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Podolsky MJ, Kheyfets B, Pandey M, Beigh AH, Yang CD, Lizama CO, Datta R, Lin LL, Wang Z, Wolters PJ, McManus MT, Qi L, Atabai K. Genome-wide screens identify SEL1L as an intracellular rheostat controlling collagen turnover. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1531. [PMID: 38378719 PMCID: PMC10879544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has implicated impaired extracellular matrix (ECM) clearance as a key factor in fibrotic disease. Despite decades of research elucidating the effectors of ECM clearance, relatively little is understood regarding the upstream regulation of this process. Collagen is the most abundant constituent of normal and fibrotic ECM in mammalian tissues. Its catabolism occurs through extracellular proteolysis and cell-mediated uptake of collagen fragments for intracellular degradation. Given the paucity of information regarding the regulation of this latter process, here we execute unbiased genome-wide screens to understand the molecular underpinnings of cell-mediated collagen clearance. Using this approach, we discover a mechanism through which collagen biosynthesis is sensed by cells internally and directly regulates clearance of extracellular collagen. The sensing mechanism appears to be dependent on endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein SEL1L and occurs via a noncanonical function of this protein. This pathway functions as a homeostatic negative feedback loop that limits collagen accumulation in tissues. In human fibrotic lung disease, the induction of this collagen clearance pathway by collagen synthesis is impaired, thereby contributing to the pathological accumulation of collagen in lung tissue. Thus, we describe cell-autonomous, rheostatic collagen clearance as an important pathway of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Podolsky
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Benjamin Kheyfets
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monika Pandey
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Afaq H Beigh
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher D Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ritwik Datta
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Liangguang L Lin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael T McManus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kamran Atabai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Podolsky MJ, Kheyfets B, Pandey M, Beigh AH, Yang CD, Lizama Valenzuela C, Datta R, Wolters PJ, McManus M, Qi L, Atabai K. Genome-wide screens identify SEL1L as an intracellular rheostat controlling collagen turnover. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.13.523943. [PMID: 36711851 PMCID: PMC9882208 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has implicated impaired extracellular matrix (ECM) clearance as a key factor in fibrotic disease. Despite decades of research elucidating the effectors of ECM clearance, relatively little is understood regarding the upstream regulation of this process. Collagen is the most abundant constituent of normal and fibrotic ECM in mammalian tissues. Its catabolism occurs through extracellular proteolysis and cell-mediated uptake of collagen fragments for intracellular degradation. Given the paucity of information regarding the regulation of this latter process, we executed unbiased genome-wide screens to understand the molecular underpinnings of cell-mediated collagen clearance. Using this approach, we discovered a previously unappreciated mechanism through which collagen biosynthesis is sensed by cells internally and directly regulates clearance of extracellular collagen. The sensing mechanism is dependent on endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein SEL1L and occurs via a noncanonical function of SEL1L. This pathway functions as a homeostatic negative feedback loop that limits collagen accumulation in tissues. In human fibrotic lung disease, the induction of this collagen clearance pathway by collagen synthesis is impaired, thereby contributing to the pathological accumulation of collagen in lung tissue. Thus cell-autonomous, rheostatic collagen clearance is a previously unidentified pathway of tissue homeostasis.
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3
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Skern-Mauritzen R, Malde K, Eichner C, Dondrup M, Furmanek T, Besnier F, Komisarczuk AZ, Nuhn M, Dalvin S, Edvardsen RB, Klages S, Huettel B, Stueber K, Grotmol S, Karlsbakk E, Kersey P, Leong JS, Glover KA, Reinhardt R, Lien S, Jonassen I, Koop BF, Nilsen F. The salmon louse genome: Copepod features and parasitic adaptations. Genomics 2021; 113:3666-3680. [PMID: 34403763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Copepods encompass numerous ecological roles including parasites, detrivores and phytoplankton grazers. Nonetheless, copepod genome assemblies remain scarce. Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an economically and ecologically important ectoparasitic copepod found on salmonid fish. We present the 695.4 Mbp L. salmonis genome assembly containing ≈60% repetitive regions and 13,081 annotated protein-coding genes. The genome comprises 14 autosomes and a ZZ-ZW sex chromosome system. Assembly assessment identified 92.4% of the expected arthropod genes. Transcriptomics supported annotation and indicated a marked shift in gene expression after host attachment, including apparent downregulation of genes related to circadian rhythm coinciding with abandoning diurnal migration. The genome shows evolutionary signatures including loss of genes needed for peroxisome biogenesis, presence of numerous FNII domains, and an incomplete heme homeostasis pathway suggesting heme proteins to be obtained from the host. Despite repeated development of resistance against chemical treatments L. salmonis exhibits low numbers of many genes involved in detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ketil Malde
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Christiane Eichner
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Dondrup
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tomasz Furmanek
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Francois Besnier
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Zofia Komisarczuk
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Nuhn
- EMBL-The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf B Edvardsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Sven Klages
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Huettel
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Kurt Stueber
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paul Kersey
- EMBL-The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Jong S Leong
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Kevin A Glover
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard Reinhardt
- Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Sigbjørn Lien
- Centre for Integrative Genetics (CIGENE), Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oluf Thesens vei 6, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ben F Koop
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Sea Lice Research Centre. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens Gate 53, 5006 Bergen, Norway.
