communication: An Experimental Evaluation with Vehicles on the Move

The industrial development of the last few decades has prompted an increase in the number of vehicles by multiple folds. With the increased number of vehicles on the road, safety has become one of the primary concerns. Inter vehicular communication, specially Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication can address these pressing issues including autonomous traffic systems and autonomous driving. The reliability and effectiveness of V2X communication greatly depends on communication architecture and the associated wireless technology. Addressing this challenge, a device-to-device (D2D)-based reliable, robust, and energy-efficient V2X communication architecture is proposed with LoRa wireless technology. The proposed system takes a D2D communication approach to reduce the latency by offering direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, rather than routing the data via the LoRa WAN server. Additionally, the proposed architecture offers modularity and compact design, making it ideal for legacy systems without requiring any additional hardware. Testing and analysis suggest the proposed system can communicate reliably with roadside infrastructures and other vehicles at speeds ranging from 15-50 km per hour (kmph). The data packet consists of 12 bytes of metadata and 28 bytes of payload. At 15 kmph, a vehicle sends one data packet every 25.9 m, and at 50 kmph, it sends the same data packet every 53.34 m with reliable transitions.

LoRaWAN for Smart Campus: Deployment and Long-Term Operation Analysis

The recent years have gradually increased the value of wireless connectivity, making it the de facto commodity for both human users and the machines. In this paper, we summarize our experiences of deploying and managing for over two years the extensive indoor sensor network composed of more than three hundred devices connected over LoRaWAN low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology. We start by detailing the background and methodology of our deployment and then present the results of analyzing the network's operation over a period of two years, focusing specifically on identifying the reasons after the packet losses. Our results reveal that despite the common assumptions, in a real-life network, the packets are lost not only during the on-air transmission but also within the backbone. Among the other interesting findings are the observed nonuniform distribution of the packet transmissions by the nodes in the networks, the seasonal effects on the packet delivery, and the observed effects of the interferences on network performance. The empirical results presented in the paper provide valuable insight into the performance of a real-life extensive LoRaWAN network deployed in an indoor environment and thus may be of interest both to the practitioners and academics.

Security in IoMT Communications: A Survey

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) couples IoT technologies with healthcare services in order to support real-time, remote patient monitoring and treatment. However, the interconnectivity of critical medical devices with other systems in various network layers creates new opportunities for remote adversaries. Since most of the communication protocols have not been specifically designed for the needs of connected medical devices, there is a need to classify the available IoT communication technologies in terms of security. In this paper we classify IoT communication protocols, with respect to their application in IoMT. Then we describe the main characteristics of IoT communication protocols used at the perception, network and application layer of medical devices. We examine the inherent security characteristics and limitations of IoMT-specific communication protocols. Based on realistic attacks we identify available mitigation controls that may be applied to secure IoMT communications, as well as existing research and implementation gaps.

Performance Evaluations of LoRa Wireless Communication in Building Environments

The Internet of things presents tremendous opportunities for the energy management and occupant comfort improvement in smart buildings by making data of environmental and equipment parameters more readily and continuously available. Long-range (LoRa) technology provides a comprehensive wireless solution for data acquisition and communication in smart buildings through its superior performance, such as the long-range transmission, low power consumption and strong penetration. Starting with two vital indicators (network transmission delay and packet loss rate), this study explored the coverage and transmission performances of LoRa in buildings in detail. We deployed three LoRa receiver nodes on the same floor and eight LoRa receiver nodes on different floors in a 16-story building, respectively, where data acquisition terminal was located in the center of the whole building. The communication performance of LoRa was evaluated by changing the send power, communication rate, payload length and position of the wireless module. In the current research, the metrics of LoRa were quantified to facilitate its practical application in smart buildings. To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first academic research evaluating RTT performance of LoRa via practical experiments.

A Communication Infrastructure for the Health and Social Care Internet of Things: Proof-of-Concept Study

Background

Increasing life expectancy and reducing birth rates indicate that the world population is becoming older, with many challenges related to quality of life for old and fragile people, as well as their informal caregivers. In the last few years, novel information and communication technology techniques generally known as the Internet of Things (IoT) have been developed, and they are centered around the provision of computation and communication capabilities to objects. The IoT may provide older people with devices that enable their functional independence in daily life by either extending their own capacity or facilitating the efforts of their caregivers. LoRa is a proprietary wireless transmission protocol optimized for long-range, low-power, low–data-rate applications. LoRaWAN is an open stack built upon LoRa.

Objective

This paper describes an infrastructure designed and experimentally developed to support IoT deployment in a health care setup, and the management of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia has been chosen for a proof-of-concept study. The peculiarity of the proposed approach is that it is based on the LoRaWAN protocol stack, which exploits unlicensed frequencies and allows for the use of very low-power radio devices, making it a rational choice for IoT communication.

