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Xu J, Nguyen AT, Zhao W, Chen W, Yang Z. An MRI Compatible Data Acquisition Device for Rat Brain Recording Inside 16.4T Magnet. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2024; 18:160-173. [PMID: 37747860 PMCID: PMC11132088 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3318699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent recording of neural activities and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is useful for studying the neurovascular coupling relationship. This article presents a low-noise, frequency-shaping based neural recorder chip that is insensitive to radio frequency (RF) pulses and gradient echo artifacts under strong magnetic environment. To support simultaneous recording of local field potentials (LFPs), extracellular spikes, and fMRI data, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible data acquisition (DAQ) device based on the designed recorder chip is developed with multiple circuit optimization techniques. Bench-top measurement shows that the designed DAQ device has 4.5 μV input-referred noise integrated from 300 Hz to 3000 Hz, which is not greatly affected by electromagnetic interference (EMI) at ultrahigh magnetic field (UMF, 16.4 T). In animal experiments, the designed DAQ device has been demonstrated to be capable of acquiring both the LFPs and extracellular spikes from a rat's brain before, during, and after MRI scanning. Besides, no obvious artifacts are seen from the designed DAQ device at multiple typical MRI scanning modes, and the system recovery time after gradient artifacts is reduced from more than 25 ms to less than 5 ms. The proposed DAQ device architecture based on the frequency-shaping neural recorder chip is MRI compatible and can provide highly competitive performance for concurrent recording of neural activities and fMRI data.
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Zhang X, Dong S, Shen Q, Zhou J, Min J. Deep extreme learning machine with knowledge augmentation for EEG seizure signal recognition. Front Neuroinform 2023; 17:1205529. [PMID: 37692360 PMCID: PMC10483404 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1205529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intelligent recognition of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can remarkably improve the accuracy of epileptic seizure prediction, which is essential for epileptic diagnosis. Extreme learning machine (ELM) has been applied to EEG signals recognition, however, the artifacts and noises in EEG signals have a serious effect on recognition efficiency. Deep learning is capable of noise resistance, contributing to removing the noise in raw EEG signals. But traditional deep networks suffer from time-consuming training and slow convergence. Methods Therefore, a novel deep learning based ELM (denoted as DELM) motivated by stacking generalization principle is proposed in this paper. Deep extreme learning machine (DELM) is a hierarchical network composed of several independent ELM modules. Augmented EEG knowledge is taken as complementary component, which will then be mapped into next module. This learning process is so simple and fast, meanwhile, it can excavate the implicit knowledge in raw data to a greater extent. Additionally, the proposed method is operated in a single-direction manner, so there is no need to perform parameters fine-tuning, which saves the expense of time. Results Extensive experiments are conducted on the public Bonn EEG dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that compared with the commonly-used seizure prediction methods, the proposed DELM wins the best average accuracies in 13 out of the 22 data and the best average F-measure scores in 10 out of the 22 data. And the running time of DELM is more than two times quickly than deep learning methods. Discussion Therefore, DELM is superior to traditional and some state-of-the-art machine learning methods. The proposed architecture demonstrates its feasibility and superiority in epileptic EEG signal recognition. The proposed less computationally intensive deep classifier enables faster seizure onset detection, which is showing great potential on the application of real-time EEG signal classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongtao Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management and Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Shuai Dong
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management and Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Qing Shen
- School of Information Engineering, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Smart Management and Application of Modern Agricultural Resources, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jingjing Min
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
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Gallego-Rudolf J, Corsi-Cabrera M, Concha L, Ricardo-Garcell J, Pasaye-Alcaraz E. Preservation of EEG spectral power features during simultaneous EEG-fMRI. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:951321. [PMID: 36620439 PMCID: PMC9816433 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.951321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Electroencephalographic (EEG) data quality is severely compromised when recorded inside the magnetic resonance (MR) environment. Here we characterized the impact of the ballistocardiographic (BCG) artifact on resting-state EEG spectral properties and compared the effectiveness of seven common BCG correction methods to preserve EEG spectral features. We also assessed if these methods retained posterior alpha power reactivity to an eyes closure-opening (EC-EO) task and compared the results from EEG-informed fMRI analysis using different BCG correction approaches. Method Electroencephalographic data from 20 healthy young adults were recorded outside the MR environment and during simultaneous fMRI acquisition. The gradient artifact was effectively removed from EEG-fMRI acquisitions using Average Artifact Subtraction (AAS). The BCG artifact was corrected with seven methods: AAS, Optimal Basis Set (OBS), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), OBS followed by ICA, AAS followed by ICA, PROJIC-AAS and PROJIC-OBS. EEG signal preservation was assessed by comparing the spectral power of traditional frequency bands from the corrected rs-EEG-fMRI data with the data recorded outside the scanner. We then assessed