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4
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Patthy L. Miguel Llinás and the Structure of the Kringle Fold. Protein J 2021; 40:450-453. [PMID: 33791899 PMCID: PMC8373733 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Patthy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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5
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Singh BP, Asthana A, Basu A, Tangirala R, Mohan Rao C, Swamy MJ. Conserved core tryptophans of FnII domains are crucial for the membranolytic and chaperone-like activities of bovine seminal plasma protein PDC-109. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:509-518. [PMID: 31552690 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The fibronectin type II (FnII) domain, present in diverse vertebrate proteins, plays crucial roles in several fundamental biological processes. PDC-109, the major bovine seminal plasma protein, contains two FnII domains that bind to choline phospholipids on sperm plasma membrane and induce lipid efflux crucial for successful fertilization. PDC-109 also exhibits chaperone-like activity and protects other proteins against various types of stress. Here, we show that a core tryptophan residue is highly conserved across species in the FnII domains. Mutation of conserved tryptophan residues W47, W93, and W106 in the FnII domains of PDC-109 to alanine leads to drastic decrease or complete abolition of membrane-binding and chaperone-like activities. These observations suggest that conserved tryptophans are important for the function of FnII proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amrita Basu
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, India
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6
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Saberi A, Gulyaeva AA, Brubacher JL, Newmark PA, Gorbalenya AE. A planarian nidovirus expands the limits of RNA genome size. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007314. [PMID: 30383829 PMCID: PMC6211748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are the only known RNA-protein (RNP) entities capable of autonomous replication (albeit within a permissive host environment). A 33.5 kilobase (kb) nidovirus has been considered close to the upper size limit for such entities; conversely, the minimal cellular DNA genome is in the 100–300 kb range. This large difference presents a daunting gap for the transition from primordial RNP to contemporary DNA-RNP-based life. Whether or not RNA viruses represent transitional steps towards DNA-based life, studies of larger RNA viruses advance our understanding of the size constraints on RNP entities and the role of genome size in virus adaptation. For example, emergence of the largest previously known RNA genomes (20–34 kb in positive-stranded nidoviruses, including coronaviruses) is associated with the acquisition of a proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) encoded in the open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) in a monophyletic subset of nidoviruses. However, apparent constraints on the size of ORF1b, which encodes this and other key replicative enzymes, have been hypothesized to limit further expansion of these viral RNA genomes. Here, we characterize a novel nidovirus (planarian secretory cell nidovirus; PSCNV) whose disproportionately large ORF1b-like region including unannotated domains, and overall 41.1-kb genome, substantially extend the presumed limits on RNA genome size. This genome encodes a predicted 13,556-aa polyprotein in an unconventional single ORF, yet retains canonical nidoviral genome organization and expression, as well as key replicative domains. These domains may include functionally relevant substitutions rarely or never before observed in highly conserved sites of RdRp, NiRAN, ExoN and 3CLpro. Our evolutionary analysis suggests that PSCNV diverged early from multi-ORF nidoviruses, and acquired additional genes, including those typical of large DNA viruses or hosts, e.g. Ankyrin and Fibronectin type II, which might modulate virus-host interactions. PSCNV's greatly expanded genome, proteomic complexity, and unique features–impressive in themselves–attest to the likelihood of still-larger RNA genomes awaiting discovery. RNA viruses are the only known RNA-protein (RNP) entities capable of autonomous replication. The upper genome size for such entities was assumed to be <35 kb; conversely, the minimal cellular DNA genome is in the 100–300 kilobase (kb) range. This large difference presents a daunting gap for the proposed evolution of contemporary DNA-RNP-based life from primordial RNP entities. Here, we describe a nidovirus from planarians, named planarian secretory cell nidovirus (PSCNV), whose 41.1 kb genome is 23% larger than any riboviral genome yet discovered. This increase is nearly equivalent in size to the entire poliovirus genome, and it equips PSCNV with an unprecedented extra coding capacity to adapt. PSCNV has broken apparent constraints on the size of the genomic subregion that encodes core replication machinery in other nidoviruses, including coronaviruses, and has acquired genes not previously observed in RNA viruses. This virus challenges and advances our understanding of the limits to RNA genome size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saberi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Anastasia A. Gulyaeva
