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Yue O, Wang X, Xie L, Bai Z, Zou X, Liu X. Biomimetic Exogenous "Tissue Batteries" as Artificial Power Sources for Implantable Bioelectronic Devices Manufacturing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307369. [PMID: 38196276 PMCID: PMC10953594 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronic devices (IBDs) have gained attention for their capacity to conformably detect physiological and pathological signals and further provide internal therapy. However, traditional power sources integrated into these IBDs possess intricate limitations such as bulkiness, rigidity, and biotoxicity. Recently, artificial "tissue batteries" (ATBs) have diffusely developed as artificial power sources for IBDs manufacturing, enabling comprehensive biological-activity monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy. ATBs are on-demand and designed to accommodate the soft and confining curved placement space of organisms, minimizing interface discrepancies, and providing ample power for clinical applications. This review presents the near-term advancements in ATBs, with a focus on their miniaturization, flexibility, biodegradability, and power density. Furthermore, it delves into material-screening, structural-design, and energy density across three distinct categories of TBs, distinguished by power supply strategies. These types encompass innovative energy storage devices (chemical batteries and supercapacitors), power conversion devices that harness power from human-body (biofuel cells, thermoelectric nanogenerators, bio-potential devices, piezoelectric harvesters, and triboelectric devices), and energy transfer devices that receive and utilize external energy (radiofrequency-ultrasound energy harvesters, ultrasound-induced energy harvesters, and photovoltaic devices). Ultimately, future challenges and prospects emphasize ATBs with the indispensability of bio-safety, flexibility, and high-volume energy density as crucial components in long-term implantable bioelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Yue
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science &TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Long Xie
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Zhongxue Bai
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science &TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Xiaoliang Zou
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science &TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials EngineeringShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering EducationShaanxi University of Science &TechnologyXi'anShaanxi710021China
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2
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Simons P, Schenk SA, Gysel MA, Olbrich LF, Rupp JLM. A Ceramic-Electrolyte Glucose Fuel Cell for Implantable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109075. [PMID: 35384081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation implantable devices such as sensors, drug-delivery systems, and electroceuticals require efficient, reliable, and highly miniaturized power sources. Existing power sources such as the Li-I2 pacemaker battery exhibit limited scale-down potential without sacrificing capacity, and therefore, alternatives are needed to power miniaturized implants. This work shows that ceramic electrolytes can be used in potentially implantable glucose fuel cells with unprecedented miniaturization. Specifically, a ceramic glucose fuel cell-based on the proton-conducting electrolyte ceria-that is composed of a freestanding membrane of thickness below 400 nm and fully integrated into silicon for easy integration into bioelectronics is demonstrated. In contrast to polymeric membranes, all materials used are highly temperature stable, making thermal sterilization for implantation trivial. A peak power density of 43 µW cm-2 , and an unusually high statistical verification of successful fabrication and electrochemical function across 150 devices for open-circuit voltage and 12 devices for power density, enabled by a specifically designed testing apparatus and protocol, is demonstrated. The findings demonstrate that ceramic-based micro-glucose-fuel-cells constitute the smallest potentially implantable power sources to date and are viable options to power the next generation of highly miniaturized implantable medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Simons
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Steven A Schenk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, EPFL, Station 9, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Marco A Gysel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Leonhardstrasse 21, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz F Olbrich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L M Rupp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Cha H, Kwon O, Kim J, Choi H, Yoo H, Kim H, Park T. Effects of the Anode Diffusion Layer on the Performance of a Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Fuel Cell with a Proton Exchange Membrane. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:34752-34762. [PMID: 34963958 PMCID: PMC8697377 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is necessary to apply a nonenzymatic glucose fuel cell using a proton exchange membrane for an implantable biomedical device that operates at low power. The permeability of glucose with high viscosity and a large molecular weight in the porous medium of the diffusion layer was investigated for use in fuel cells. Carbon paper was prepared as an anode diffusion layer, and it was analyzed with a diffusion layer treated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and a microporous layer (MPL). When untreated carbon paper was applied, the peak power density (PPD) and open-circuit voltage (OCV) increased as the glucose concentration and flow rate increased. On this occasion, the highest PPD of 17.81 μW cm-2 was achieved at 3 mM and a 2.0 mL min-1 glucose aqueous solution (at atmospheric pressure and 36.5 °C). The diffusion layer, which became more hydrophobic through PTFE treatment, adversely affected glucose permeability. In addition, the addition of an MPL decreased OCV and PPD with increasing glucose concentrations and flow rates. Compared with untreated carbon paper, the PPD was six times lower approximately. Consequently, it was confirmed that the properties of carbon paper, such as low hydrophobicity, high porosity, and thin thickness, would be advantageous for nonenzymatic glucose fuel cells.
