1
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Fang M, Cha JH, Wang HC, Ye P, Chen B, Chen M, Yang WH, Yan X. An undefined cystatin CsCPI1 from tea plant Camellia sinensis harbors antithrombotic activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114285. [PMID: 36706630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea consumption has been linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, which imposes a heavy burden on the healthcare system; however, which components in tea cause this beneficial effect is not fully understood. Here we uncovered a cystatin (namely CsCPI1), which is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) that promotes antithrombotic activity. Since thrombosis is a common pathogenesis of fatal CVDs, we investigated the effects of CsCPI1, which showed good therapeutic effects in mouse models of thrombotic disease and ischemic stroke. CsCPI1 significantly increases endothelial cell production of nitric oxide (NO) and inhibits platelet aggregation. Notably, CsCPI1 exhibited no cytotoxicity or resistance to pH and temperature changes, which indicates that CsCPI1 might be a potent antithrombotic agent that contributes to the therapeutic effects of tea consumption against CVD. Specifically, the antithrombotic effects of CsCPI1 are distinct from the classical function of plant cystatins against herbivorous insects. Therefore, our study proposes a new potential role of cystatins in CVD prevention and treatment, which requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Fang
- Affiliated Cancer Institute & Hospital and Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650107, Yunnan, China
| | - Jong-Ho Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, the Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hao-Ching Wang
- Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Peng Ye
- Affiliated Cancer Institute & Hospital and Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, Guangdong, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Affiliated Cancer Institute & Hospital and Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengrou Chen
- Product Development Department, Nanjing Legend Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Xiuwen Yan
- Affiliated Cancer Institute & Hospital and Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis and Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 910095, Guangdong, China.
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2
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A pore-forming protein drives macropinocytosis to facilitate toad water maintaining. Commun Biol 2022; 5:730. [PMID: 35869260 PMCID: PMC9307623 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining water balance is a real challenge for amphibians in terrestrial environments. Our previous studies with toad Bombina maxima discovered a pore-forming protein and trefoil factor complex βγ-CAT, which is assembled under tight regulation depending on environmental cues. Here we report an unexpected role for βγ-CAT in toad water maintaining. Deletion of toad skin secretions, in which βγ-CAT is a major component, increased animal mortality under hypertonic stress. βγ-CAT was constitutively expressed in toad osmoregulatory organs, which was inducible under the variation of osmotic conditions. The protein induced and participated in macropinocytosis in vivo and in vitro. During extracellular hyperosmosis, βγ-CAT stimulated macropinocytosis to facilitate water import and enhanced exosomes release, which simultaneously regulated aquaporins distribution. Collectively, these findings uncovered that besides membrane integrated aquaporin, a secretory pore-forming protein can facilitate toad water maintaining via macropinocytosis induction and exocytosis modulation, especially in responses to osmotic stress. In addition to membrane-integrated aquaporins, a novel secretory pore-forming protein, βγ-CAT, can facilitate toad water maintaining via macropinocytosis induction and exocytosis modulation, especially in responses to osmotic stress.
