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Singla P, Dixit PK, Kala PC, Katrolia D, Karmakar S, Humnekar A, Singh AP. Free Flap Monitoring Using Infrared Thermography: An Objective Adjunct to Clinical Monitoring. Indian J Plast Surg 2024; 57:179-183. [PMID: 39139678 PMCID: PMC11319012 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Early detection of free flap compromise is critical for salvage of the flap. Various methods of free flap monitoring have been described, but clinical assessment is the standard method for among all. In this study, role of infrared thermography is evaluated for free flap monitoring. Materials and Methods In patients undergoing free flap surgery, monitoring was done using standard clinical parameters and infrared thermography as per our institutional protocol. Mean temperature difference (∆T) between the flap and the surrounding skin was calculated using the temperature readings from the thermal images intra- and postoperatively. The accuracy of infrared thermography in flap monitoring was assessed in comparison to the standard clinical protocol. Results Forty-one flaps were included in the analysis, out of which five flaps got compromised. It was observed that the mean temperature difference was higher (mean ∆T 0.20-0.59 vs. 2.38-3.32) when there was a flap compromise, and this temperature difference was evident even before the development of clinical signs. The temperature difference in venous thrombosis (mean ∆T 1.0-2.7) was found to be slightly lower than in arterial insufficiency (mean ∆T 2.1-4.4). For a ∆T cutoff value of 2°C, the thermal camera had a sensitivity of 88.6%, specificity of 98.9%, positive predictive value of 93.9%, and negative predictive value of 97.7%. Conclusion Infrared thermography is a valuable and noninvasive objective tool in free flap monitoring, which can detect flap compromise (increasing value of ∆T) even before it becomes clinically evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singla
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Dixit
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prakash Chandra Kala
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepti Katrolia
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shilpi Karmakar
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akhilesh Humnekar
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Apoorva Pratap Singh
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Mazdeyasna S, Ghassemi P, Wang Q. Best Practices for Body Temperature Measurement with Infrared Thermography: External Factors Affecting Accuracy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8011. [PMID: 37766064 PMCID: PMC10536210 DOI: 10.3390/s23188011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Infrared thermographs (IRTs) are commonly used during disease pandemics to screen individuals with elevated body temperature (EBT). To address the limited research on external factors affecting IRT accuracy, we conducted benchtop measurements and computer simulations with two IRTs, with or without an external temperature reference source (ETRS) for temperature compensation. The combination of an IRT and an ETRS forms a screening thermograph (ST). We investigated the effects of viewing angle (θ, 0-75°), ETRS set temperature (TETRS, 30-40 °C), ambient temperature (Tatm, 18-32 °C), relative humidity (RH, 15-80%), and working distance (d, 0.4-2.8 m). We discovered that STs exhibited higher accuracy compared to IRTs alone. Across the tested ranges of Tatm and RH, both IRTs exhibited absolute measurement errors of less than 0.97 °C, while both STs maintained absolute measurement errors of less than 0.12 °C. The optimal TETRS for EBT detection was 36-37 °C. When θ was below 30°, the two STs underestimated calibration source (CS) temperature (TCS) of less than 0.05 °C. The computer simulations showed absolute temperature differences of up to 0.28 °C and 0.04 °C between estimated and theoretical temperatures for IRTs and STs, respectively, considering d of 0.2-3.0 m, Tatm of 15-35 °C, and RH of 5-95%. The results highlight the importance of precise calibration and environmental control for reliable temperature readings and suggest proper ranges for these factors, aiming to enhance current standard documents and best practice guidelines. These insights enhance our understanding of IRT performance and their sensitivity to various factors, thereby facilitating the development of best practices for accurate EBT measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quanzeng Wang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.)