Methods

A complete LoRaWAN-based infrastructure was designed, with features partly decided in agreement with caregivers, including outdoor patient tracking to control wandering; fall recognition; and capability of collecting data for further clinical studies. Further features suggested by caregivers were night motion surveillance and indoor tracking for large residential structures. Implementation involved a prototype node with tracking and fall recognition capabilities, a middle layer based on an existing network server, and a Web application for overall management of patients and caregivers. Tests were performed to investigate indoor and outdoor capabilities in a real-world setting and study the applicability of LoRaWAN in health and social care scenarios.

Results

Three experiments were carried out. One aimed to test the technical functionality of the infrastructure, another assessed indoor features, and the last assessed outdoor features. The only critical issue was fall recognition, because a slip was not always easy to recognize.

Conclusions

The project allowed the identification of some advantages and restrictions of the LoRaWAN technology when applied to the health and social care sectors. Free installation allows the development of services that reach ranges comparable to those available with cellular telephony, but without running costs like telephony fees. However, there are technological limitations, which restrict the scenarios in which LoRaWAN is applicable, although there is room for many applications. We believe that setting up low-weight infrastructure and carefully determining whether applications can be concretely implemented within LoRaWAN limits might help in optimizing community care activities while not adding much burden and cost in information technology management.

IoT PCR for pandemic disease detection and its spread monitoring

During infectious disease outbreaks, the centers for disease control need to monitor particular areas. Considerable effort has been invested in the development of portable, user-friendly, and cost-effective systems for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, which could also create an Internet of Things (IoT) for healthcare via a global network. However, at present IoT based on a functional POC instrument is not available. Here we show a fast, user-friendly, and affordable IoT system based on a miniaturized polymerase chain reaction device. We demonstrated the system's capability by amplification of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) of the dengue fever virus. The resulting data were then automatically uploaded via a Bluetooth interface to an Android-based smartphone and then wirelessly sent to a global network, instantly making the test results available anywhere in the world. The IoT system presented here could become an essential tool for healthcare centers to tackle infectious disease outbreaks identified either by DNA or ribonucleic acid.

A Survey on LPWAN Technologies in WBAN for Remote Health-Care Monitoring

In ubiquitous health-care monitoring (HCM), wireless body area networks (WBANs) are envisioned as appealing solutions that may offer reliable methods for real-time monitoring of patients’ health conditions by employing the emerging communication technologies. This paper therefore focuses more on the state-of-the-art wireless communication systems that can be explored in the next-generation WBAN solutions for HCM. Also, this study addressed the critical issues confronted by the existing WBANs that are employed in HCM. Examples of such issues include wide-range health data communication constraint, health data delivery reliability concern, and energy efficiency, which are attributed to the limitations of the legacy short range, medium range, and the cellular technologies that are typically employed in WBAN systems. Since the WBAN sensor devices are usually configured with a finite battery power, they often get drained during prolonged operations. This phenomenon is technically exacerbated by the fact that the legacy communication systems, such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, 6LoWPAN, and so on, consume more energy during data communications. This unfortunate situation offers a scope for employing suitable communication systems identified in this study to improve the productivity of WBANs in HCM. For this to be achieved, the emerging communication systems such as the low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) are investigated in this study based on their power transmission, data transmission rate, data reliability in the context of efficient data delivery, communication coverage, and latency, including their advantages, as well as disadvantages. As a consequence, the LPWAN solutions are presented for WBAN systems in remote HCM. Furthermore, this research work also points out future directions for the realization of the next-generation of WBANs, as well as how to improve the identified communication systems, to further enhance their productivity in WBAN solutions for HCM.

NIR spectroscopic determination of urine components in spot urine: preliminary investigation towards optical point-of-care test

Presently, there is no convenient method to measure 24-h urinary Na excretion, which is an important index of daily Na intake, and 24-h urine collection involves a complex process. However, the Na-to-creatinine ratio (NCR) in spot urine has the potential to evaluate 24-h Na excretion and is useful for point-of-care testing. Thus, this study aimed to realize a near-infrared spectroscopic system to assess NCR in spot urine: (1) We attempted to estimate Na concentration using fewer than 10 wavelengths; (2) we calculated NCR using creatinine concentrations from our previous report and verified the NCR predictability. A calibration model was created using multi-linear regression analysis using 10 selected wavelengths in the range of Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. Spot urine samples were obtained from healthy adults, and glucose powder was added to them to simulate diabetic samples. NCR was calculated using only six wavelengths, and the results confirmed the high accuracy of the estimated Na concentration even though inorganic components do not absorb near-infrared light. Our method enables to optically estimate NCR in spot urine, and it will be useful for point-of-care testing. Graphical abstract.