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John L. Brubacher
- Department of Biology, Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Phillip A. Newmark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAN); (AEG)
| | - Alexander E. Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (PAN); (AEG)
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7
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Harasimczuk E, Øvergård AC, Grotmol S, Nilsen F, Dalvin S. Characterization of three salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) genes with fibronectin II domains expressed by tegumental type 1 glands. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 219:1-9. [PMID: 29246806 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae), is currently the most significant pathogen affecting the salmon farming industry in the Northern Hemisphere. Exocrine glands of blood-feeding parasites are believed to be important for the host-parasite interaction, but also in the production of substances for integument lubrication and antifouling. In L. salmonis; however, we have limited knowledge about the exocrine glands. The aim of this study was therefore to examine three genes containing fibronectin type II (FNII) domains expressed in L. salmonis tegumental type 1 (teg 1) glands, namely LsFNII1, 2 and 3. LsFNII1, 2 and 3 contains four, three, and two FNII domains respectively. Sequence alignment of LsFNII domains showed conservation of amino acids that may indicate a possible involvement of LsFNII domains in collagen binding. Ontogenetic analysis of LsFNII1, 2 and 3 revealed highest expression in pre-adult and adult lice. Localization of LsFNII1, 2 and 3 transcripts showed expression in teg 1 glands only, which are the most abundant exocrine gland type in L. salmonis. LsFNII1, 2 and 3 were successfully knocked-down by RNAi, however, alteration in gland morphology was not detected between the knock-down and control groups. Overall, this study gives first insight into FNII domain containing proteins in L. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Harasimczuk
- SLCR Sea Lice Research Center, Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- SLRC Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- SLRC Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Frank Nilsen
- SLRC Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgt. 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- SLCR Sea Lice Research Center, Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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8
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Pereira AM, Machado R, da Costa A, Ribeiro A, Collins T, Gomes AC, Leonor IB, Kaplan DL, Reis RL, Casal M. Silk-based biomaterials functionalized with fibronectin type II promotes cell adhesion. Acta Biomater 2017; 47:50-59. [PMID: 27713086 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to exploit the fibronectin type II (FNII) module from human matrix metalloproteinase-2 as a functional domain for the development of silk-based biopolymer blends that display enhanced cell adhesion properties. The DNA sequence of spider dragline silk protein (6mer) was genetically fused with the FNII coding sequence and expressed in Escherichia coli. The chimeric protein 6mer+FNII was purified by non-chromatographic methods. Films prepared from 6mer+FNII by solvent casting promoted only limited cell adhesion of human skin fibroblasts. However, the performance of the material in terms of cell adhesion was significantly improved when 6mer+FNII was combined with a silk-elastin-like protein in a concentration-dependent behavior. With this work we describe a novel class of biopolymer that promote cell adhesion and potentially useful as biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This work reports the development of biocompatible silk-based composites with enhanced cell adhesion properties suitable for biomedical applications in regenerative medicine. The biocomposites were produced by combining a genetically engineered silk-elastin-like protein with a genetically engineered spider-silk-based polypeptide carrying the three domains of the fibronectin type II module from human metalloproteinase-2. These composites were processed into free-standing films by solvent casting and characterized for their biological behavior. To our knowledge this is the first report of the exploitation of all three FNII domains as a functional domain for the development of bioinspired materials with improved biological performance. The present study highlights the potential of using genetically engineered protein-based composites as a platform for the development of new bioinspired biomaterials.