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Brioschi ML, Dalmaso Neto C, Toledo MD, Neves EB, Vargas JVC, Teixeira MJ. Infrared image method for possible COVID-19 detection through febrile and subfebrile people screening. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103444. [PMID: 36796899 PMCID: PMC9794388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study proposed an infrared image-based method for febrile and subfebrile people screening to comply with the society need for alternative, quick response, and effective methods for COVID-19 contagious people screening. The methodology consisted of: (i) Developing a method based on facial infrared imaging for possible COVID-19 early detection in people with and without fever (subfebrile state); (ii) Using 1206 emergency room (ER) patients to develop an algorithm for general application of the method, and (iii) Testing the method and algorithm effectiveness in 2558 cases (RT-qPCR tested for COVID-19) from 227,261 workers evaluations in five different countries. Artificial intelligence was used through a convolutional neural network (CNN) to develop the algorithm that took facial infrared images as input and classified the tested individuals in three groups: fever (high risk), subfebrile (medium risk), and no fever (low risk). The results showed that suspicious and confirmed COVID-19 (+) cases characterized by temperatures below the 37.5 °C fever threshold were identified. Also, average forehead and eye temperatures greater than 37.5 °C were not enough to detect fever similarly to the proposed CNN algorithm. Most RT-qPCR confirmed COVID-19 (+) cases found in the 2558 cases sample (17 cases/89.5%) belonged to the CNN selected subfebrile group. The COVID-19 (+) main risk factor was to be in the subfebrile group, in comparison to age, diabetes, high blood pressure, smoking and others. In sum, the proposed method was shown to be a potentially important new tool for COVID-19 (+) people screening for air travel and public places in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Leal Brioschi
- Medical Thermology and Thermography Specialization, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos Dalmaso Neto
- Medical Thermology and Thermography Specialization, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil; Mechanical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Marcos de Toledo
- Medical Thermology and Thermography Specialization, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Biomedical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, UTFPR, Curitiba, PR, 82590-300, Brazil
| | - José Viriato Coelho Vargas
- Mechanical Engineering Post-Graduation Program, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo – HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
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Gorczewska I, Szurko A, Kiełboń A, Stanek A, Cholewka A. Determination of Internal Temperature by Measuring the Temperature of the Body Surface Due to Environmental Physical Factors-First Study of Fever Screening in the COVID Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16511. [PMID: 36554391 PMCID: PMC9779216 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic has shown that the use of a contact thermometer to verify the elevated body temperature of a suspected person carries a risk of spreading disease. The perfect solution seems to be the use of thermal imaging as a diagnostic method in fever evaluation. The aim of the research is to develop an algorithm for thermovision measurements in fever screening standards in the context of the impact of various weather conditions on the temperature of people entering the public institution. Each examined person had two thermal images of the face-AP and lateral projection. Using a T1020 FLIR thermal camera with a resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels; the mean temperature was measured from the area of the forehead, the maximum forehead, the corners of the eyes, the inside of the mouth and the external auditory canal temperature. On the other hand, using classic contact thermometers, the temperature in the armpit and ear was measured. The obtained preliminary results showed very strong and positive correlations between the temperature in the ear measured with an ear thermometer and the maximum, minimum and average forehead temperature. These correlations oscillate at approximately r = 0.6, but the highest value of Spearman coefficient was obtained for the mean temperature of the forehead. Moreover, high correlations were also obtained between the temperature in the ear, measured with an ear thermometer, and the maximum temperature in the corners of the eyes and in the ear, measured with a thermal imaging camera. These values were, respectively, r = 0.54, r = 0.65. In summarizing, remote body temperature measurement taken with a thermal camera can be useful in the assessment of the body's core temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Gorczewska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szurko
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kiełboń
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Agata Stanek
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Armand Cholewka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
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Chudecka M, Dmytrzak A, Leźnicka K, Lubkowska A. The Use of Thermography as an Auxiliary Method for Monitoring Convalescence after Facelift Surgery: A Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063687. [PMID: 35329373 PMCID: PMC8955831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although IR thermography is widely used in medical diagnostics, there are no reports that describe the use of IR thermography in the evaluation of post-plastic-surgery regeneration processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of thermography as a method which, among others, allows us to determine the location and extent of the inflammatory process, supporting the clinical evaluation of the patient’s convalescence after a facelift surgery using the SMAS technique. During the study and in order to monitor the convalescence process, the patient had a series of face thermograms performed before surgery and up to the 6th week after it. The healing process after surgery was multidirectional for the contralateral areas of the face, leading to thermal asymmetry lasting up to the 3rd week of convalescence. The lowest Tmean values for ROIs were recorded in week 3 of the study and then they gradually increased, in week 6 after surgery, to the following values: chin = 33.1 ± 0.72 °C; cheek left = 33.0 ± 0.26 °C; cheek right = 33.2 ± 0.51 °C; ZFL = 33.8 ± 0.45 °C; ZFR = 33.6 ± 0.74 °C; ZLL = 32.6 ±0.55 °C; ZLR = 32.3 ± 0.32 °C. The temperatures of these areas were still lower than the baseline values obtained before surgery by 0.5–1.4 °C. The usefulness of thermography in the evaluation of post-operative convalescence in facial plastic surgery procedures shows potential in the context of diagnostic assessment of the dynamics of changes in the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Chudecka
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Szczecin, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
| | | | - Katarzyna Leźnicka
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-4800914
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Goggins KA, Tetzlaff EJ, Young WW, Godwin AA. SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) workplace temperature screening: Seasonal concerns for thermal detection in northern regions. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 98:103576. [PMID: 34488191 PMCID: PMC8407948 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Workplace temperature screening has become standard practice during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The objective was to determine the consistency of four temperature devices during exposure to simulated and actual environmental conditions reflective of a workplace. An infrared (IR) digital thermometer (accuracy(A)±0.2), IR laser thermometer (A±1), and thermal imaging camera (A±0.3) were used to measure forehead and tympanic (digital only) temperatures. The first experiment was conducted in a controlled simulated environment (-20 to 20 °C) with three participants (32-YOF, 27-YOM, 20-YOF). The second experiment used actual outdoor conditions (-0.48 to 45.6 °C) with two participants (32-YOF, 27-YOM). The tympanic measurement was the least impacted by environmental temperature (mean(±SD)): simulated (36.8(±0.18) °C) and actual (36.9(±0.16) °C). The thermal imaging camera had the lowest RMSE values (0.81-0.97 °C), with outdoor temperatures ranging from 0 to 45 °C. Environmental temperature influenced forehead temperature readings and required a resting period in a thermoneutral environment (5-9 min (-20 to -10 °C) to immediate (15-20 °C)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Goggins
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada.
