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Hsieh ZH, Fan CH, Lin YC, Yeh CK. Electrowetting-driven liquid lens for ultrasound: Enabling controllable focal length and flexible beam steering. ULTRASONICS 2023; 135:107147. [PMID: 37651840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Focused ultrasound is an increasingly popular non-invasive treatment modality. Still, its fixed focal point requires an array ultrasound transducer or scanning system to cover different therapeutic scenarios. To address this limitation, we developed an electrically-controlled liquid lens that enables dynamic beam focusing and steering of the incident plane ultrasound beam. The lens was carefully optimized for low-energy attenuation and low-voltage driving. We evaluated the performance of the lens using a homemade 5.5-MHz planar transducer with a 7.5-mm aperture. Our results demonstrate that the planar ultrasound beam can be adjusted to a focused beam with a focal length from 27 mm to 32 mm within 1 s by increasing the electric input (0-60 V) to the lens. Additionally, the beam angle of the ultrasound is tunable from -5 to 5° by adjusting the charge distribution on the lens. Our design enables real-time, fast-response, on-demand changing of focal length and beam angle for a single-element planar transducer. Our study presents a promising technology for altering the ultrasound beam of a planar single-element transducer for different ultrasound applications. The development of this electrically-controlled liquid lens has the potential to enhance the efficacy of focused ultrasound treatment and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Han Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Chern Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kuang Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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He J, Zhu Y, Wu C, Wu J, Chen Y, Yuan M, Cheng Z, Zeng L, Ji X. Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation facilitates isoflurane-induced general anesthesia recovery and improves cognition in mice. ULTRASONICS 2023; 135:107132. [PMID: 37604030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Delayed arousal and cognitive dysfunction are common, especially in older patients after general anesthesia (GA). Elevating central nervous system serotonin (5-HT) levels can promote recovery from GA and increase synaptic plasticity to improve cognition. Ultrasound neuromodulation has become a noninvasive physical intervention therapy with high spatial resolution and penetration depth, which can modulate neuronal excitability to treat psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to use ultrasound to noninvasively modulate the brain 5-HT levels of mice to promote recovery from GA and improve cognition in mice. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of mice during GA was stimulated by the 1.1 MHz ultrasound with a negative pressure of 356 kPa, and the liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to measure the DRN 5-HT concentrations. The mice's recovery time from GA was assessed, and the cognition was evaluated through spontaneous alternation Y-maze and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. After ultrasound stimulation, the mice's DRN 5-HT levels were significantly increased (control: 554.0 ± 103.2 ng/g, anesthesia + US: 664.2 ± 84.1 ng/g, *p = 0.0389); the GA recovery time (return of the righting reflex (RORR) emergence latency time) of mice was significantly reduced (anesthesia: 331.6 ± 70 s, anesthesia + US: 223.2 ± 67.7 s, *p = 0.0215); the spontaneous rotation behavior score of mice was significantly increased (anesthesia: 59.46 ± 5.26 %, anesthesia + US: 68.55 ± 5.24 %; *p = 0.0126); the recognition index was significantly increased (anesthesia: 55.02 ± 6.23 %, anesthesia + US: 78.52 ± 12.21 %; ***p = 0.0009). This study indicates that ultrasound stimulation of DRN increases serotonin levels, accelerates recovery from anesthesia, and improves cognition, which could be an important strategy for treating delayed arousal, postoperative delirium, or even lasting cognitive dysfunction after GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Canwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maodan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongwen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lvming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuanrong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Xu M, Wang J, Harley WS, Lee PVS, Collins DJ. Programmable Acoustic Holography using Medium-Sound-Speed Modulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301489. [PMID: 37283454 PMCID: PMC10427405 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic holography offers the ability to generate designed acoustic fields to manipulate microscale objects. However, the static nature or large aperture sizes of 3D printed acoustic holographic phase plates limits the ability to rapidly alter generated fields. In this work, a programmable acoustic holography approach is demonstrated by which multiple discrete or continuously variable acoustic targets can be created. Here, the holographic phase plate encodes multiple images, where the desired field is produced by modifying the sound speed of an intervening fluid media. Its flexibility is demonstrated in generating various acoustic patterns, including continuous line segments, discrete letters and numbers, using this method as a sound speed indicator and fluid identification tool. This programmable acoustic holography approach has the advantages of generating reconfigurable and designed acoustic fields, with broad potential in microfluidics, cell/tissue engineering, real-time sensing, and medical ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Xu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3010Australia
| | - Jizhen Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3010Australia
| | - William S. Harley
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3010Australia
| | - Peter V. S. Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3010Australia
- Graeme Clarke InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - David J. Collins
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3010Australia
- Graeme Clarke InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