the preservation of posterior alpha functional reactivity by computing the ratio between the EC and EO conditions during the EC-EO task. EEG-informed fMRI analysis of the EC-EO task was performed using alpha power-derived BOLD signal predictors obtained from the EEG signals corrected with different methods. Results The BCG artifact caused significant distortions (increased absolute power, altered relative power) across all frequency bands. Artifact residuals/signal losses were present after applying all correction methods. The EEG reactivity to the EC-EO task was better preserved with ICA-based correction approaches, particularly when using ICA feature extraction to isolate alpha power fluctuations, which allowed to accurately predict hemodynamic signal fluctuations during the EEG-informed fMRI analysis. Discussion Current software solutions for the BCG artifact problem offer limited efficiency to preserve the EEG spectral power properties using this particular EEG setup. The state-of-the-art approaches tested here can be further refined and should be combined with hardware implementations to better preserve EEG signal properties during simultaneous EEG-fMRI. Existing and novel BCG artifact correction methods should be validated by evaluating signal preservation of both ERPs and spontaneous EEG spectral power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gallego-Rudolf
- Unidad de Resonancia Magnética, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - María Corsi-Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Sueño, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico,Unidad de Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis Concha
- Laboratorio de Conectividad Cerebral, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Josefina Ricardo-Garcell
- Unidad de Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Erick Pasaye-Alcaraz
- Unidad de Resonancia Magnética, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico,*Correspondence: Erick Pasaye-Alcaraz,
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Zou G, Liu J, Zou Q, Gao JH. A-PASS: An automated pipeline to analyze simultaneously acquired EEG-fMRI data for studying brain activities during sleep. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35878599 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac83f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concurrent electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) signals can be used to uncover the nature of brain activities during sleep. However, analyzing simultaneously acquired EEG-fMRI data is extremely time consuming and experience dependent. Thus, we developed a pipeline, which we named A-PASS, to automatically analyze simultaneously acquired EEG-fMRI data for studying brain activities during sleep. APPROACH A deep learning model was trained on a sleep EEG-fMRI dataset from 45 subjects and used to perform sleep stage scoring. Various fMRI indices can be calculated with A-PASS to depict the neurophysiological characteristics across different sleep stages. We tested the performance of A-PASS on an independent sleep EEG-fMRI dataset from 28 subjects. Statistical maps regarding the main effect of sleep stages and differences between each pair of stages of fMRI indices were generated and compared using both A-PASS and manual processing methods. MAIN RESULTS The deep learning model implemented in A-PASS achieved both an accuracy and F1-score higher than 70% for sleep stage classification on EEG data acquired during fMRI scanning. The statistical maps generated from A-PASS largely resembled those produced from manually scored stages plus a combination of multiple software programs. SIGNIFICANCE A-PASS allowed efficient EEG-fMRI data processing without manual operation and could serve as a reliable and powerful tool for simultaneous EEG-fMRI studies on sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Zou
- Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, Beijing, 100871, CHINA
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, Beijing, 100871, CHINA
| | - Qihong Zou
- Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, Beijing, 100871, CHINA
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, Beijing, 100871, CHINA
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A Cumulants-Based Human Brain Decoding. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:6474515. [PMID: 35860640 PMCID: PMC9293498 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6474515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human cognition is influenced by the way the nervous system processes information and is linked to this mechanical explanation of the human body’s cognitive function. Accuracy is the key emphasis in neuroscience which may be enhanced by utilising new hardware, mathematical, statistical, and computational methodologies. Feature extraction and feature selection also play a crucial function in gaining improved accuracy since the proper characteristics can identify brain states efficiently. However, both feature extraction and selection procedures are dependent on mathematical and statistical techniques which implies that mathematical and statistical techniques have a direct or indirect influence on prediction accuracy. The forthcoming challenges of the brain-computer interface necessitate a thorough critical understanding of the complicated structure and uncertain behavior of the brain. It is impossible to upgrade hardware periodically, and thus, an option is necessary to collect maximum information from the brain against varied actions. The mathematical and statistical combination could be the ideal answer for neuroscientists which can be utilised for feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. That is why in this research a statistical technique is offered together with specialised feature extraction and selection methods to increase the accuracy. A score fusion function is changed utilising an enhanced cumulants-driven likelihood ratio test employing multivariate pattern analysis. Functional MRI data were acquired from 12 patients versus a visual test that comprises of pictures from five distinct categories. After cleaning the data, feature extraction and selection were done using mathematical approaches, and lastly, the best match of the projected class was established using the likelihood ratio test. To validate the suggested approach, it is compared with the current methods reported in recent research.