| | - Emily J Tetzlaff
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Wesley W Young
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Bharti School of Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Alison A Godwin
- School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada; Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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Wang Q, Zhou Y, Ghassemi P, McBride D, Casamento JP, Pfefer TJ. Infrared Thermography for Measuring Elevated Body Temperature: Clinical Accuracy, Calibration, and Evaluation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:s22010215. [PMID: 35009758 PMCID: PMC8749858 DOI: 10.3390/s22010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Infrared thermographs (IRTs) implemented according to standardized best practices have shown strong potential for detecting elevated body temperatures (EBT), which may be useful in clinical settings and during infectious disease epidemics. However, optimal IRT calibration methods have not been established and the clinical performance of these devices relative to the more common non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) remains unclear. In addition to confirming the findings of our preliminary analysis of clinical study results, the primary intent of this study was to compare methods for IRT calibration and identify best practices for assessing the performance of IRTs intended to detect EBT. A key secondary aim was to compare IRT clinical accuracy to that of NCITs. We performed a clinical thermographic imaging study of more than 1000 subjects, acquiring temperature data from several facial locations that, along with reference oral temperatures, were used to calibrate two IRT systems based on seven different regression methods. Oral temperatures imputed from facial data were used to evaluate IRT clinical accuracy based on metrics such as clinical bias (Δcb), repeatability, root-mean-square difference, and sensitivity/specificity. We proposed several calibration approaches designed to account for the non-uniform data density across the temperature range and a constant offset approach tended to show better ability to detect EBT. As in our prior study, inner canthi or full-face maximum temperatures provided the highest clinical accuracy. With an optimal calibration approach, these methods achieved a Δcb between ±0.03 °C with standard deviation (σΔcb) less than 0.3 °C, and sensitivity/specificity between 84% and 94%. Results of forehead-center measurements with NCITs or IRTs indicated reduced performance. An analysis of the complete clinical data set confirms the essential findings of our preliminary evaluation, with minor differences. Our findings provide novel insights into methods and metrics for the clinical accuracy assessment of IRTs. Furthermore, our results indicate that calibration approaches providing the highest clinical accuracy in the 37-38.5 °C range may be most effective for measuring EBT. While device performance depends on many factors, IRTs can provide superior performance to NCITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzeng Wang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yangling Zhou
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Pejman Ghassemi
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
| | - David McBride
- University Health Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Jon P. Casamento
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.G.); (J.P.C.); (T.J.P.)