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Buaki-Sogó M, García-Carmona L, Gil-Agustí M, Zubizarreta L, García-Pellicer M, Quijano-López A. Enzymatic Glucose-Based Bio-batteries: Bioenergy to Fuel Next-Generation Devices. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:49. [PMID: 33125588 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article consists of a review of the main concepts and paradigms established in the field of biological fuel cells or biofuel cells. The aim is to provide an overview of the current panorama, basic concepts, and methodologies used in the field of enzymatic biofuel cells, as well as the applications of these bio-systems in flexible electronics and implantable or portable devices. Finally, the challenges needing to be addressed in the development of biofuel cells capable of supplying power to small size devices with applications in areas related to health and well-being or next-generation portable devices are analyzed. The aim of this study is to contribute to biofuel cell technology development; this is a multidisciplinary topic about which review articles related to different scientific areas, from Materials Science to technology applications, can be found. With this article, the authors intend to reach a wide readership in order to spread biofuel cell technology for different scientific profiles and boost new contributions and developments to overcome future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Buaki-Sogó
- Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía (ITE), Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 24, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Laura García-Carmona
- Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía (ITE), Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 24, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mayte Gil-Agustí
- Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía (ITE), Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 24, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leire Zubizarreta
- Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía (ITE), Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 24, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta García-Pellicer
- Instituto Tecnológico de la Energía (ITE), Avenida Juan de la Cierva, 24, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Quijano-López
- ITE Universitat Politécnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n edificio 6C, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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Baktash A, Reid JC, Yuan Q, Roman T, Searles DJ. Shaping the Future of Solid-State Electrolytes through Computational Modeling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908041. [PMID: 32141672 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Advances and progress in computational research that aims to understand and improve solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are outlined. One of the main challenges in the development of all-solid-state batteries is the design of new SSEs with high ion diffusivity that maintain chemical and phase stability and thereby provide a wide electrochemical stability window. Solving this problem requires a deep understanding of the diffusion mechanism and properties of the SSEs. A second important challenge is the development of an understanding of the interface between the SSE and the electrode. The role of molecular simulations and modeling in dealing with these challenges is discussed, with reference to examples in the literature. The methods used and issues considered in recent years are highlighted. Finally, a brief outlook about the future of modeling in studying solid-state battery technology is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardeshir Baktash
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - James C Reid
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Qinghong Yuan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Material Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Tanglaw Roman
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Debra J Searles
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Schipper F, Aurbach D. A brief review: Past, present and future of lithium ion batteries. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193516120120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Botana J, Brgoch J, Hou C, Miao M. Iodine Anions beyond -1: Formation of LinI (n = 2-5) and Its Interaction with Quasiatoms. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9377-82. [PMID: 27602431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel phases of LinI (n = 2, 3, 4, 5) compounds are predicted to form under high pressure using first-principles density functional theory and an unbiased crystal structure search algorithm. All of the phases identified are thermodynamically stable with respect to decomposition into elemental Li and the binary LiI at a relatively low pressure (≈20 GPa). Increasing the pressure to 100 GPa yields the formation of a high pressure electride where electrons occupy interstitial quasiatom (ISQ) orbitals. Under these extreme pressures, the calculated charge on iodine suggests the oxidation state goes beyond the conventional and expected -1 charge for the halogens. This strange oxidative behavior stems from an electron transfer going from the ISQ to I(-) and Li(+) ions as high pressure collapses the void space. The resulting interplay between chemical bonding and the quantum chemical nature of enclosed interstitial space allows this first report of a halogen anion beyond a -1 oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Botana
