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Shulhai AM, Rotondo R, Petraroli M, Patianna V, Predieri B, Iughetti L, Esposito S, Street ME. The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function. Nutrients 2024; 16:2496. [PMID: 39125376 PMCID: PMC11314468 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid function is closely linked to nutrition through the diet-gut-thyroid axis. This narrative review highlights the influence of nutritional components and micronutrients on thyroid development and function, as well as on the gut microbiota. Micronutrients such as iodine, selenium, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 influence thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation throughout life. Dietary changes can alter the gut microbiota, leading not just to dysbiosis and micronutrient deficiency but also to changes in thyroid function through immunological regulation, nutrient absorption, and epigenetic changes. Nutritional imbalance can lead to thyroid dysfunction and/or disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and possibly contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer, yet controversial issues. Understanding these relationships is important to rationalize a balanced diet rich in essential micronutrients for maintaining thyroid health and preventing thyroid-related diseases. The synthetic comprehensive overview of current knowledge shows the importance of micronutrients and gut microbiota for thyroid function and uncovers potential gaps that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Mariia Shulhai
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.-M.S.); (R.R.); (S.E.)
| | - Roberta Rotondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.-M.S.); (R.R.); (S.E.)
| | - Maddalena Petraroli
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Viviana Patianna
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Barbara Predieri
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.P.); (L.I.)
| | - Lorenzo Iughetti
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Mothers, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.P.); (L.I.)
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.-M.S.); (R.R.); (S.E.)
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Maria Elisabeth Street
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (A.-M.S.); (R.R.); (S.E.)
- Paediatric Clinic, University Hospital of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (M.P.); (V.P.)
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Šutić Udović I, Hlača N, Massari LP, Brajac I, Kaštelan M, Vičić M. Deciphering the Complex Immunopathogenesis of Alopecia Areata. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5652. [PMID: 38891839 PMCID: PMC11172390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune-mediated disorder in which the proximal hair follicle (HF) attack results in non-scarring partial to total scalp or body hair loss. Despite the growing knowledge about AA, its exact cause still needs to be understood. However, immunity and genetic factors are affirmed to be critical in AA development. While the genome-wide association studies proved the innate and acquired immunity involvement, AA mouse models implicated the IFN-γ- and cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune response as the main drivers of disease pathogenesis. The AA hair loss is caused by T-cell-mediated inflammation in the HF area, disturbing its function and disrupting the hair growth cycle without destroying the follicle. Thus, the loss of HF immune privilege, autoimmune HF destruction mediated by cytotoxic mechanisms, and the upregulation of inflammatory pathways play a crucial role. AA is associated with concurrent systemic and autoimmune disorders such as atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, psoriasis, and thyroiditis. Likewise, the patient's quality of life (QoL) is significantly impaired by morphologic disfigurement caused by the illness. The patients experience a negative impact on psychological well-being and self-esteem and may be more likely to suffer from psychiatric comorbidities. This manuscript aims to present the latest knowledge on the pathogenesis of AA, which involves genetic, epigenetic, immunological, and environmental factors, with a particular emphasis on immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larisa Prpić Massari
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.Š.U.); (N.H.); (I.B.); (M.K.); (M.V.)
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Lalosevic J, Gajic-Veljic M, Lalosevic Misovic J, Nikolic M. Serum Zinc Concentration in Patients with Alopecia Areata. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv13358. [PMID: 37787421 PMCID: PMC10561101 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune non-scarring disease in which the exact mechanism that induces loss of immune privilege is unknown. Zinc is important for DNA stability and repair mechanisms that are essential in maintaining normal hair growth. Zinc deficiency has been investigated as an important factor in many autoimmune diseases, and may have a possible role in the aetiopathogenesis of alopecia areata. This study included 32 patients with severe forms of alopecia areata, and 32 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. When comparing serum zinc levels in these 2 groups, statistically significantly lower zinc concentrations were found in the alopecia areata group (p = 0.017). Detected zinc deficiency was statistically more prevalent in patients with alopecia areata (p = 0.011). Evaluating patients with alopecia areata, a statistically significant negative correlation between serum zinc levels and severity of the disease was found (ρ = 0.006). The results indicate that zinc serum assessment is necessary in patients with alopecia areata. Low serum zinc levels were found to correlate with severity of alopecia areata. Given that most severe forms of alopecia areata are frequently most treatment-resistant, additional randomized control trials examining zinc supplementation are necessary to investigate its potential role in the restoration of hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Lalosevic
- Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade School of Medicine.