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Dong Y, Yao YD. IoT Platform for COVID-19 Prevention and Control: A Survey. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2021; 9:49929-49941. [PMID: 34812390 PMCID: PMC8545211 DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3068276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the worldwide transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved into an unprecedented pandemic. Currently, with unavailable pharmaceutical treatments and low vaccination rates, this novel coronavirus results in a great impact on public health, human society, and global economy, which is likely to last for many years. One of the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that a long-term system with non-pharmaceutical interventions for preventing and controlling new infectious diseases is desirable to be implemented. Internet of things (IoT) platform is preferred to be utilized to achieve this goal, due to its ubiquitous sensing ability and seamless connectivity. IoT technology is changing our lives through smart healthcare, smart home, and smart city, which aims to build a more convenient and intelligent community. This paper presents how the IoT could be incorporated into the epidemic prevention and control system. Specifically, we demonstrate a potential fog-cloud combined IoT platform that can be used in the systematic and intelligent COVID-19 prevention and control, which involves five interventions including COVID-19 Symptom Diagnosis, Quarantine Monitoring, Contact Tracing & Social Distancing, COVID-19 Outbreak Forecasting, and SARS-CoV-2 Mutation Tracking. We investigate and review the state-of-the-art literatures of these five interventions to present the capabilities of IoT in countering against the current COVID-19 pandemic or future infectious disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringStevens Institute of TechnologyHobokenNJ07030USA
| | - Yu-Dong Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringStevens Institute of TechnologyHobokenNJ07030USA
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Zhou Y, Ghassemi P, Chen M, McBride D, Casamento JP, Pfefer TJ, Wang Q. Clinical evaluation of fever-screening thermography: impact of consensus guidelines and facial measurement location. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:JBO-200193R. [PMID: 32921005 PMCID: PMC7486803 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.9.097002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Infrared thermographs (IRTs) have been used for fever screening during infectious disease epidemics, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola virus disease, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although IRTs have significant potential for human body temperature measurement, the literature indicates inconsistent diagnostic performance, possibly due to wide variations in implemented methodology. A standardized method for IRT fever screening was recently published, but there is a lack of clinical data demonstrating its impact on IRT performance. AIM Perform a clinical study to assess the diagnostic effectiveness of standardized IRT-based fever screening and evaluate the effect of facial measurement location. APPROACH We performed a clinical study of 596 subjects. Temperatures from 17 facial locations were extracted from thermal images and compared with oral thermometry. Statistical analyses included calculation of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) values for detection of febrile subjects. RESULTS Pearson correlation coefficients for IRT-based and reference (oral) temperatures were found to vary strongly with measurement location. Approaches based on maximum temperatures in either inner canthi or full-face regions indicated stronger discrimination ability than maximum forehead temperature (AUC values of 0.95 to 0.97 versus 0.86 to 0.87, respectively) and other specific facial locations. These values are markedly better than the vast majority of results found in prior human studies of IRT-based fever screening. CONCLUSION Our findings provide clinical confirmation of the utility of consensus approaches for fever screening, including the use of inner canthi temperatures, while also indicating that full-face maximum temperatures may provide an effective alternate approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangling Zhou
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- University of Maryland, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States
| | - Pejman Ghassemi
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Michelle Chen
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - David McBride
- University of Maryland, University Health Center, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Jon P. Casamento
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - T. Joshua Pfefer
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Quanzeng Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Quanzeng Wang, E-mail:
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Vardasca R, Magalhaes C, Marques D, Moreira J, Frade R, Seixas A, Mendes J, Ring F. Bilateral assessment of body core temperature through axillar, tympanic and inner canthi thermometers in a young population. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:094001. [PMID: 31216516 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab2af6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
There are several sites in which the human body core temperature can be estimated and used to identify febrile states in a threat of pandemic situations at high-populational-traffic places (e.g. airports, ports, universities, schools, public buildings). In these locations, a fast method is required for temperature screening of masses. The most common methods are axillar and tympanic thermometers. However, in addition, measurement of the inner canthi (IC) of the eye with infrared thermal (IRT) imaging has been suggested as a fast mass measurement screening tool. OBJECTIVE It is the aim of this research to identify the bilateral difference of the available body temperature screening methods with potential use for large-scale fever screening and to verify if such a difference is acceptable. APPROACH A total of 206 young participants (104 females and 102 males) were recruited, having their temperatures taken with the different methods bilaterally under neutral environmental conditions. The obtained results were statistically processed. MAIN RESULTS Results established absent reference data for site and method in west European populations. The bilateral differences were minor using the IC of the eye monitored with infrared imaging, which was also proved with the Bland-Altmann limits of agreement. SIGNIFICANCE Based on the findings of this research, despite all methods being able to estimate body core temperature, it is suggested to use IRT images of the IC of the eye, due to its fast, reliable and reproducible procedure for mass screening. Further research is required to understand the higher bilateral variability in using the traditional thermometer axilla and tympanic membrane assessments, since these are the methods currently used within a clinical setup. The same procedure must be applied to fever cases to establish a decision threshold per method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vardasca
- LABIOMEP, INEGI-LAETA, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Best practices for standardized performance testing of infrared thermographs intended for fever screening. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203302. [PMID: 30231046 PMCID: PMC6145558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared (IR) modalities represent the only currently viable mass fever screening approaches for outbreaks of infectious disease pandemics such as Ebola virus disease and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Non-contact IR thermometers (NCITs) and IR thermographs (IRTs) have been used for fever screening in public areas such as airports. While NCITs remain a more popular choice than IRTs, there has been increasing evidences in the literature that IRTs can provide great accuracy in estimating body temperature if qualified systems are used and appropriate procedures are consistently applied. In this study, we addressed the issue of IRT qualification by implementing and evaluating a battery of test methods for objective, quantitative assessment of IRT performance based on a recent international standard (IEC 80601-2-59). We tested two commercial IRTs to evaluate their stability and drift, image uniformity, minimum resolvable temperature difference, and radiometric temperature laboratory accuracy. Based on these tests, we illustrated how experimental and data processing procedures could affect results, and suggested methods for clarifying and optimizing test methods. Overall, the insights into thermograph standardization and acquisition methods provided by this study may improve the utility of IR thermography and aid in comparing IRT performance, thus improving the potential for producing high quality disease pandemic countermeasures.