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9
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Øvergård AC, Hamre LA, Harasimczuk E, Dalvin S, Nilsen F, Grotmol S. Exocrine glands ofLepeophtheirus salmonis(Copepoda: Caligidae): Distribution, developmental appearance, and site of secretion. J Morphol 2016; 277:1616-1630. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
- Disease and Pathogen Transmission; SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research; Nordnesgaten 50, Pb. 1870 Nordnes Bergen NO-5817 Norway
| | - Lars A. Hamre
- Department of Biology; SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen; Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803 Bergen NO-5020 Norway
| | - Ewa Harasimczuk
- Disease and Pathogen Transmission; SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research; Nordnesgaten 50, Pb. 1870 Nordnes Bergen NO-5817 Norway
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- Disease and Pathogen Transmission; SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research; Nordnesgaten 50, Pb. 1870 Nordnes Bergen NO-5817 Norway
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Department of Biology; SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen; Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803 Bergen NO-5020 Norway
| | - Sindre Grotmol
- Department of Biology; SLCR-Sea Lice Research Centre, University of Bergen; Thormøhlensgt. 55, Pb. 7803 Bergen NO-5020 Norway
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10
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Kumar CS, Swamy MJ. A pH Switch Regulates the Inverse Relationship between Membranolytic and Chaperone-like Activities of HSP-1/2, a Major Protein of Horse Seminal Plasma. Biochemistry 2016; 55:3650-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sudheer Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Musti J. Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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11
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Shikina S, Chiu YL, Lee YH, Chang CF. From Somatic Cells to Oocytes: A Novel Yolk Protein Produced by Ovarian Somatic Cells in a Stony Coral, Euphyllia ancora1. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:57. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.129643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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12
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Chalmers IW, Hoffmann KF. Platyhelminth Venom Allergen-Like (VAL) proteins: revealing structural diversity, class-specific features and biological associations across the phylum. Parasitology 2012; 139:1231-45. [PMID: 22717097 PMCID: PMC3435950 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During platyhelminth infection, a cocktail of proteins is released by the parasite to aid invasion, initiate feeding, facilitate adaptation and mediate modulation of the host immune response. Included amongst these proteins is the Venom Allergen-Like (VAL) family, part of the larger sperm coating protein/Tpx-1/Ag5/PR-1/Sc7 (SCP/TAPS) superfamily. To explore the significance of this protein family during Platyhelminthes development and host interactions, we systematically summarize all published proteomic, genomic and immunological investigations of the VAL protein family to date. By conducting new genomic and transcriptomic interrogations to identify over 200 VAL proteins (228) from species in all 4 traditional taxonomic classes (Trematoda, Cestoda, Monogenea and Turbellaria), we further expand our knowledge related to platyhelminth VAL diversity across the phylum. Subsequent phylogenetic and tertiary structural analyses reveal several class-specific VAL features, which likely indicate a range of roles mediated by this protein family. Our comprehensive analysis of platyhelminth VALs represents a unifying synopsis for understanding diversity within this protein family and a firm context in which to initiate future functional characterization of these enigmatic members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain W Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, Penglais Campus, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK.