| | - Mirjana Gajic-Veljic
- Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade School of Medicine
| | | | - Milos Nikolic
- Clinic of Dermatology and Venereology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade School of Medicine
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Jaripur M, Ghasemi-Tehrani H, Askari G, Gholizadeh-Moghaddam M, Clark CCT, Rouhani MH. The effects of magnesium supplementation on abnormal uterine bleeding, alopecia, quality of life, and acne in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:110. [PMID: 35918728 PMCID: PMC9343825 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-00982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), alopecia, low quality of life, and acne are considered as complications of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We hypothesized that magnesium supplementation would yield beneficial effects on PCOS related complications. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of magnesium supplementation on AUB, alopecia, quality of life, and acne. METHODS In this parallel randomized clinical trial, we randomly assigned 64 women with PCOS to the magnesium group (n = 32) or placebo group (n = 32) for 10 weeks. AUB, alopecia, quality of life, and acne were assessed by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics criterion, the Sinclair Scale, the Health Survey Quality of Life Questionnaire, and the Global Acne Grading System, respectively. This randomized clinical trial was registered at IRCT.ir (IRCT20130903014551N9). RESULTS Magnesium supplementation significantly improved the components of quality of life including physical functioning (p = 0.011), role limitations due to physical health (p = 0.012), role limitations due to emotional problems (p < 0.001), energy/fatigue (p = 0.005), emotional wellbeing (p < 0.001), social functioning (p = 0.002), general health (p = 0.013), and total quality of life (p < 0.001), compared with placebo. No significant effect was observed on acne, alopecia, and AUB. CONCLUSION Magnesium supplementation in women with PCOS had a significant positive effect on improving total quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION This randomized clinical trial was registered at IRCT.ir on 2020-10-18 (Registration Code: IRCT20130903014551N9 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsima Jaripur
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hatav Ghasemi-Tehrani
- Infertility & IVF Fellowship, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Gholizadeh-Moghaddam
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Suchonwanit P, Kositkuljorn C, Pomsoong C. Alopecia Areata: An Autoimmune Disease of Multiple Players. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:299-312. [PMID: 34350136 PMCID: PMC8328385 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s266409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease of the hair follicles. It is characterized by a well-defined non-scarring alopecic patch or patches that may extend to the entire scalp or lead to total body hair loss. Due to its unpredictable clinical course, AA causes substantial psychological harm. Despite the high prevalence of this disease and extensive research, its exact pathomechanism is unclear, and current treatments have a high relapse rate that has deemed AA incurable. Over the past few decades, researchers have investigated multiple potential factors that may help alleviate its pathogenesis and provide effective treatment. Given its complex immunopathogenesis, AA is considered an autoimmune disease with multiple factors. This review gathers current evidence that emphasizes molecular mechanisms, possible causative etiologies, and targeted immunotherapies for AA. Understanding its underlying mechanisms may shed light on new strategies to effectively manage AA in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonkiat Suchonwanit
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaninan Kositkuljorn
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cherrin Pomsoong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gîlcă-Blanariu GE, Coroabă A, Ciocoiu M, Trifan A, Dimofte G, Diaconescu S, Afrăsânie VA, Balan GG, Pinteală T, Ștefănescu G. Hair EDX Analysis-A Promising Tool for Micronutrient Status Evaluation of Patients with IBD? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082572. [PMID: 34444730 PMCID: PMC8399661 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies can arise in various conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and diagnosing these deficiencies can be challenging in the absence of specific clinical signs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of various trace elements hair concentration in IBD patients compared to a healthy control group and to identify potential correlations between the micronutrient status and relevant parameters related to disease activity. The concentrations of iron, magnesium, calcium, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium and sulfur in the hair of 37 IBD patients with prior diagnosed IBD (12 Crohn's disease and 25 ulcerative colitis) and 31 healthy controls were evaluated by Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX). Significant differences in hair concentration profile of studied trace elements were identified for IBD patients compared to healthy controls. A significantly decreased hair concentration of iron, magnesium, calcium and selenium and a significantly increased sulfur hair concentration were observed in IBD patients at the time of evaluation. A decreased hair calcium concentration (r = -0.772, p = 0.003) and an increased sulfur concentration (r = 0.585, p = 0.046) were significantly correlated with disease activity. Conclusion: Hair mineral and trace elements evaluation may contribute to a proper evaluation of their status in IBD patients and improving the management of nutritional status of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana-Emmanuela Gîlcă-Blanariu
- Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-E.G.-B.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (G.D.); (V.-A.A.); (G.G.B.); (G.Ș.)