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Ganesan B, Luximon A, Al-Jumaily AA, Yip J, Gibbons PJ, Chivers A. Developing a Three-Dimensional (3D) Assessment Method for Clubfoot-A Study Protocol. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1098. [PMID: 29354068 PMCID: PMC5758584 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) or clubfoot is a common pediatric congenital foot deformity that occurs 1 in 1,000 live births. Clubfoot is characterized by four types of foot deformities: hindfoot equinus; midfoot cavus; forefoot adductus; and hindfoot varus. A structured assessment method for clubfoot is essential for quantifying the initial severity of clubfoot deformity and recording the progress of clubfoot intervention. Aim: This study aims to develop a three-dimensional (3D) assessment method to evaluate the initial severity of the clubfoot and monitor the structural changes of the clubfoot after each casting intervention. In addition, this study explores the relationship between the thermophysiological changes in the clubfoot at each stage of the casting intervention and in the normal foot. Methods: In this study, a total of 10 clubfoot children who are <2 years old will be recruited. Also, the data of the unaffected feet of a total of 10 children with unilateral clubfoot will be obtained as a reference for normal feet. A Kinect 3D scanner will be used to collect the 3D images of the clubfoot and normal foot, and an Infrared thermography camera (IRT camera) will be used to collect the thermal images of the clubfoot. Three-dimensional scanning and IR imaging will be performed on the foot once a week before casting. In total, 6–8 scanning sessions will be performed for each child participant. The following parameters will be calculated as outcome measures to predict, monitor, and quantify the severity of the clubfoot: Angles cross section parameters, such as length, width, and the radial distance; distance between selected anatomical landmarks, and skin temperature of the clubfoot and normal foot. The skin temperature will be collected on selected areas (forefoot, mid foot, and hindfoot) to find out the relationship between the thermophysiological changes in the clubfoot at each stage of the casting treatment and in the normal foot. Ethics: The study has been reviewed and approved on 17 August 2016 by the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network Human Research Ethics Committee (SCHN HREC), Sydney, Australia. The Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) registration number for this study is: HREC/16/SCHN/163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasankar Ganesan
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ameersing Luximon
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Adel A Al-Jumaily
- Department of FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne Yip
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Paul J Gibbons
- University of Sydney and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison Chivers
- Department of Physiotherapy, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Thevenot J, Lopez MB, Hadid A. A Survey on Computer Vision for Assistive Medical Diagnosis From Faces. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2017; 22:1497-1511. [PMID: 28991753 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2017.2754861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Automatic medical diagnosis is an emerging center of interest in computer vision as it provides unobtrusive objective information on a patient's condition. The face, as a mirror of health status, can reveal symptomatic indications of specific diseases. Thus, the detection of facial abnormalities or atypical features is at upmost importance when it comes to medical diagnostics. This survey aims to give an overview of the recent developments in medical diagnostics from facial images based on computer vision methods. Various approaches have been considered to assess facial symptoms and to eventually provide further help to the practitioners. However, the developed tools are still seldom used in clinical practice, since their reliability is still a concern due to the lack of clinical validation of the methodologies and their inadequate applicability. Nonetheless, efforts are being made to provide robust solutions suitable for healthcare environments, by dealing with practical issues such as real-time assessment or patients positioning. This survey provides an updated collection of the most relevant and innovative solutions in facial images analysis. The findings show that with the help of computer vision methods, over 30 medical conditions can be preliminarily diagnosed from the automatic detection of some of their symptoms. Furthermore, future perspectives, such as the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and collecting publicly available databases, are highlighted.
