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Camera F, Merla C, De Santis V. Comparison of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Dosimetry between Structured and Unstructured Grids Using Different Solvers. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:712. [PMID: 39061794 PMCID: PMC11273852 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11070712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has surged, necessitating deeper understanding, development, and use of low-frequency (LF) numerical dosimetry for TMS studies. While various ad hoc dosimetric models exist, commercial software tools like SimNIBS v4.0 and Sim4Life v7.2.4 are preferred for their user-friendliness and versatility. SimNIBS utilizes unstructured tetrahedral mesh models, while Sim4Life employs voxel-based models on a structured grid, both evaluating induced electric fields using the finite element method (FEM) with different numerical solvers. Past studies primarily focused on uniform exposures and voxelized models, lacking realism. Our study compares these LF solvers across simplified and realistic anatomical models to assess their accuracy in evaluating induced electric fields. We examined three scenarios: a single-shell sphere, a sphere with an orthogonal slab, and a MRI-derived head model. The comparison revealed small discrepancies in induced electric fields, mainly in regions of low field intensity. Overall, the differences were contained (below 2% for spherical models and below 12% for the head model), showcasing the potential of computational tools in advancing exposure assessment required for TMS protocols in different bio-medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Camera
- Division of Biotechnologies, Italian National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy;
| | - Caterina Merla
- Division of Biotechnologies, Italian National Agency for Energy, New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valerio De Santis
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
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Van Hoornweder S, Nuyts M, Frieske J, Verstraelen S, Meesen RLJ, Caulfield KA. Outcome measures for electric field modeling in tES and TMS: A systematic review and large-scale modeling study. Neuroimage 2023; 281:120379. [PMID: 37716590 PMCID: PMC11008458 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electric field (E-field) modeling is a potent tool to estimate the amount of transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation (TMS and tES, respectively) that reaches the cortex and to address the variable behavioral effects observed in the field. However, outcome measures used to quantify E-fields vary considerably and a thorough comparison is missing. OBJECTIVES This two-part study aimed to examine the different outcome measures used to report on tES and TMS induced E-fields, including volume- and surface-level gray matter, region of interest (ROI), whole brain, geometrical, structural, and percentile-based approaches. The study aimed to guide future research in informed selection of appropriate outcome measures. METHODS Three electronic databases were searched for tES and/or TMS studies quantifying E-fields. The identified outcome measures were compared across volume- and surface-level E-field data in ten tES and TMS modalities targeting two common targets in 100 healthy individuals. RESULTS In the systematic review, we extracted 308 outcome measures from 202 studies that adopted either a gray matter volume-level (n = 197) or surface-level (n = 111) approach. Volume-level results focused on E-field magnitude, while surface-level data encompassed E-field magnitude (n = 64) and normal/tangential E-field components (n = 47). E-fields were extracted in ROIs, such as brain structures and shapes (spheres, hexahedra and cylinders), or the whole brain. Percentiles or mean values were mostly used to quantify E-fields. Our modeling study, which involved 1,000 E-field models and > 1,000,000 extracted E-field values, revealed that different outcome measures yielded distinct E-field values, analyzed different brain regions, and did not always exhibit strong correlations in the same within-subject E-field model. CONCLUSIONS Outcome measure selection significantly impacts the locations and intensities of extracted E-field data in both tES and TMS E-field models. The suitability of different outcome measures depends on the target region, TMS/tES modality, individual anatomy, the analyzed E-field component and the research question. To enhance the quality, rigor, and reproducibility in the E-field modeling domain, we suggest standard reporting practices across studies and provide four recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren Van Hoornweder
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Marten Nuyts
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Joana Frieske
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verstraelen
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Raf L J Meesen
- REVAL - Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin A Caulfield
- Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Gutierrez MI, Poblete-Naredo I, Mercado-Gutierrez JA, Toledo-Peral CL, Quinzaños-Fresnedo J, Yanez-Suarez O, Gutierrez-Martinez J. Devices and Technology in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1218. [PMID: 36138954 PMCID: PMC9496961 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The technology for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has significantly changed over the years, with important improvements in the signal generators, the coils, the positioning systems, and the software for modeling, optimization, and therapy planning. In this systematic literature review (SLR), the evolution of each component of TMS technology is presented and analyzed to assess the limitations to overcome. This SLR was carried out following the PRISMA 2020 statement. Published articles of TMS were searched for in four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, IEEE). Conference papers and other reviews were excluded. Records were filtered using terms about TMS technology with a semi-automatic software; articles that did not present new technology developments were excluded manually. After this screening, 101 records were included, with 19 articles proposing new stimulator designs (18.8%), 46 presenting or adapting coils (45.5%), 18 proposing systems for coil placement (17.8%), and 43 implementing algorithms for coil optimization (42.6%). The articles were blindly classified by the authors to reduce the risk of bias. However, our results could have been influenced by our research interests, which would affect conclusions for applications in psychiatric and neurological diseases. Our analysis indicates that more emphasis should be placed on optimizing the current technology with a special focus on the experimental validation of models. With this review, we expect to establish the base for future TMS technological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ibrahin Gutierrez
- Subdirección de Investigación Tecnológica, División de Investigación en Ingeniería Médica, CONACYT —Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación LGII, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Airy Mercado-Gutierrez
- Subdirección de Investigación Tecnológica, División de Investigación en Ingeniería Médica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación LGII, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Cinthya Lourdes Toledo-Peral
- Subdirección de Investigación Tecnológica, División de Investigación en Ingeniería Médica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación LGII, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Jimena Quinzaños-Fresnedo
- División de Rehabilitación Neurológica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación LGII, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Oscar Yanez-Suarez
- Neuroimaging Research Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Josefina Gutierrez-Martinez
- Subdirección de Investigación Tecnológica, División de Investigación en Ingeniería Médica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación LGII, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
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Vrba D, Malena L, Albrecht J, Fricova J, Anders M, Rokyta R, Rodrigues D, Vrba J. Numerical analysis of transcranial magnetic stimulation application in patients with orofacial pain. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:590-599. [PMID: 35239486 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3156703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we monitored the accuracy of non-navigated application of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in 10 patients suffering from orofacial pain by using functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), computer modeling and numerical simulation. Through a unique process, each fMRI scan was used to define a Region of Interest (ROI) where the source of the orofacial pain was located, which was to be stimulated using rTMS. For each patient, MRI scans with a spatial resolution of 0.7 mm were converted into an anatomically accurate head model. The head model including the ROI was then co-registered with a model of the stimulation coil in an electromagnetic field numerical simulator. The accuracy of rTMS application was evaluated based on the calculations of electric field intensity distribution in the ROI. The research has yielded unique insight into ROIs (with average volume 904mm3) in patients with orofacial pain and has also extended further possibilities of human head MRI image semi-automatic segmentation. According to the calculations performed, the average ROI volume that was stimulated by an electric field with an intensity of over 80 V/m was only 4.4%, with the maximum ROI volume being 20.5%. Furthermore, a numerical study of the impact of coil rotation and translation was performed. It demonstrated a) the optimal placement of the stimulation coil can significantly increase the volume of the stimulated ROI up to 60% and b) patients with orofacial pain would need precise coil positioning with a navigation error lower than 10 mm. Due to an acceptable proccessing time of up to 6 hours, described numerical simulation opens up new options for precise rTMS treatment planning. This planning platform together withpatient-specific navigated rTMS, could lead to significant increase of treatment outcomes in patients suffering from orofacial pain.