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing, 10084, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Northridge , Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Jakoah Brgoch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Chunju Hou
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing, 10084, China.,School of Science, JiangXi University of Science and Technology , Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Maosheng Miao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing, 10084, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University-Northridge , Northridge, California 91330, United States.,Department of Earth Science, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93111, United States
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8
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Shimoyamada A, Yamamoto K, Yoshida R, Kato T, Iriyama Y, Hirayama T. Dynamical observation of lithium insertion/extraction reaction during charge–discharge processes in Li-ion batteries byin situspatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015; 64:401-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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9
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Han F, Gao T, Zhu Y, Gaskell KJ, Wang C. A Battery Made from a Single Material. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3473-83. [PMID: 25925023 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A single-material battery is prepared using Li10GeP2S12 as the electrolyte, anode, and cathode, based on the Li-S and Ge-S components in Li10GeP2S12 acting as the active centers for its cathode and anode performance, respectively. The single-Li10GeP2S12 battery exhibits a remarkably low interfacial resistance due to the improvement of interfacial contact and interactions, and the suppression of interfacial strain/stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Karen J Gaskell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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10
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Li S, Shu K, Zhao C, Wang C, Guo Z, Wallace G, Liu HK. One-step synthesis of graphene/polypyrrole nanofiber composites as cathode material for a biocompatible zinc/polymer battery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:16679-16686. [PMID: 25198621 DOI: 10.1021/am503572w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The significance of developing implantable, biocompatible, miniature power sources operated in a low current range has become manifest in recent years to meet the demands of the fast-growing market for biomedical microdevices. In this work, we focus on developing high-performance cathode material for biocompatible zinc/polymer batteries utilizing biofluids as electrolyte. Conductive polymers and graphene are generally considered to be biocompatible and suitable for bioengineering applications. To harness the high electrical conductivity of graphene and the redox capability of polypyrrole (PPy), a polypyrrole fiber/graphene composite has been synthesized via a simple one-step route. This composite is highly conductive (141 S cm(-1)) and has a large specific surface area (561 m(2) g(-1)). It performs more effectively as the cathode material than pure polypyrrole fibers. The battery constructed with PPy fiber/reduced graphene oxide cathode and Zn anode delivered an energy density of 264 mWh g(-1) in 0.1 M phosphate-buffer saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials and ‡ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong , AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
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11
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Köhler C, Frei M, Zengerle R, Kerzenmacher S. Performance Loss of a Pt-Based Implantable Glucose Fuel Cell in Simulated Tissue and Cerebrospinal Fluids. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Mees MJ, Pourtois G, Rosciano F, Put B, Vereecken PM, Stesmans A. First-principles material modeling of solid-state electrolytes with the spinel structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5399-406. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Yamamoto K, Iriyama Y, Asaka T, Hirayama T, Fujita H, Nonaka K, Miyahara K, Sugita Y, Ogumi Z. Direct observation of lithium-ion movement around an in-situ-formed-negative-electrode/solid-state-electrolyte interface during initial charge–discharge reaction. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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15
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Yada C, Iriyama Y, Abe T, Kikuchi K, Ogumi Z. A novel all-solid-state thin-film-type lithium-ion battery with in situ prepared positive and negative electrode materials. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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16
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A new kind of all-solid-state thin-film-type lithium-ion battery developed by applying a D.C. high voltage. Electrochem commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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17
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Hayes DL, Furman S. Cardiac Pacing:. How It Started, Where We Are, Where We Are Going. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2004; 27:693-704. [PMID: 15125737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2004.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Hayes
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Hayes
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jeffrey
- Carleton College, Northfield, Minn 55057, USA
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21