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13
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Ozhogina OA, Bominaar EL. Characterization of the kringle fold and identification of a ubiquitous new class of disulfide rotamers. J Struct Biol 2009; 168:223-33. [PMID: 19524679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The disulfide-bridged chains in the kringle (K) and fibronectin type II (FN2) domains are characterized using a taxonomy that considers the regularities in both beta-secondary structure and cystine cluster. The structural core of the kringle fold comprises an assembly of two beta-hairpins (a "beta-meander") accommodating two overlapping disulfides; one cystine is incorporated in adjacent beta-strands, whereas the other is located just beyond the ends of non-adjacent beta-strands. The dispositions of the (N, C) termini of the two overlapping disulfides in the kringle fold are given as (m, j+1) and (i-1, k+1), in which m, i, j, and k (m<i<j<k) are residues fulfilling the relations m ~(w)j+3 and i ~(n)j~(w)k, where the relationship ~(n/w) associates residues belonging to a narrow/wide hydrogen-bonded pair of an antiparallel beta-sheet. This pattern is the structural signature of the kringle fold and is referred to as the "disulfide kringle-cross". The metrics of this motif are quantified, revealing structural differences between the two families of the kringle fold. The conformations of disulfides in the kringle fold are poorly accommodated by existing classification schemes. To elucidate the nature of these rotamers we have performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations for diethyl disulfide. A new classification for the disulfide conformations in proteins is proposed, consisting of six rotamer types: spiral, trans-spiral, corner, trans, hook, and staple. Its relation with previous classification schemes is specified. A survey of high-resolution X-ray structures reveals that the disulfide conformations are clustered around the averaged conformations for the six classes. Average conformation dihedral and distance values are in excellent agreement with the DFT values. The two overlapping disulfides in kringle domains adopt the trans-spiral conformation that appears to be ubiquitous (~17%) in proteins. One of the disulfides stretches across the beta-meander, invoking "strain" in the disulfide conformational state. The relevance of the new classification and the concept of strain are briefly discussed in the context of disulfide bond cleavage in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Ozhogina
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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14
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Ozhogina OA, Grishaev A, Bominaar EL, Patthy L, Trexler M, Llinás M. NMR solution structure of the neurotrypsin Kringle domain. Biochemistry 2009; 47:12290-8. [PMID: 18956887 DOI: 10.1021/bi800555z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrypsin is a multidomain protein that serves as a brain-specific serine protease. Here we report the NMR structure of its kringle domain, NT/K. The data analysis was performed with the BACUS (Bayesian analysis of coupled unassigned spins) algorithm. This study presents the first application of BACUS to the structure determination of a 13C unenriched protein for which no prior experimental 3D structure was available. NT/K adopts the kringle fold, consisting of an antiparallel beta-sheet bridged by an overlapping pair of disulfides. The structure reveals the presence of a surface-exposed left-handed polyproline II helix that is closely packed to the core beta-structure. This feature distinguishes NT/K from other members of the kringle fold and points toward a novel functional role for a kringle domain. Functional divergence among kringle domains is discussed on the basis of their surface and electrostatic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Ozhogina
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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15
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Lefebvre J, Boileau G, Manjunath P. Recombinant expression and affinity purification of a novel epididymal human sperm-binding protein, BSPH1. Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 15:105-14. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gan077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Jiang Y, Doolittle RF. The evolution of vertebrate blood coagulation as viewed from a comparison of puffer fish and sea squirt genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7527-32. [PMID: 12808152 PMCID: PMC164620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0932632100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood coagulation scheme for the puffer fish, Fugu rubripes, has been reconstructed on the basis of orthologs of genes for mammalian blood clotting factors being present in its genome. As expected, clotting follows the same fundamental pattern as has been observed in other vertebrates, even though genes for some clotting factors found in mammals are absent and some others are present in more than one gene copy. All told, 26 different proteins involved in clotting or fibrinolysis were searched against the puffer fish genome. Of these, orthologs were found for 21. Genes for the "contact system" factors (factor XI, factor XII, and prekallikrein) could not be identified. On the other hand, two genes were found for factor IX and four for factor VII. It was evident that not all four factor VII genes are functional, essential active-site residues having been replaced in two of them. A search of the genome of a urochordate, the sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis, did not turn up any genuine orthologs for these 26 factors, although paralogs and/or constituent domains were evident for virtually all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA
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17