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3
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Shi ZH, Zhao Z, Liu LZ, Bian XL, Zhang Y. Pore-forming protein βγ-CAT promptly responses to fasting with capacity to deliver macromolecular nutrients. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22533. [PMID: 36065711 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200528r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During animal fasting, the nutrient supply and metabolism switch from carbohydrates to a new reliance on the catabolism of energy-dense lipid stores. Assembled under tight regulation, βγ-CAT (a complex of non-lens βγ-crystallin and trefoil factor) is a pore-forming protein and trefoil factor complex identified in toad Bombina maxima. Here, we determined that this protein complex is a constitutive component in toad blood, that actively responds to the animal fasting. The protein complex was able to promote cellular albumin and albumin-bound fatty acid (FA) uptake in a variety of epithelial and endothelial cells, and the effects were attenuated by a macropinocytosis inhibitor. Endothelial cell-derived exosomes containing largely enriched albumin and FAs, called nutrisomes, were released in the presence of βγ-CAT. These specific nutrient vesicles were readily taken up by starved myoblast cells to support their survival. The results uncovered that pore-forming protein βγ-CAT is a fasting responsive element able to drive cell vesicular import and export of macromolecular nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xian-Ling Bian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,School of Life Science, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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4
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Zhang Z, Shen C, Fang M, Han Y, Long C, Liu W, Yang M, Liu M, Zhang D, Cao Q, Chen X, Fang Y, Lu Q, Hou Z, Li Y, Liu Z, Lei X, Ni H, Lai R. Novel contact-kinin inhibitor sylvestin targets thromboinflammation and ameliorates ischemic stroke. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:240. [PMID: 35416530 PMCID: PMC11071929 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that ischemic stroke is a thromboinflammatory disease in which the contact-kinin pathway has a central role by activating pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory processes. The blocking of distinct members of the contact-kinin pathway is a promising strategy to control ischemic stroke. Here, a plasma kallikrein and active FXII (FXIIa) inhibitor (sylvestin, contained 43 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 4790.4 Da) was first identified from forest leeches (Haemadipsa sylvestris). Testing revealed that sylvestin prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time without affecting prothrombin time. Thromboelastography and clot retraction assays further showed that it extended clotting time in whole blood and inhibited clot retraction in platelet-rich plasma. In addition, sylvestin prevented thrombosis in vivo in FeCl3-induced arterial and carrageenan-induced tail thrombosis models. The potential role of sylvestin in ischemic stroke was evaluated by transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion models. Sylvestin administration profoundly protected mice from ischemic stroke by counteracting intracerebral thrombosis and inflammation. Importantly, sylvestin showed no signs of bleeding tendency. The present study identifies sylvestin is a promising contact-kinin pathway inhibitor that can proffer profound protection from ischemic stroke without increased risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Chuanbin Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Senior Scientist of Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Platform Director for Hematology, Cancer and Immunological Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Room 421, LKSKI - Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Mingqian Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Yajun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Chengbo Long
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Weihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Dengdeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qiqi Cao
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Yaqun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Qiumin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Zongliu Hou
- Central Laboratory of Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Yaxiong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Zhenze Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Senior Scientist of Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Platform Director for Hematology, Cancer and Immunological Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Room 421, LKSKI - Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Xi Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Senior Scientist of Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Platform Director for Hematology, Cancer and Immunological Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Room 421, LKSKI - Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Senior Scientist of Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Platform Director for Hematology, Cancer and Immunological Diseases, St. Michael's Hospital, Room 421, LKSKI - Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, and Toronto Platelet Immunobiology Group, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
- Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M1, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China.
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
- Institutes for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
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5
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Abstract
Secretory pore-forming proteins (PFPs) have been identified in organisms from all kingdoms of life. Our studies with the toad species Bombina maxima found an interaction network among aerolysin family PFPs (af-PFPs) and trefoil factors (TFFs). As a toad af-PFP, BmALP1 can be reversibly regulated between active and inactive forms, with its paralog BmALP3 acting as a negative regulator. BmALP1 interacts with BmTFF3 to form a cellular active complex called βγ-CAT. This PFP complex is characterized by acting on endocytic pathways and forming pores on endolysosomes, including stimulating cell macropinocytosis. In addition, cell exocytosis can be induced and/or modulated in the presence of βγ-CAT. Depending on cell contexts and surroundings, these effects can facilitate the toad in material uptake and vesicular transport, while maintaining mucosal barrier function as well as immune defense. Based on experimental evidence, we hereby propose a secretory endolysosome channel (SELC) pathway conducted by a secreted PFP in cell endocytic and exocytic systems, with βγ-CAT being the first example of a SELC protein. With essential roles in cell interactions and environmental adaptations, the proposed SELC protein pathway should be conserved in other living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. E-mail:
| | - Qi-Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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6
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Wang YW, Tan JM, Du CW, Luan N, Yan XW, Lai R, Lu QM. A Novel Trypsin Inhibitor-Like Cysteine-Rich Peptide from the Frog Lepidobatrachus laevis Containing Proteinase-Inhibiting Activity. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2015; 5:209-214. [PMID: 26329591 PMCID: PMC4567993 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-015-0069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various bio-active substances in amphibian skins play important roles in survival of the amphibians. Many protease inhibitor peptides have been identified from amphibian skins, which are supposed to negatively modulate the activity of proteases to avoid premature degradation or release of skin peptides, or to inhibit extracellular proteases produced by invading bacteria. However, there is no information on the proteinase inhibitors from the frog Lepidobatrachus laevis which is unique in South America. In this work, a cDNA encoding a novel trypsin inhibitor-like (TIL) cysteine-rich peptide was identified from the skin cDNA library of L. laevis. The 240-bp coding region encodes an 80-amino acid residue precursor protein containing 10 half-cysteines. By sequence comparison and signal peptide prediction, the precursor was predicted to release a 55-amino acid mature peptide with amino acid sequence, IRCPKDKIYKFCGSPCPPSCKDLTPNCIAVCKKGCFCRDGTVDNNHGKCVKKENC. The mature peptide was named LL-TIL. LL-TIL shares significant domain similarity with the peptides from the TIL supper family. Antimicrobial and trypsin-inhibitory abilities of recombinant LL-TIL were tested. Recombinant LL-TIL showed no antimicrobial activity, while it had trypsin-inhibiting activity with a Ki of 16.5178 μM. These results suggested there was TIL peptide with proteinase-inhibiting activity in the skin of frog L. laevis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TIL peptide from frog skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Wang
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji-Min Tan
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Can-Wei Du
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Luan
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Yan
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu-Min Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
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7
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Protease inhibitors from marine venomous animals and their counterparts in terrestrial venomous animals. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2069-112. [PMID: 23771044 PMCID: PMC3721222 DOI: 10.3390/md11062069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kunitz-type protease inhibitors are the best-characterized family of serine protease inhibitors, probably due to their abundance in several organisms. These inhibitors consist of a chain of ~60 amino acid residues stabilized by three disulfide bridges, and was first observed in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)-like protease inhibitors, which strongly inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin. In this review we present the protease inhibitors (PIs) described to date from marine venomous animals, such as from sea anemone extracts and Conus venom, as well as their counterparts in terrestrial venomous animals, such as snakes, scorpions, spiders, Anurans, and Hymenopterans. More emphasis was given to the Kunitz-type inhibitors, once they are found in all these organisms. Their biological sources, specificity against different proteases, and other molecular blanks (being also K+ channel blockers) are presented, followed by their molecular diversity. Whereas sea anemone, snakes and other venomous animals present mainly Kunitz-type inhibitors, PIs from Anurans present the major variety in structure length and number of Cys residues, with at least six distinguishable classes. A representative alignment of PIs from these venomous animals shows that, despite eventual differences in Cys assignment, the key-residues for the protease inhibitory activity in all of them occupy similar positions in primary sequence. The key-residues for the K+ channel blocking activity was also compared.
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8
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Beta-lactam antibiotics modulate T-cell functions and gene expression via covalent binding to cellular albumin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:2981-6. [PMID: 23382225 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215722110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has suggested that beta-lactam antibiotics might directly affect eukaryotic cellular functions. Here, we studied the effects of commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics on rodent and human T cells in vitro and in vivo on T-cell-mediated experimental autoimmune diseases. We now report that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and adjuvant arthritis were significantly more severe in rats treated with cefuroxime and other beta-lactams. T cells appeared to mediate the effect: an anti-myelin basic protein T-cell line treated with cefuroxime or penicillin was more encephalitogenic in adoptive transfer experiments. The beta-lactam ampicillin, in contrast to cefuroxime and penicillin, did not enhance encephalomyelitis, but did inhibit the autoimmune diabetes developing spontaneously in nonobese diabetic mice. Gene expression analysis of human peripheral blood T cells showed that numerous genes associated with T helper 2 (Th2) and T regulatory (Treg) differentiation were down-regulated in T cells stimulated in the presence of cefuroxime; these genes were up-regulated in the presence of ampicillin. The T-cell protein that covalently bound beta-lactam antibiotics was found to be albumin. Human and rodent T cells expressed albumin mRNA and protein, and penicillin-modified albumin was taken up by rat T cells, leading to enhanced encephalitogenicity. Thus, beta-lactam antibiotics in wide clinical use have marked effects on T-cell behavior; beta-lactam antibiotics can function as immunomodulators, apparently through covalent binding to albumin.