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Kook G, Jo Y, Oh C, Liang X, Kim J, Lee SM, Kim S, Choi JW, Lee HJ. Multifocal skull-compensated transcranial focused ultrasound system for neuromodulation applications based on acoustic holography. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:45. [PMID: 37056421 PMCID: PMC10085992 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation is a promising therapeutic modality for human brain disorders because of its noninvasiveness, long penetration depth, and versatile spatial control capability through beamforming and beam steering. However, the skull presents a major hurdle for successful applications of ultrasound stimulation. Specifically, skull-induced focal aberration limits the capability for accurate and versatile targeting of brain subregions. In addition, there lacks a fully functional preclinical neuromodulation system suitable to conduct behavioral studies. Here, we report a miniature ultrasound system for neuromodulation applications that is capable of highly accurate multiregion targeting based on acoustic holography. Our work includes the design and implementation of an acoustic lens for targeting brain regions with compensation for skull aberration through time-reversal recording and a phase conjugation mirror. Moreover, we utilize MEMS and 3D-printing technology to implement a 0.75-g lightweight neuromodulation system and present in vivo characterization of the packaged system in freely moving mice. This preclinical system is capable of accurately targeting the desired individual or multitude of brain regions, which will enable versatile and explorative behavior studies using ultrasound neuromodulation to facilitate widespread clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Kook
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Yehhyun Jo
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Chaerin Oh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Xiaojia Liang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Jaewon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Subeen Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Jenny Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 South Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury (KINC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
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He J, Zhu Y, Wu C, Wu J, Chen Y, Yuan M, Cheng Z, Zeng L, Ji X. Simultaneous multi-target ultrasound neuromodulation in freely-moving mice based on a single-element ultrasound transducer. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36608340 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Ultrasound neuromodulation has become an emerging method for the therapy of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. The phased array ultrasonic transducer enables multi-target ultrasound neuromodulation in small animals, but the relatively large size and mass and the thick cables of the array limit the free movement of small animals. Furthermore, spatial interference may occur during multi-target ultrasound brain stimulation with multiple micro transducers.Approach.In this study, we developed a miniature power ultrasound transducer and used the virtual source time inversion method and 3D printing technology to design, optimize, and manufacture the acoustic holographic lens to construct a multi-target ultrasound neuromodulation system for free-moving mice. The feasibility of the system was verified byin vitrotranscranial ultrasound field measurements,in vivodual-target blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening experiments, andin vivodual-target ultrasound neuromodulation experiments.Main results.The developed miniature transducer had a diameter of 4.0 mm, a center frequency of 1.1 MHz, and a weight of 1.25 g. The developed miniature acoustic holographic lens had a weight of 0.019 g to generate dual-focus transcranial ultrasound. The ultrasonic field measurements' results showed that the bifocal's horizontal distance was 3.0 mm, the -6 dB focal spot width in thex-direction was 2.5 and 2.25 mm, and 2.12 and 2.24 mm in they-direction. Finally, thein vivoexperimental results showed that the system could achieve dual-target BBB opening and ultrasound neuromodulation in freely-moving mice.Significance.The ultrasonic neuromodulation system based on a miniature single-element transducer and the miniature acoustic holographic lens could achieve dual-target neuromodulation in awake small animals, which is expected to be applied to the research of non-invasive dual-target ultrasonic treatment of brain diseases in awake small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaru He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Canwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Maodan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lvming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanrong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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Lee MH, Lew HM, Youn S, Kim T, Hwang JY. Deep Learning-Based Framework for Fast and Accurate Acoustic Hologram Generation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2022; 69:3353-3366. [PMID: 36331635 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2022.3219401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic holography has been gaining attention for various applications, such as noncontact particle manipulation, noninvasive neuromodulation, and medical imaging. However, only a few studies on how to generate acoustic holograms have been conducted, and even conventional acoustic hologram algorithms show limited performance in the fast and accurate generation of acoustic holograms, thus hindering the development of novel applications. We here propose a deep learning-based framework to achieve fast and accurate acoustic hologram generation. The framework has an autoencoder-like architecture; thus, the unsupervised training is realized without any ground truth. For the framework, we demonstrate a newly developed hologram generator network, the holographic ultrasound generation network (HU-Net), which is suitable for unsupervised learning of hologram generation, and a novel loss function that is devised for energy-efficient holograms. Furthermore, for considering various hologram devices (i.e., ultrasound transducers), we propose a physical constraint (PC) layer. Simulation and experimental studies were carried out for two different hologram devices, such as a 3-D printed lens, attached to a single element transducer, and a 2-D ultrasound array. The proposed framework was compared with the iterative angular spectrum approach (IASA) and the state-of-the-art (SOTA) iterative optimization method, Diff-PAT. In the simulation study, our framework showed a few hundred times faster generation speed, along with comparable or even better reconstruction quality, than those of IASA and Diff-PAT. In the experimental study, the framework was validated with 3-D printed lenses fabricated based on different methods, and the physical effect of the lenses on the reconstruction quality was discussed. The outcomes of the proposed framework in various cases (i.e., hologram generator networks, loss functions, and hologram devices) suggest that our framework may become a very useful alternative tool for other existing acoustic hologram applications, and it can expand novel medical applications.
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