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A Novel Stress State Assessment Method for College Students Based on EEG. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:4565968. [PMID: 35712070 PMCID: PMC9197644 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4565968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress is an unavoidable problem for today's college students. Stress can arouse strong personal emotional and behavioral responses. Compared with other groups of the same age, college students have a special way of life and living environment. They have complex interpersonal relationships and relatively weak social support systems. At the same time, they also face fierce competition in both academic and employment. However, they lack the skills to deal with the crisis and are reluctant to ask others for help, which leads to a simultaneous increase in mental stress. The pressure on college students mainly comes from study, family, social, employment, society, and economy. When students face multiple pressures from family, school, society, etc., some students are prone to some psychological problems due to their own personality or external environment and other reasons. Therefore, regular assessment of students' stress status is an important means to prevent college students' psychological problems. Considering that in real life, the number of students whose pressure is within the tolerable range is the majority, while the number of students who are under too much pressure is a minority. Therefore, the actual dataset to be identified belongs to a kind of imbalanced data. In this study, an improved extreme learning machine (IELM) is used to improve the performance of the recognition model as much as possible. IELM takes the idea of label weighting as the starting point, introduces the AdaBoost algorithm, and combines its weight distribution with the label weighted extreme learning machine (ELM). During the weight update process, the advantage of the imbalanced nature of multi-label datasets is taken. IELM was used to classify EEG data to determine the stress level of college students. The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm used in this study has excellent classification performance and can accurately assess students' stress levels. The accurate assessment of stress has provided a solid foundation for the development of students' mental health and has significant practical implications.
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Lee H, Graham SJ, Kuo W, Lin F. Ballistocardiogram suppression in concurrent EEG-MRI by dynamic modeling of heartbeats. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:4444-4457. [PMID: 35695703 PMCID: PMC9435020 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ballistocardiogram (BCG), the induced electric potentials by the head motion originating from heartbeats, is a prominent source of noise in electroencephalography (EEG) data during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although methods have been proposed to suppress the BCG artifact, more work considering the variability of cardiac cycles and head motion across time and subjects is needed to provide highly robust correction. Here, a method called "dynamic modeling of heartbeats" (DMH) is proposed to reduce BCG artifacts in EEG data recorded inside an MRI system. The DMH method models BCG artifacts by combining EEG points at time instants with similar dynamics. The modeled BCG artifact is then subtracted from the EEG recording to suppress the BCG artifact. Performance of DMH was tested and specifically compared with the Optimal Basis Set (OBS) method on EEG data recorded inside a 3T MRI system with either no MRI acquisition (Inside-MRI), echo-planar imaging (EPI-EEG), or fast MRI acquisition using simultaneous multi-slice and inverse imaging methods (SMS-InI-EEG). In a steady-state visual evoked response (SSVEP) paradigm, the 15-Hz oscillatory neuronal activity at the visual cortex after DMH processing was about 130% of that achieved by OBS processing for Inside-MRI, SMS-InI-EEG, and EPI-EEG conditions. The DMH method is computationally efficient for suppressing BCG artifacts and in the future may help to improve the quality of EEG data recorded in high-field MRI systems for neuroscientific and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin‐Ju Lee
- Physical Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada,Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Simon J. Graham
- Physical Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada,Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Wen‐Jui Kuo
- Institute of NeuroscienceNational Yang Ming Chiao‐Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan,Brain Research CenterNational Yang‐Ming Chiao‐Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Fa‐Hsuan Lin
