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The Current Status, Prospects, and Challenges of Shape Memory Polymers Application in Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030556. [PMID: 36771857 PMCID: PMC9920657 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone defects can occur after severe trauma, infection, or bone tumor resection surgery, which requires grafting to repair the defect when it reaches a critical size, as the bone's self-healing ability is insufficient to complete the bone repair. Natural bone grafts or artificial bone grafts, such as bioceramics, are currently used in bone tissue engineering, but the low availability of bone and high cost limit these treatments. Therefore, shape memory polymers (SMPs), which combine biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, shape tunability, ease of access, and minimally invasive implantation, have received attention in bone tissue engineering in recent years. Here, we reviewed the various excellent properties of SMPs and their contribution to bone formation in experiments at the cellular and animal levels, respectively, especially for the repair of defects in craniomaxillofacial (CMF) and limb bones, to provide new ideas for the application of these new SMPs in bone tissue engineering.
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Wu F, Zhang W, Du Y, Cheng F, Li H. Tunable shape memory properties of highly stretchable poly(ester urea) random copolymers based on α-amino acids. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7959-7967. [PMID: 36214048 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00936f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of biodegradable polymers with shape memory effects (SMEs) holds great promise in biomedical fields. Revealing the relationship between the SMEs and polymer structures not only contributes to interpreting the SME mechanisms, but also prompts the customization of materials properties for specific requirements. Herein, we developed a series of poly(ester urea) (PEU) random copolymers composed of two different diamine monomers based on L-alanine and L-valine, respectively. It was shown that the shape memory performance of the PEU copolymers strongly depended on the composition of two different diamine monomers in the PEU copolymers and other physical properties. This tunability likely arose from the change of polymer chain mobility and crystallinity, which were impacted by the choice of α-amino acids. Intriguingly, thin films of the PEU copolymers exhibited a high strain at break of 347-743% around the physiological temperature (35 °C). Moreover, the random copolymerization of two different sorts of diamine monomers has been demonstrated as a facile approach to precisely tailor the physical properties of the PEUs according to custom needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyun Wu
- CNNC Nuclear Power Operations Management Co., Ltd, Haiyan, 314300, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CNNC Nuclear Power Operations Management Co., Ltd, Haiyan, 314300, China
| | - Yanqiu Du
- College of Material and Textile Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Institute, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
| | - Fengmei Cheng
- College of Material and Textile Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Institute, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
| | - Haidong Li
- College of Material and Textile Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Institute, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
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3
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Xu C, Hong Y. Rational design of biodegradable thermoplastic polyurethanes for tissue repair. Bioact Mater 2021; 15:250-271. [PMID: 35386346 PMCID: PMC8940769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Xia Y, He Y, Zhang F, Liu Y, Leng J. A Review of Shape Memory Polymers and Composites: Mechanisms, Materials, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000713. [PMID: 32969090 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, interest in shape memory polymers (SMPs) has persisted, and immense efforts have been dedicated to developing SMPs and their multifunctional composites. As a class of stimuli-responsive polymers, SMPs can return to their initial shape from a programmed temporary shape under external stimuli, such as light, heat, magnetism, and electricity. The introduction of functional materials and nanostructures results in shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) with large recoverable deformation, enhanced mechanical properties, and controllable remote actuation. Because of these unique features, SMPCs have a broad application prospect in many fields covering aerospace engineering, biomedical devices, flexible electronics, soft robotics, shape memory arrays, and 4D printing. Herein, a comprehensive analysis of the shape recovery mechanisms, multifunctionality, applications, and recent advances in SMPs and SMPCs is presented. Specifically, the combination of functional, reversible, multiple, and controllable shape recovery processes is discussed. Further, established products from such materials are highlighted. Finally, potential directions for the future advancement of SMPs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xia
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yang He
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