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9
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Liu D, Wang Y, Wei L, Ye H, Liu H, Wang L, Liu R, Li D, Lai R. Snake venom-like waprin from the frog of Ceratophrys calcarata contains antimicrobial function. Gene 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Peng Q, Yang H, Xue S, Shi L, Yu Q, Kuang Y. Secretome profile of mouse oocytes after activation using mass spectrum. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:765-71. [PMID: 22573034 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mammalian oocytes undergo a cortical reaction after fertilization, releasing cortical granules and other proteins into the perivitelline space and inhibiting polyspermy. Few studies have evaluated the biological functions and properties of these proteins. STUDY DESIGN We investigated mouse oocytes in which the zona pellucida (ZP) was present (ZP-intact group) or absent (ZP-free group). RESULTS After being activated by Srcl2, secreted proteins are collected from mouse oocytes. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed that identified proteins such as Ldhb, PADi6, Uchl1, Pebp1, Alb, Hsp90aa1, Prss1, trypsinogen 7, trypsin 4, trypsin 10, Sod1, Zp1, Zp2, Zp3, Akap8, Npm2, Pkm2 and Ppia in the ZP-free group. Proteins such as Ldhb, Uchl1, Prss1, trypsin 10, trypsinogen 7, and Ast1 were identified in the ZP-intact groups. The expression of some proteins, including Ldhb, Alb and Sod1, were initially detected following oocyte activation. The finding of four trypsin subtypes, such as Prss1, further support previous observations. Studies investigating the physiological functions and properties of these proteins are ongoing. CONCLUSIONS Research on these cortical proteins provides a theoretical basis for understanding polyspermy inhibition at the level of ZP and gives technological support for fertilization detection, assessment of oocyte quality and embryonic culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Peng
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
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11
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Zhang YX, Chen CW, Wang M, Wei SS, Guan H, Chi TT, Qi XZ, Hu WT. Purification and characterization of albumin from frog skin of Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Protein J 2011; 30:464-70. [PMID: 21858423 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Following determination of trypsin inhibitory activity, a serine protease inhibitor was purified and characterized from frog Duttaphrynus melanostictus serum. It was identified as serum albumin, with molecular weight of 67 kDa (DmA-serum). Different from bovine serum albumin, DmA-serum potently inhibited trypsin with similar K(i) values around 1.6 × 10⁻⁷ M. No inhibitory effect on thrombin, chymotrypsin, elastase and subtilisin was observed under the assay conditions. The N-terminal amino acid is EAEPHSRI. Subsequently, a protein with same N-terminal amino acid was purified from skin, termed as DmA-skin. However, DmA-skin is distinct from DmA-serum by binding of a haem b (0.5 mol/mol protein), and with low trypsin inhibitory activity. Frog albumin is distributed in frog skin and exhibited trypsin inhibitory activity, suggesting that it plays important roles in skin physiological functions, like water economy, metabolite exchange and osmoregulation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
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12
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Lim JI, Lim KJ, Na YC, Lee YK. Simple polyacrylamide affinity gel electrophoresis using oleic acid for the isolation of chymotrypsin inhibitor. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:276-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lu QM, Lai R, Zhang Y. [Animal toxins and human disease: from single component to venomics, from biochemical characterization to disease mechanisms, from crude venom utilization to rational drug design]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 31:2-16. [PMID: 20446448 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2010.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many animals produced a diversity of venoms and secretions to adapt the changes of environments through the long history of evolution. The components including a large quantity of specific and highly active peptides and proteins have become good research models for protein structure-function and also served as tools and novel clues for illustration of human disease mechanisms. At the same time, they are rich natural resources for new drug development. Through the valuable venomous animal resources of China, researchers at the Kunming Institute of Zoology, CAS have carried out animal toxin research over 30 years. This paper reviews the main work conducted on snake venoms, amphibian