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Poljak D, Cvetković M, Dorić V, Zulim I, Đogaš Z, Vidaković MR, Haueisen J, Drissi KEK. Integral Equation Formulations and Related Numerical Solution Methods in Some Biomedical Applications of Electromagnetic Fields. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF E-HEALTH AND MEDICAL COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/ijehmc.2018010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The paper reviews certain integral equation approaches and related numerical methods used in studies of biomedical applications of electromagnetic fields pertaining to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and nerve fiber stimulation. TMS is analyzed by solving the set of coupled surface integral equations (SIEs), while the numerical solution of governing equations is carried out via Method of Moments (MoM) scheme. A myelinated nerve fiber, stimulated by a current source, is represented by a straight thin wire antenna. The model is based on the corresponding homogeneous Pocklington integro-differential equation solved by means of the Galerkin Bubnov Indirect Boundary Element Method (GB-IBEM). Some illustrative numerical results for the TMS induced fields and intracellular current distribution along the myelinated nerve fiber (active and passive), respectively, are presented in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Poljak
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mario Cvetković
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Vicko Dorić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Zulim
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Zoran Đogaš
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Jens Haueisen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
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Valero-Cabré A, Amengual JL, Stengel C, Pascual-Leone A, Coubard OA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in basic and clinical neuroscience: A comprehensive review of fundamental principles and novel insights. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:381-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Deng B, Li S, Li B, Wang J, Zhang Z. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Using Strong-Coupling Effect of Resonant Magnetics. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 2017; 53:1-9. [DOI: 10.1109/tmag.2017.2661244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Gomez-Tames J, Sugiyama Y, Laakso I, Tanaka S, Koyama S, Sadato N, Hirata A. Effect of microscopic modeling of skin in electrical and thermal analysis of transcranial direct current stimulation. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:8825-8838. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/61/24/8825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Motogi J, Sugiyama Y, Laakso I, Hirata A, Inui K, Tamura M, Muragaki Y. Why intra-epidermal electrical stimulation achieves stimulation of small fibres selectively: a simulation study. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:4479-90. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/12/4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Rogić Vidaković M, Jerković A, Jurić T, Vujović I, Šoda J, Erceg N, Bubić A, Zmajević Schönwald M, Lioumis P, Gabelica D, Đogaš Z. Neurophysiologic markers of primary motor cortex for laryngeal muscles and premotor cortex in caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus investigated in motor speech disorder: a navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study. Cogn Process 2016; 17:429-442. [PMID: 27130564 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-016-0766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have so far reported the results of mapping the primary motor cortex (M1) for hand and tongue muscles in stuttering disorder. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for locating the M1 for laryngeal muscle and premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus, corresponding to Broca's area in stuttering subjects by applying new methodology for mapping these motor speech areas. Sixteen stuttering and eleven control subjects underwent rTMS motor speech mapping using modified patterned rTMS. The subjects performed visual object naming task during rTMS applied to the (a) left M1 for laryngeal muscles for recording corticobulbar motor-evoked potentials (CoMEP) from cricothyroid muscle and (b) left premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus while recording long latency responses (LLR) from cricothyroid muscle. The latency of CoMEP in control subjects was 11.75 ± 2.07 ms and CoMEP amplitude was 294.47 ± 208.87 µV, and in stuttering subjects CoMEP latency was 12.13 ± 0.75 ms and 504.64 ± 487.93 µV CoMEP amplitude. The latency of LLR in control subjects was 52.8 ± 8.6 ms and 54.95 ± 4.86 in stuttering subjects. No significant differences were found in CoMEP latency, CoMEP amplitude, and LLR latency between stuttering and control-fluent speakers. These results indicate there are probably no differences in stuttering compared to controls in functional anatomy of the pathway used for transmission of information from premotor cortex to the M1 cortices for laryngeal muscle representation and from there via corticobulbar tract to laryngeal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Rogić Vidaković
- School of Medicine, Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Ana Jerković
- Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Jurić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department of Electronics, University of Split, R. Boškovića 32, Split, Croatia
| | - Igor Vujović
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Signal Processing, Analysis and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), University of Split, Ruđera-Boškovića 37, Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Šoda
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Signal Processing, Analysis and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), University of Split, Ruđera-Boškovića 37, Split, Croatia
| | - Nikola Erceg
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Put iza nove bolnice 10 C, Split, Croatia
| | - Andreja Bubić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Put iza nove bolnice 10 C, Split, Croatia
| | - Marina Zmajević Schönwald
- Clinical Medical Centre "Sisters of Mercy", Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Vinogradska 29 A, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pantelis Lioumis
- Bio Mag Laboratory HUS Medical Imaging center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 340, 00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dragan Gabelica
- School of Medicine, Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.,SGM Medical Monitoring, Grge Novaka 22A, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Zoran Đogaš
- School of Medicine, Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
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