- Physical Sciences PlatformSunnybrook Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada,Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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Ballistocardiogram artifact removal in simultaneous EEG-fMRI using generative adversarial network. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 371:109498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mayeli A, Al Zoubi O, Henry K, Wong CK, White EJ, Luo Q, Zotev V, Refai H, Bodurka J. Automated pipeline for EEG artifact reduction (APPEAR) recorded during fMRI. J Neural Eng 2021; 18:10.1088/1741-2552/ac1037. [PMID: 34192674 PMCID: PMC10696919 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Simultaneous electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) recordings offer a high spatiotemporal resolution approach to study human brain and understand the underlying mechanisms mediating cognitive and behavioral processes. However, the high susceptibility of EEG to MRI-induced artifacts hinders a broad adaptation of this approach. More specifically, EEG data collected during fMRI acquisition are contaminated with MRI gradients and ballistocardiogram artifacts, in addition to artifacts of physiological origin. There have been several attempts for reducing these artifacts with manual and time-consuming pre-processing, which may result in biasing EEG data due to variations in selecting steps order, parameters, and classification of artifactual independent components. Thus, there is a strong urge to develop a fully automatic and comprehensive pipeline for reducing all major EEG artifacts. In this work, we introduced an open-access toolbox with a fully automatic pipeline for reducing artifacts from EEG data collected simultaneously with fMRI (refer to APPEAR).Approach.The pipeline integrates average template subtraction and independent component analysis to suppress both MRI-related and physiological artifacts. To validate our results, we tested APPEAR on EEG data recorded from healthy control subjects during resting-state (n= 48) and task-based (i.e. event-related-potentials (ERPs);n= 8) paradigms. The chosen gold standard is an expert manual review of the EEG database.Main results.We compared manually and automated corrected EEG data during resting-state using frequency analysis and continuous wavelet transformation and found no significant differences between the two corrections. A comparison between ERP data recorded during a so-called stop-signal task (e.g. amplitude measures and signal-to-noise ratio) also showed no differences between the manually and fully automatic fMRI-EEG-corrected data.Significance.APPEAR offers the first comprehensive open-source toolbox that can speed up advancement of EEG analysis and enhance replication by avoiding experimenters' preferences while allowing for processing large EEG-fMRI cohorts composed of hundreds of subjects with manageable researcher time and effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mayeli
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
| | - Obada Al Zoubi
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
| | - Kaylee Henry
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Chung Ki Wong
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
| | - Evan J White
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
| | - Qingfei Luo
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
| | - Vadim Zotev
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
| | - Hazem Refai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Tulsa 1000 Investigators
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States of America
- The Tulsa 1000 Investigators include the following contributors: Robin Aupperle, Ph.D., Jerzy Bodurka, Ph.D., Justin Feinstein, Ph.D., Sahib S Khalsa, M.D., Ph.D., Rayus Kuplicki, Ph.D., Martin P Paulus, M.D., Jonathan Savitz, Ph.D., Jennifer Stewart, Ph.D., Teresa A Victor, Ph.D
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Philiastides MG, Tu T, Sajda P. Inferring Macroscale Brain Dynamics via Fusion of Simultaneous EEG-fMRI. Annu Rev Neurosci 2021; 44:315-334. [PMID: 33761268 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100220-093239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the instrumentation and signal processing for simultaneously acquired electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) have enabled new ways to observe the spatiotemporal neural dynamics of the human brain. Central to the utility of EEG-fMRI neuroimaging systems are the methods for fusing the two data streams, with machine learning playing a key role. These methods can be dichotomized into those that are symmetric and asymmetric in terms of how the two modalities inform the fusion. Studies using these methods have shown that fusion yields new insights into brain function that are not possible when each modality is acquired separately. As technology improves and methods for fusion become more sophisticated, the future of EEG-fMRI for noninvasive measurement of brain dynamics includes mesoscale mapping at ultrahigh magnetic resonance fields, targeted perturbation-based neuroimaging, and using deep learning to uncover nonlinear representations that link the electrophysiological and hemodynamic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios G Philiastides
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8AD, Scotland;
| | - Tao Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Paul Sajda
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Radiology and the Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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