and insect secretions, and the development from single component to venomics, from biochemical characterization to human disease mechanisms, from crude venom to rational drug design along with a short perspective on future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Min Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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Isolation and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from the skin secretions of Kaloula pulchra hainana. Toxicon 2010; 56:502-7. [PMID: 20580731 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian skin secretions contain many bioactive compounds. A trypsin inhibitor termed KPHTI was purified from the skin secretions of frog Kaloula pulchra hainana by successive ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. KPHTI is a single chain glycoprotein, with an apparent molecular weight of 23 kDa in SDS-PAGE. It is a competitive inhibitor and effectively inhibits trypsin catalytic activity on peptide substrate with the inhibitor constant (K(i)) value of 27 nM. KPHTI shows no inhibitory effect on chymotrypsin, thrombin, elastase, and subtilisin. The N-terminal sequence of KPHTI is DHEVTS, which shows no similarity with other known trypsin inhibitors. DTT apparently affected the inhibitory activity of KPHTI. But it was not sensitive to temperature and pH range, which suggested that it possessed stable trypsin inhibitory activity in natural environment, and maybe play an important role in against predators.
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Zhang Y, Yu G, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wei S, Lee W, Zhang Y. A novel annexin A2 protein with platelet aggregation-inhibiting activity from amphibian Bombina maxima skin. Toxicon 2010; 56:458-65. [PMID: 20466017 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A2 is a unique member of annexin family with multi-functions in membrane physiology, implicated in inflammation and cancer progression. mRNA of Annexin A2 is abundant in the skin of some amphibians. However, no annexin A2 protein has been isolated and characterized from amphibian skin. In this report, a novel annexin A2 protein with apparent molecular weight of 33 kDa and named Bm-ANXA2, was purified from frog Bombina maxima skin, which is highly toxic to mammals, by a combination of ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. A full-length cDNA encoding the protein was obtained from the cDNA library constructed from the frog skin. Sequence analysis indicates that Bm-ANXA2 shares 89% and 80% amino acid sequence identities with those of Xenopus and human annexin A2, respectively. Different from other annexin A2 proteins, the N-terminal 26 amino acids of Bm-ANXA2 were truncated. Bm-ANXA2 dose-dependently inhibited human platelet aggregation stimulated by various agonists in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. It bound to activated platelets and significantly inhibited alpha(IIb)beta(3) activation and alpha-granular secretion. This is the first report that an annexin A2 protein possesses platelet aggregation-inhibiting activity, providing novel clues in the illustration of pathophysiological roles of annexin A2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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Han Y, Yu H, Yang X, Rees HH, Liu J, Lai R. A serine proteinase inhibitor from frog eggs with bacteriostatic activity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:58-62. [PMID: 17826205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
By Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, Resource Q anionic exchange and C4 reversed phase liquid high performance liquid chromatography, a proteinase inhibitor protein (Ranaserpin) was identified and purified from the eggs of the odour frog, Rana grahami. The protein displayed a single band adjacent to the molecular weight marker of 14.4 kDa analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The inhibitor protein homogeneity and its molecular weight were confirmed again by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrum analysis gave this inhibitor protein an m/z of 14422.26 that was matched well with the result from SDS-PAGE. This protein is a serine proteinase inhibitor targeting multiple proteinases including trypsin, elastase, and subtilisin. Ranaserpin inhibited the proteolytic activities of trypsin, elastase, and subtilisin. It has an inhibitory constant (K(i)) of 6.2 x 10(-8) M, 2.7 x 10(-7) M and 2.2 x 10(-8) M for trypsin, elastase, and subtilisin, respectively. This serine proteinase inhibitor exhibited bacteriostatic effect on Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633). It was suggested that ranaserpin might act as a defensive role in resistance to invasion of pests or pathogens. This is the first report of serine proteinase inhibitor and its direct defensive role from amphibian eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoping Han