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Kojima R. The status of pacemaker implantations in Japan. Artif Organs 1994; 18:100-2. [PMID: 8141650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1994.tb03303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It has been over 40 years since the initial clinical application of a cardiac pacemaker. Currently, approximately 300 per million patients in the United States and Europe are kept alive owing to the benefit of implantable pacemakers. Recently, the Japanese Cardiac Pacing Society and the Japanese Society of Artificial Organs performed pacemaker registry studies for 1989 and 1990. In this paper, results of this survey are described. Currently, implantable cardiac pacemakers are utilized only on the level of 120 per million patients in Japan. Surprisingly, all implantations were performed using foreign manufactured pacemakers. Despite the high level of electronic technologies available in Japan, no Japanese-made implantable cardiac pacemakers are utilized in Japan. One could speculate that a major reason for the low level of clinical application of cardiac pacemakers is that these devices are quite expensive because of the import duties imposed on them. It is necessary and strongly recommended that implantable cardiac pacemakers be manufactured in Japan in order for them to be utilized as fully as they are in the United States and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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22
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Abstract
The lithium/iodine-polyvinylpyridine battery, first implanted 20 years ago, has become the power source of choice for the cardiac pacemaker. Over the last 20 years, improvements in cell chemistry, cell design, and modeling of cell performance have been made. Cells today exhibit an energy density over three times as great as cells produced in 1972. Well over 2 million pacemakers have been implanted with this chemistry, and the system has exhibited excellent reliability.
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25
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Klein HH, Knake W. Energy-conserving programming of VVI pacemakers: a telemetry-supported, long-term, follow-up study. Clin Cardiol 1990; 13:409-13. [PMID: 2344702 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960130608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty patients with VVI pacemakers (Quantum 253-09, 253-19, Intermedics Inc., Freeport, TX) were observed for a mean of 65 months. Within 12 months after implantation, optimized output programming was performed in 29 patients. This included a decrease in pulse amplitude (22 patients), pulse width (4 patients), and/or pacing rate (11 patients). After 65 months postimplantation, telemetered battery voltage and battery impedance were compared with the predicted values expected when the pulse generator constantly stimulates at nominal program conditions (heart rate 72.3 beats/min, pulse amplitude 5.4 V, pulse width 0.61 ms). Instead of an expected cell voltage of 2.6 V and a cell impedance of 10 k omega mean telemetered values amounted to 2.78 V and 1.4 k omega, respectively. These data correspond to a battery age of 12-15 months at nominal program conditions. This long-term follow-up study suggests that adequate programming will extend battery longevity and thus pulse generator survival in many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Klein
- Department of Cardiology, University of Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Antonioli
- Divisione di Cardiologia, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
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27
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Abstract
It has now been 25 years since the first pacemakers were implanted. It is indeed fascinating to see the breadth and the vision of the early investigators on both sides of the ocean, most of them friends of the author, in the almost desperate search for a power source that would enable the pacemaker to last as long as the expected lifetime of the average patient. Every conceivable method of power generation, power storage, and energy conservation was studied. The result was an orderly transition from zinc-mercury batteries, to lithium-iodine batteries, to the newest lithium oxyhalide systems of the coming decade, all of which coincided with tentative sidesteps into rechargeable batteries and nuclear batteries. This paper traces this 25 years of progress and salutes the many investigators who have brought the implantable pacemaker and its power source to their present state of acceptance by the medical profession.
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28
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Greatbatch W. Pacemaker power sources. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE : THE QUARTERLY MAGAZINE OF THE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY SOCIETY 1984; 3:15-19. [PMID: 19493738 DOI: 10.1109/memb.1984.5006051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Harthorne JW. Historic milestones of electrotherapy and cardiac pacing. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1981; 23:389-92. [PMID: 7015413 DOI: 10.1016/0033-0620(81)90004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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30
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31
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Green GD. Cardiac pacemakers. Lancet 1976; 2:902-3. [PMID: 62128 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Klafter RD, Hrebien L. An in vivo study of cardiac pacemaker optimization by pulse shape modification. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1976; 23:233-9. [PMID: 1262034 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.1976.324636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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