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Ghayoumi Zadeh H, Montazeri A, Abaspur Kazerouni I, Haddadnia J. Clustering and screening for breast cancer on thermal images using a combination of SOM and MLP. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2014.978896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tay MR, Low YL, Zhao X, Cook AR, Lee VJ. Comparison of Infrared Thermal Detection Systems for mass fever screening in a tropical healthcare setting. Public Health 2015; 129:1471-8. [PMID: 26296847 PMCID: PMC7111721 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Fever screening systems, such as Infrared Thermal Detection Systems (ITDS), have been used for rapid identification of potential cases during respiratory disease outbreaks for public health management. ITDS detect a difference between the subject and ambient temperature, making deployment in hot climates more challenging. This study, conducted in Singapore, a tropical city, evaluates the accuracy of three different ITDS for fever detection compared with traditional oral thermometry and self-reporting in a clinical setting. Study design This study is a prospective operational evaluation conducted in the Singapore military on all personnel seeking medical care at a high-volume primary healthcare centre over a one week period in February 2014. Methods Three ITDS, the STE Infrared Fever Screening System (IFSS), the Omnisense Sentry MKIII and the handheld Quick Shot Infrared Thermoscope HT-F03B, were evaluated. Temperature measurements were taken outside the healthcare centre, under a sheltered walkway and compared to oral temperature. Subjects were asked if they had fever. Results There were 430 subjects screened, of whom 34 participants (7.9%) had confirmed fever, determined by oral thermometer measurement. The handheld infrared thermoscope had a very low sensitivity (29.4%), but a high specificity (96.8%). The STE ITDS had a moderate sensitivity (44.1%), but a very high specificity (99.1%). Self-reported fevers showed good sensitivity (88.2%) and specificity (93.9%). The sensitivity of the Omnisense ITDS (89.7%) was the highest among the three methods with good specificity (92.0%). Conclusion The new generation Omnisense ITDS displayed a relatively high sensitivity and specificity for fever. Though it has a lower sensitivity, the old generation STE ITDS system showed a very high specificity. Self-reporting of fever was reliable. The handheld thermograph should not be used as a fever-screening tool under tropical conditions. The new generation fever screening system displayed a relatively high sensitivity and specificity for fever. Self-reporting of fever was reliable compared to measured temperature. The handheld thermograph should not be used as a fever-screening tool under tropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Tay
- Biodefence Centre, Singapore Armed Forces, 778910, Singapore
| | - Y L Low
- Biodefence Centre, Singapore Armed Forces, 778910, Singapore
| | - X Zhao
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - A R Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Yale-NUS College, National University of Singapore, 138614, Singapore; Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 169857, Singapore; Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, 138614, Singapore
| | - V J Lee
- Biodefence Centre, Singapore Armed Forces, 778910, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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Faust O, Rajendra Acharya U, Ng EYK, Hong TJ, Yu W. Application of infrared thermography in computer aided diagnosis. INFRARED PHYSICS & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 66:160-175. [PMID: 32288546 PMCID: PMC7108233 DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The invention of thermography, in the 1950s, posed a formidable problem to the research community: What is the relationship between disease and heat radiation captured with Infrared (IR) cameras? The research community responded with a continuous effort to find this crucial relationship. This effort was aided by advances in processing techniques, improved sensitivity and spatial resolution of thermal sensors. However, despite this progress fundamental issues with this imaging modality still remain. The main problem is that the link between disease and heat radiation is complex and in many cases even non-linear. Furthermore, the change in heat radiation as well as the change in radiation pattern, which indicate disease, is minute. On a technical level, this poses high requirements on image capturing and processing. On a more abstract level, these problems lead to inter-observer variability and on an even more abstract level they lead to a lack of trust in this imaging modality. In this review, we adopt the position that these problems can only be solved through a strict application of scientific principles and objective performance assessment. Computing machinery is inherently objective; this helps us to apply scientific principles in a transparent way and to assess the performance results. As a consequence, we aim to promote thermography based Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems. Another benefit of CAD systems comes from the fact that the diagnostic accuracy is linked to the capability of the computing machinery and, in general, computers become ever more potent. We predict that a pervasive application of computers and networking technology in medicine will help us to overcome the shortcomings of any single imaging modality and this will pave the way for integrated health care systems which maximize the quality of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Faust
- School of Science and Engineering, Habib University, Karachi 75350, Pakistan
| | - U Rajendra Acharya
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore
| | - E Y K Ng
- School of Mechanical & Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tan Jen Hong
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore
| | - Wenwei Yu