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Shape Memory Biomaterials and Their Clinical Applications. Biomed Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49206-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lai HY, Wang HQ, Lai JC, Li CH. A Self-Healing and Shape Memory Polymer that Functions at Body Temperature. Molecules 2019; 24:E3224. [PMID: 31487954 PMCID: PMC6767172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-functional polymeric system combining shape memory with self-healing properties has attracted increasingly interests of researchers, as both of these properties are intelligent and promising characteristics. Moreover, shape memory polymer that functions at human body temperature (37 °C) are desirable because of their potential applications in biomedical field. Herein, we designed a polymer network with a permanent covalent crosslinking and abundant weak hydrogen bonds. The former introduces elasticity responsible and maintain the permanent shape, and the latter contributes to the temporary shape via network rearrangement. The obtained PDMS-COO-E polymer films exhibit excellent mechanical properties and the capability to efficiently self-heal for 6 h at room temperature. Furthermore, the samples turn from a viscous state into an elastic state at 37 °C. Therefore, this polymer has shape memory effects triggered by body temperature. This unique material will have a wide range of applications in many fields, containing wearable electronics, biomedical devices, and 4D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Tuka V, Wijnen E, van der Sande FM, Hm Tordoir J. Dialysis Needle Hemodynamics in Arterio-Venous Fistulae: A Technical Report. J Vasc Access 2018; 10:157-9. [DOI: 10.1177/112972980901000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular access is the lifeline for end-stage renal disease patients needing hemodialysis treatment. For dialysis treatment two needles are placed into the vascular access. Few studies on needle hemodynamics have been published. Methods We investigated needle hemodynamics by means of Doppler ultrasonography, both in B-mode and in pulsed Doppler mode. Results Direct visualization of the needles, turbulence around the arterial needle and blood flow jet from the venous needle are presented. Conclusions Ultrasound investigation of the hemodynamics of the dialysis needles is feasible. The extreme blood flow jet through the arterial needle was directed in all patients to the anterior vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Tuka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague - Czech Republic
| | - Edwin Wijnen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht - The Netherlands
| | - Frank M. van der Sande
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht - The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hm Tordoir
- Department of Surgery, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht - The Netherlands
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Meng Y, Jiang J, Anthamatten M. Body temperature triggered shape-memory polymers with high elastic energy storage capacity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Rochester; 206 Gavett Hall Rochester New York 14627
| | - Jisu Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Rochester; 206 Gavett Hall Rochester New York 14627
| | - Mitchell Anthamatten
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Rochester; 206 Gavett Hall Rochester New York 14627
- Laboratory of Laser Energetics; University of Rochester; Rochester New York 14623-1212
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Hasan SM, Nash LD, Maitland DJ. Porous shape memory polymers: Design and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayyeda M. Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University; 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station Texas 778433120
| | - Landon D. Nash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University; 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station Texas 778433120
| | - Duncan J. Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University; 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station Texas 778433120
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Hager MD, Bode S, Weber C, Schubert US. Shape memory polymers: Past, present and future developments. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Song JJ, Chang HH, Naguib HE. Design and characterization of biocompatible shape memory polymer (SMP) blend foams with a dynamic porous structure. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bao M, Lou X, Zhou Q, Dong W, Yuan H, Zhang Y. Electrospun biomimetic fibrous scaffold from shape memory polymer of PDLLA-co-TMC for bone tissue engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:2611-21. [PMID: 24476093 DOI: 10.1021/am405101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional fibrous scaffolds, which combine the capabilities of biomimicry to the native tissue architecture and shape memory effect (SME), are highly promising for the realization of functional tissue-engineered products with minimally invasive surgical implantation possibility. In this study, fibrous scaffolds of biodegradable poly(d,l-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) (denoted as PDLLA-co-TMC, or PLMC) with shape memory properties were fabricated by electrospinning. Morphology, thermal and mechanical properties as well as SME of the resultant fibrous structure were characterized using different techniques. And rat calvarial osteoblasts were cultured on the fibrous PLMC scaffolds to assess their suitability for bone tissue engineering. It is found that by varying the monomer ratio of DLLA:TMC from 5:5 to 9:1, fineness of the resultant PLMC fibers was attenuated from ca. 1500 down to 680 nm. This also allowed for readily modulating the glass transition temperature Tg (i.e., the switching temperature for actuating shape recovery) of the fibrous PLMC to fall between 19.2 and 44.2 °C, a temperature range relevant for biomedical applications in the human body. The PLMC fibers exhibited excellent shape memory properties with shape recovery ratios of Rr > 94% and shape fixity ratios of Rf > 98%, and macroscopically demonstrated a fast shape recovery (∼10 s at 39 °C) in the pre-deformed configurations. Biological assay results corroborated that the fibrous PLMC scaffolds were cytocompatible by supporting osteoblast adhesion and proliferation, and functionally promoted biomineralization-relevant alkaline phosphatase expression and mineral deposition. We envision the wide applicability of using the SME-capable biomimetic scaffolds for achieving enhanced efficacy in repairing various bone defects (e.g., as implants for healing bone screw holes or as barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