- College of Life Sciences School of Heibei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050016 China
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Ito N, Mita M, Takahashi Y, Matsushima A, Watanabe YG, Hirano S, Odani S. Novel cysteine-rich secretory protein in the buccal gland secretion of the parasitic lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 358:35-40. [PMID: 17467660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lampreys are one of the most primitive vertebrates diverged some 500 million years ago. It has long been known that parasitic lampreys secrete anticoagulant from their buccal glands and prevent blood coagulation of host fishes. We found two major protein components of 160 and 26 kDa in the buccal gland secretion of parasitic river lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum. The larger protein was identified as river lamprey plasma albumin. The complete primary structure of the 26-kDa protein was determined by protein and cDNA analysis. It belonged to the cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP) superfamily that includes recently identified reptile venom ion-channel blockers. Lamprey CRISP blocked depolarization-induced contraction of rat-tail arterial smooth muscle, but showed no effect on caffeine-induced contraction. The result suggests that lamprey CRISP is an L-type Ca(2+)-channel blocker and may act as a vasodilator, which facilitates the parasite to feed on the host's blood. The lamprey CRISP protein contains a number of short insertions throughout the sequence, when aligned with reptilian venom CRISP proteins, probably due to the large evolutionary distance between the Agnatha and the Reptilia, and may represent a novel class of venom CRISP family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ito
- Life Science Course, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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Abstract
We identified 1113 articles (103 reviews, 1010 primary research articles) published in 2005 that describe experiments performed using commercially available optical biosensors. While this number of publications is impressive, we find that the quality of the biosensor work in these articles is often pretty poor. It is a little disappointing that there appears to be only a small set of researchers who know how to properly perform, analyze, and present biosensor data. To help focus the field, we spotlight work published by 10 research groups that exemplify the quality of data one should expect to see from a biosensor experiment. Also, in an effort to raise awareness of the common problems in the biosensor field, we provide side-by-side examples of good and bad data sets from the 2005 literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Zhang YX, Wang YY, Lee WH, Zheng YT, Zhang Y. Apoptotic activity of frog Bombina maxima skin albumin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 143:153-9. [PMID: 16343964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 11/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Albumin, the most abundant protein components of blood plasma, is synthesized and secreted by liver cells in vertebrates. Recently, it was demonstrated that frog Bombina maxima albumin is also expressed in skin. Both B. maxima albumins from skin and serum (BmA-skin and BmA-serum) have similar biochemical characteristics except that the former contains haem b. Present studies showed that BmA-skin exhibited cytotoxic activity on H9 and C8166 cells. Pretreated with hemin to induce erythroid differentiation, K562 cells lost their resistance to cytotoxicity of BmA-skin. After treating cells with BmA-skin for 48 h, 50 percentage cytotoxic concentrations (CC(50)) of BmA-skin on H9, C8166 and hemin-treated K562 cells were 1.31+/-0.09, 1.59+/-0.08 and 2.28+/-0.06 microM, respectively. The cell death induced by BmA-skin was mediated by apoptosis of the tested cell lines, as demonstrated by nuclear morphological changes, DNA fragmentation and DNA hypodiploidy of apoptosis cells. At BmA-skin concentration of 2 microM, 27.3%, 19.7% and 17.8% of H9, C8166 and hemin-treated K562 cells were found to be apoptotic. In contrast, BmA-serum possessed no cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activity on all the cell lines tested, even with concentration used up to 15 microM. These results indicated that bound haem b in BmA-skin contributed significantly to its cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activity on the cell lines assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xia Zhang
- Department of Animal Toxinology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 East Jiao Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.
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