- Department of Medical System Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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CAO QINGLEI, YANG JINLONG, MEI XIAOGUANG, CHEN XIAOPING, HU YANG. APPLICATION ANALYSIS OF FAR INFRARED CERAMICS IN THE REHABILITATION OF SPORTS INJURY. J MECH MED BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519413500280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Far infrared ceramic beads can release far infrared light with wavelengths in the range of 8–14μm, which matches the waveband of living organisms. They exhibit the pyrometric effect and resonance effect through fomentation and radiation, which can accelerate blood circulation and metabolism and can aid in human body rehabilitation. Therefore, it is of great significance to use far infrared ceramics for the rehabilitation of sports injuries. In this study, we fabricated a new type of infrared ceramic bead and applied these beads on the human body. The results showed their reliable application on the rehabilitation of sports injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- QINGLEI CAO
- PE Department, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - JINLONG YANG
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - XIAOGUANG MEI
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - XIAOPING CHEN
- Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - YANG HU
- Sport Science Research Center of Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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ETEHADTAVAKOL MAHNAZ, NG EDDIEYK. BREAST THERMOGRAPHY AS A POTENTIAL NON-CONTACT METHOD IN THE EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER: A REVIEW. J MECH MED BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519413300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review paper discusses recent research achievements in medical thermography with concerns about the possibility of early breast cancer detection. With the advancements in infrared (IR) technology, image processing methods, and the pathophysiological-based knowledge of thermograms, IR screening is sufficiently mature to be utilized as a first-line complement to both health managing and clinical prognosis. In addition, it explains the performance and environmental conditions in identifying thermography for breast tumor imaging under strict indoor controlled environmental circumstances. An irregular thermogram is indicated as a significant biological risk marker for the presence or growth of breast tumors. Breast thermography is completely non-contact, with no form of radiation and compression. It is useful for all women of all ages, for pregnant and breastfeeding women, for women with implants, for women with dense or fibrocystic breasts, for women on hormone replacement therapy, and for pre or post menopausal women. Breast thermography is specifically worthwhile during the early stages of fast tumor growth, which is not yet recognizable by mammography as thermography is a physiological test while mammography is an anatomical one. Often, physiological changes precede anatomical changes. This early detection of irregular tissue liveliness gives breast thermography the potential to be greatly useful and economical as an imaging program and provides the opportunity to apply non-invasive treatment to reform breast tissue activity. The non-radiating nature of thermography also permits repeated images. Thus, changes can be compared over time and the results of protective approaches can be observed to ensure utmost care of breast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- MAHNAZ ETEHADTAVAKOL
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81745-319, Iran
| | - EDDIE Y. K. NG
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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RING EFJ, JUNG A, KALICKI B, ZUBER J, RUSTECKA A, VARDASCA R. NEW STANDARDS FOR FEVER SCREENING WITH THERMAL IMAGING SYSTEMS. J MECH MED BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519413500450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermal imaging has in recent years become more accessible and affordable as a means of remote sensing for human body temperature such as in identifying a person with fever. The implementation and operational guidelines for identifying a febrile human using a screening thermograph as documented in the ISO/TR 13154:2009 ISO/TR 80600 has been deployed for the screening of a total of 402 children. It was found that there was a significant difference between the temperatures measured in non-fevered patients and those with known fever, with the thermal imaging of the eye region being the most rapid non-contact site for measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. F. J. RING
- Medical Imaging Research Unit, Faculty of Advanced Technology, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
| | - A. JUNG
- Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology and Allergic Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow, Warsaw, Poland
| | - B. KALICKI
- Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology and Allergic Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. ZUBER
- Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology and Allergic Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. RUSTECKA
- Department of Pediatrics, Nephrology and Allergic Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow, Warsaw, Poland
| | - R. VARDASCA
- Medical Imaging Research Unit, Faculty of Advanced Technology, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, UK
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal
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Arthur DTJ, Khan MM. Quantitative deconvolution of human thermal infrared emittance. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2012; 17:205-13. [PMID: 23086533 DOI: 10.1109/titb.2012.2225108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The bioheat transfer models conventionally employed in etiology of human thermal infrared (TIR) emittance rely upon two assumptions; universal graybody emissivity and significant transmission of heat from subsurface tissue layers. In this work, a series of clinical and laboratory experiments were designed and carried out to conclusively evaluate the validity of the two assumptions. Results obtained from the objective analyses of TIR images of human facial and tibial regions demonstrated significant variations in spectral thermophysical properties at different anatomic locations on human body. The limited validity of the two assumptions signifies need for quantitative deconvolution of human TIR emittance in clinical, psychophysiological and critical applications. A novel approach to joint inversion of the bioheat transfer model is also introduced, levering the deterministic temperature-dependency of proton resonance frequency in low-lipid human soft tissue for characterizing the relationship between subsurface 3D tissue temperature profiles and corresponding TIR emittance.