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Becker L, Webb BA, Chitayat S, Nesheim ME, Koschinsky ML. A ligand-induced conformational change in apolipoprotein(a) enhances covalent Lp(a) formation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:14074-81. [PMID: 12566443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212855200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) assembly proceeds via a two-step mechanism in which initial non-covalent interactions between apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) and low density lipoprotein precede disulfide bond formation. In this study, we used analytical ultracentrifugation, differential scanning calorimetry, and intrinsic fluorescence to demonstrate that in the presence of the lysine analog epsilon-aminocaproic acid, apo(a) undergoes a substantial conformational change from a "closed" to an "open" structure that is characterized by an increase in the hydrodynamic radius (approximately 10%), an alteration in domain stability, as well as a decrease in tryptophan fluorescence. Although epsilon-aminocaproic acid is a well characterized inhibitor of the non-covalent interaction between apo(a) and low density lipoprotein, we report the novel observation that this ligand at low concentrations (100 microm-1 mm) significantly enhances covalent Lp(a) assembly by altering the conformation of apo(a). We developed a model for the kinetics of Lp(a) assembly that incorporates the conformational change as a determinant of the efficiency of the process; this model quantitatively explains our experimental observations. Interestingly, an analogous conformational change has been previously described for plasminogen resulting in an increase in the hydrodynamic radius, an increase in tryptophan fluorescence, and an acceleration of the rate of plasminogen activation. Although the functions of apo(a) and plasminogen have diverged considerably, elements of structural and conformational homology have been retained leading to similar regulation of two unrelated biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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18
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Pediaditakis P, Monga SPS, Mars WM, Michalopoulos GK. Differential mitogenic effects of single chain hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor and HGF/NK1 following cleavage by factor Xa. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:14109-15. [PMID: 11832492 PMCID: PMC1821081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112196200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a multifunctional cytokine that is involved in many normal as well as pathological conditions. HGF/NK1, a splice variant of HGF/SF, has been reported to have either antagonistic or agonistic effects with regard to c-Met signaling depending on the cell type. In these experiments, we have determined that HGF/NK1 is a potent mitogen for rat hepatocytes in culture. Furthermore, we have found that coagulation factor Xa (fXa) is capable of cleaving HGF/NK1 and single chain HGF/SF (scHGF/SF). The products resulting from cleavage of HGF/NK1 or scHGF/SF by fXa appear as single bands under non-reducing conditions. The reaction products from the digestion of HGF/NK1 by fXa were separated under reducing conditions, and the cleavage site, as determined by N-terminal sequencing, was located C-terminal to arginine 134. Previous work established that the heparin-binding domain for HGF/SF is located in the N domain of HGF/SF. Additionally, the dimerization of the HGF/SF receptor (c-Met) by the ligand HGF/NK1 is facilitated by heparin and related sulfonated sugars on the cell surface, whereas heparin is not required for HGF/SF-mediated dimerization. Cleavage of single chain HGF/SF or HGF/NK1 by factor Xa does not alter the affinity of the respective molecules for heparin, but it did variably affect the associated mitogenic activity of these factors. The associated mitogenic activity of HGF/NK1 was reduced by more than 90%, whereas the mitogenic activity of scHGF/SF was unaffected. This suggests mandatory maintenance of a steric interaction of the N domain and the first kringle domain for HGF/NK1 to act as an agonist for rat hepatocyte growth but is not required by full-length HGF/SF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - George K. Michalopoulos
- ‡ To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Desoto St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261. Tel.: 412-648-1040; Fax: 412-648-1917; E-mail:
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Gehrmann M, Briknarová K, Bányai L, Patthy L, Llinás M. The col-1 module of human matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2): structural/functional relatedness between gelatin-binding fibronectin type II modules and lysine-binding kringle domains. Biol Chem 2002; 383:137-48. [PMID: 11928808 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) contains three in-tandem fibronectin type II (FII) repeats that bind gelatin. Here, we report the NMR solution structure of the first FII module of MMP-2 (col-1). The latter is described as a characteristic, globular FII fold containing two beta-sheets, a stretch of 3(1)-helix, a turn of alpha-helix, and an exposed hydrophobic surface lined with aromatic residues. We show that col-1 binds (Pro-Pro-Gly)6, a mimic of gelatin, with a Ka of approx. 0.42 mm(-1), and that its binding site involves a number of aromatic residues as well as Arg34, as previously found for the second and third homologous repeats. Moreover, the affinity of the in-tandem col-1+2 construct (col-12) toward the longer ligand (Pro-Pro-Gly)12 is twice that for (Pro-Pro-Gly)6, as expected from mass action. A detailed structural comparison between FII and kringle domains indicates that four main conformational features are shared: two antiparallel beta-sheets, a central 3(1)-helix, and the quasiperpendicular orientation of the two proximal Cys-Cys bonds. Structure superposition by optimizing overlap of cystine bridge areas results in close juxtaposition of their main beta-sheets and 31-helices, and reveals that the gelatin binding site of FII modules falls at similar locations and exhibits almost identical topological features to those of the lysine binding site of kringle domains. Thus, despite the minor (<15%) consensus sequence relating FII modules to kringles, there is a strong folding and binding site structural homology between the two domains, enforced by key common conformational determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gehrmann
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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