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Lendlein A, Behl M, Hiebl B, Wischke C. Shape-memory polymers as a technology platform for biomedical applications. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 7:357-79. [DOI: 10.1586/erd.10.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Annabi N, Tamayol A, Uquillas JA, Akbari M, Bertassoni LE, Cha C, Camci-Unal G, Dokmeci MR, Peppas NA, Khademhosseini A. 25th anniversary article: Rational design and applications of hydrogels in regenerative medicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:85-123. [PMID: 24741694 PMCID: PMC3925010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer-based materials with high water content and physical characteristics that resemble the native extracellular matrix. Because of their remarkable properties, hydrogel systems are used for a wide range of biomedical applications, such as three-dimensional (3D) matrices for tissue engineering, drug-delivery vehicles, composite biomaterials, and as injectable fillers in minimally invasive surgeries. In addition, the rational design of hydrogels with controlled physical and biological properties can be used to modulate cellular functionality and tissue morphogenesis. Here, the development of advanced hydrogels with tunable physiochemical properties is highlighted, with particular emphasis on elastomeric, light-sensitive, composite, and shape-memory hydrogels. Emerging technologies developed over the past decade to control hydrogel architecture are also discussed and a number of potential applications and challenges in the utilization of hydrogels in regenerative medicine are reviewed. It is anticipated that the continued development of sophisticated hydrogels will result in clinical applications that will improve patient care and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Annabi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jorge Alfredo Uquillas
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Luiz E. Bertassoni
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chaenyung Cha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering Building 3.110B, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C0800, Austin, Texas, 78712–1062, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Recent advances in shape–memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, modeling and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 919] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Small W, Singhal P, Wilson TS, Maitland DJ. Biomedical applications of thermally activated shape memory polymers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 2010; 20:3356-3366. [PMID: 21258605 PMCID: PMC3023912 DOI: 10.1039/b923717h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that can remember a primary shape and can return to this primary shape from a deformed secondary shape when given an appropriate stimulus. This property allows them to be delivered in a compact form via minimally invasive surgeries in humans, and deployed to achieve complex final shapes. Here we review the various biomedical applications of SMPs and the challenges they face with respect to actuation and biocompatibility. While shape memory behavior has been demonstrated with heat, light and chemical environment, here we focus our discussion on thermally stimulated SMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Small
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94550, USA
| | - Pooja Singhal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Thomas S. Wilson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94550, USA
| | - Duncan J. Maitland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Neuss S, Blomenkamp I, Stainforth R, Boltersdorf D, Jansen M, Butz N, Perez-Bouza A, Knüchel R. The use of a shape-memory poly(epsilon-caprolactone)dimethacrylate network as a tissue engineering scaffold. Biomaterials 2009; 30:1697-705. [PMID: 19121539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Shape-memory polymers produced from many natural or synthetic raw polymers are able to undergo a shape transformation after exposure to a specific external stimulus. This feature enables their use in minimal-invasive surgery with a small, compact starting material switching over to a more voluminous structure in the body. The use of biomaterials in modern medicine calls for compatibility tests with cell types, encountering the biomaterial during a short-term or long-term in vivo application. We analysed the cell behaviour of L929 mouse fibroblasts, human mesenchymal stem cells, human mesothelial cells and rat mesothelial cells on a biodegradable shape-memory polymer network to assess its suitability for medical applications. Further, we investigated the differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and adipocytes on the polymer and we analysed the influence of the shape-memory effect on adherent cells. The polymer was cytocompatible for all tested cell types, supporting cell viability and proliferation. The differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells was supported by the polymer and shape-memory effect activation did not affect the majority of adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Neuss
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Yakacki CM, Gall K. Shape-Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications. SHAPE-MEMORY POLYMERS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2009_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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