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Nguyen AV, Cohen NJ, Lipman H, Brown CM, Molinari NA, Jackson WL, Kirking H, Szymanowski P, Wilson TW, Salhi BA, Roberts RR, Stryker DW, Fishbein DB. Comparison of 3 infrared thermal detection systems and self-report for mass fever screening. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 16:1710-7. [PMID: 21029528 PMCID: PMC3294528 DOI: 10.3201/eid1611.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a hospital setting, the systems had reasonable utility for fever detection. Despite limited evidence regarding their utility, infrared thermal detection systems (ITDS) are increasingly being used for mass fever detection. We compared temperature measurements for 3 ITDS (FLIR ThermoVision A20M [FLIR Systems Inc., Boston, MA, USA], OptoTherm Thermoscreen [OptoTherm Thermal Imaging Systems and Infrared Cameras Inc., Sewickley, PA, USA], and Wahl Fever Alert Imager HSI2000S [Wahl Instruments Inc., Asheville, NC, USA]) with oral temperatures (>100°F = confirmed fever) and self-reported fever. Of 2,873 patients enrolled, 476 (16.6%) reported a fever, and 64 (2.2%) had a confirmed fever. Self-reported fever had a sensitivity of 75.0%, specificity 84.7%, and positive predictive value 10.1%. At optimal cutoff values for detecting fever, temperature measurements by OptoTherm and FLIR had greater sensitivity (91.0% and 90.0%, respectively) and specificity (86.0% and 80.0%, respectively) than did self-reports. Correlations between ITDS and oral temperatures were similar for OptoTherm (ρ = 0.43) and FLIR (ρ = 0.42) but significantly lower for Wahl (ρ = 0.14; p<0.001). When compared with oral temperatures, 2 systems (OptoTherm and FLIR) were reasonably accurate for detecting fever and predicted fever better than self-reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- An V Nguyen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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EtehadTavakol M, Ng EYK, Lucas C, Sadri S, Gheissari N. Estimating the mutual information between bilateral breast in thermograms using nonparametric windows. J Med Syst 2010; 35:959-67. [PMID: 20703681 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-010-9516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Comparison between contra lateral breast images is one of the effective methods in breast cancer detection. Asymmetric temperature distribution can be an indicator of abnormality. The mutual information is a good measure of nonlinear correlation. It is a measure that captures linear and nonlinear dependencies, without requiring the specification of any kind of model of dependence. Therefore, it is suitable for our abnormality indicator. Although nonparametric windows is a numerically expensive technique but it is accurate. The reason is that nonparametric windows incorporate an interpolation model which enhances the resolution to a highly oversampled image. For our purposes we worked with sixty simulated breast thermal images. It is shown that the more similar the thermal image of right breast to the thermal image of left breast, the closer the normalized mutual information value to one.
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Affiliation(s)
- M EtehadTavakol
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
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Hildebrandt C, Raschner C, Ammer K. An overview of recent application of medical infrared thermography in sports medicine in Austria. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:4700-15. [PMID: 22399901 PMCID: PMC3292141 DOI: 10.3390/s100504700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Medical infrared thermography (MIT) is used for analyzing physiological functions related to skin temperature. Technological advances have made MIT a reliable medical measurement tool. This paper provides an overview of MIT's technical requirements and usefulness in sports medicine, with a special focus on overuse and traumatic knee injuries. Case studies are used to illustrate the clinical applicability and limitations of MIT. It is concluded that MIT is a non-invasive, non-radiating, low cost detection tool which should be applied for pre-scanning athletes in sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hildebrandt
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fuerstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; E-Mail:
| | - Christian Raschner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fuerstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; E-Mail:
| | - Kurt Ammer
- Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Hanuschspital, Heinrich-Collin-Street 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria; E-Mail:
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Matsui T, Hakozaki Y, Suzuki S, Usui T, Kato T, Hasegawa K, Sugiyama Y, Sugamata M, Abe S. A novel screening method for influenza patients using a newly developed non-contact screening system. J Infect 2010; 60:271-7. [PMID: 20138082 PMCID: PMC7112665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In places of mass gathering, rapid infection screening prior to definite diagnosis is vital during the epidemic season of a novel influenza. In order to assess the possibility of clinical application of a newly developed non-contact infection screening system, we conducted screening for influenza patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The system is operated by a screening program via a linear discriminant analysis using non-contact derived variables, i.e., palmar pulse derived from a laser Doppler blood-flow meter, respiration rate determined by a 10-GHz microwave radar, and average facial temperature measured by thermography. The system was tested on 57 seasonal influenza (2008-2009) patients (35.7 degrees C < or = body temperature < or = 38.3 degrees C, 19-40 years) and 35 normal control subjects (35.5 degrees C < or = body temperature < or = 36.9 degrees C, 21-35 years) at the Japan Self-defense Forces Central Hospital. RESULTS A significant linear discriminant function (p < 0.001) was determined to distinguish the influenza group from the control group (Mahalanobis D-square = 6.5, classification error rate > 10%). The system had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 93%, which is higher than the PPV value (PPV < or = 65.4%) reported in the recent summary of studies using only thermography performed mainly in hospitals. CONCLUSIONS The proposed system appears promising for application in accurate screening for influenza patients at places of mass gathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemi Matsui
- Department of Management Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Asahigaoka 6-6, Hino, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan.
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