A Comprehensive Study of the Use of LoRa in the Development of Smart Cities

The New Urban Agenda (Agenda 2030) adopted at the United Nations Conference related to Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) in the year 2016 has the goal of prompting cities to achieve the identified Sustainable Development Goals by the year 2030. In this context, cities can experiment strategies of circular economy for the optimization of resources, waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. The data generated by the components of an Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem can contribute in two relevant ways to a smart city model: (1) by the generation of a circular economy and (2) by the creation of intelligence to improve the decision-making processes by citizens or city managers. In this context, it is in our interest to understand the most relevant axes of the research related to IoT, particularly those based on the LoRa technology. LoRa has attracted the interest of researchers because it is an open standard and contributes to the development of sustainable smart cities, since they are linked to the concepts of a circular economy. Additionally, the intention of this work is to identify the technological or practical barriers that hamper the development of solutions, find possible future trends that could exist in the context of smart cities and IoT, and understand how they could be exploited by the industry and academy.

A Survey on Internet of Things and Cloud Computing for Healthcare

The fast development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in recent years has supported connections of numerous smart things along with sensors and established seamless data exchange between them, so it leads to a stringy requirement for data analysis and data storage platform such as cloud computing and fog computing. Healthcare is one of the application domains in IoT that draws enormous interest from industry, the research community, and the public sector. The development of IoT and cloud computing is improving patient safety, staff satisfaction, and operational efficiency in the medical industry. This survey is conducted to analyze the latest IoT components, applications, and market trends of IoT in healthcare, as well as study current development in IoT and cloud computing-based healthcare applications since 2015. We also consider how promising technologies such as cloud computing, ambient assisted living, big data, and wearables are being applied in the healthcare industry and discover various IoT, e-health regulations and policies worldwide to determine how they assist the sustainable development of IoT and cloud computing in the healthcare industry. Moreover, an in-depth review of IoT privacy and security issues, including potential threats, attack types, and security setups from a healthcare viewpoint is conducted. Finally, this paper analyzes previous well-known security models to deal with security risks and provides trends, highlighted opportunities, and challenges for the IoT-based healthcare future development.

Using the IBM SPSS SW Tool with Wavelet Transformation for CO₂ Prediction within IoT in Smart Home Care

Standard solutions for handling a large amount of measured data obtained from intelligent buildings are currently available as software tools in IoT platforms. These solutions optimize the operational and technical functions managing the quality of the indoor environment and factor in the real needs of residents. The paper examines the possibilities of increasing the accuracy of CO₂ predictions in Smart Home Care (SHC) using the IBM SPSS software tools in the IoT to determine the occupancy times of a monitored SHC room. The processed data were compared at daily, weekly and monthly intervals for the spring and autumn periods. The Radial Basis Function (RBF) method was applied to predict CO₂ levels from the measured indoor and outdoor temperatures and relative humidity. The most accurately predicted results were obtained from data processed at a daily interval. To increase the accuracy of CO₂ predictions, a wavelet transform was applied to remove additive noise from the predicted signal. The prediction accuracy achieved in the selected experiments was greater than 95%.

A Survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From Technology to Application

LoRaWAN is one of the low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies that have received significant attention by the research community in the recent years. It offers low-power, low-data rate communication over a wide range of covered area. In the past years, the number of publications regarding LoRa and LoRaWAN has grown tremendously. This paper provides an overview of research work that has been published from 2015 to September 2018 and that is accessible via Google Scholar and IEEE Explore databases. First, a detailed description of the technology is given, including existing security and reliability mechanisms. This literature overview is structured by categorizing papers according to the following topics: (i) physical layer aspects; (ii) network layer aspects; (iii) possible improvements; and (iv) extensions to the standard. Finally, a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis is presented along with the challenges that LoRa and LoRaWAN still face.

Futuristic biosensors for cardiac health care: an artificial intelligence approach

Biosensor-based devices are pioneering in the modern biomedical applications and will be the future of cardiac health care. The coupling of artificial intelligence (AI) for cardiac monitoring-based biosensors for the point of care (POC) diagnostics is prominently reviewed here. This review deciphers the most significant machine-learning algorithms for the futuristic biosensors along with the internet of things, computational techniques and microchip-based essential cardiac biomarkers for real-time health monitoring and improving patient compliance. The present review also discusses the recently developed cardiac biosensors along with technical strategies involved in their mechanism of working and their applications in healthcare. Additionally, it provides a key for the ontogeny of an effective and supportive hierarchical protocol for clinical decision-making about personalized medicine through combinatory information analysis, and integrated multidisciplinary AI approaches.