| | - Adina Coroabă
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iași, Romania;
| | - Manuela Ciocoiu
- Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-E.G.-B.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (G.D.); (V.-A.A.); (G.G.B.); (G.Ș.)
| | - Anca Trifan
- Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-E.G.-B.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (G.D.); (V.-A.A.); (G.G.B.); (G.Ș.)
- Sf Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania;
| | - Gabriel Dimofte
- Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-E.G.-B.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (G.D.); (V.-A.A.); (G.G.B.); (G.Ș.)
| | - Smaranda Diaconescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-E.G.-B.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (G.D.); (V.-A.A.); (G.G.B.); (G.Ș.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vlad-Adrian Afrăsânie
- Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-E.G.-B.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (G.D.); (V.-A.A.); (G.G.B.); (G.Ș.)
| | - Gheorghe G. Balan
- Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-E.G.-B.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (G.D.); (V.-A.A.); (G.G.B.); (G.Ș.)
- Sf Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania;
| | - Tudor Pinteală
- Sf Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Ștefănescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (G.-E.G.-B.); (M.C.); (A.T.); (G.D.); (V.-A.A.); (G.G.B.); (G.Ș.)
- Sf Spiridon County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iași, Romania;
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Alamoudi SM, Marghalani SM, Alajmi RS, Aljefri YE, Alafif AF. Association Between Vitamin D and Zinc Levels With Alopecia Areata Phenotypes at a Tertiary Care Center. Cureus 2021; 13:e14738. [PMID: 34079683 PMCID: PMC8162299 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Alopecia areata (AA) is a common immune-mediated hair disorder that presents in different clinical patterns. This study aims to find the association between vitamin D and zinc levels with AA phenotypes, to determine the common comorbidities in AA patients, and to assess the influence of age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) on AA phenotypes. Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through retrospective chart review of the electronic medical record system (BestCare) and by utilizing a structured data collection sheet. Results A total of 177 patients were clinically diagnosed with AA with a mean age of 28.37 ± 12.68 years. The mean vitamin D level was 49.14 ± 29.09 nmol/L. Zinc levels were reported in only 22 patients, among which, only one patient had deficient levels. The mean zinc level was 9.8 ± 1.5 µmol/L. Patchy alopecia areata (60.45%) was the most common phenotype followed by universalis (9%) and totalis (7%). Hypothyroidism (11.8%) was the most prevalent comorbidity followed by atopic diseases (10.7%), then both diabetes and mood disorders (6.2%). Conclusion Deficient serum vitamin D levels were present in 62.7% of patients with AA. Nevertheless, no statistically significant relation was detected between vitamin D status and patterns of alopecia areata (P=0.108). A limited number of our sample had records of zinc levels with a mean serum of 9.8 ± 1.5 µmol/L and only one patient was found to be deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed M Alamoudi
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | | | - Rakan S Alajmi
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Yara E Aljefri
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Abdullah F Alafif
- Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
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Hair Loss After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obes Surg 2021; 31:2649-2659. [PMID: 33675022 PMCID: PMC8113177 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair loss is a common complication after metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS). There is a lack of published systematic review in the scientific literature on this topic. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on hair loss after MBS in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. METHODS PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and four Chinese databases were searched. Data were pooled using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0, and subgroups were performed if necessary and feasible. RESULTS A total of 18 studies (n = 2538) were included. The pooled results showed that the incidence of hair loss after MBS was 57% (95% CI 42-71%). It decreased with longer follow-up times. Hair loss was significantly more common in younger (mean difference (MD), - 2.45; 95% CI, - 4.26 to - 0.64; p = 0.008) women (OR, 3.87; 95% CI, 0.59 to 17.59; p = 0.08). Serum zinc (standardized mean difference (SMD), - 1.13; 95% CI, - 2.27 to 0.01, p = 0.05), folic acid (SMD = - 0.88, 95% CI - 1.29 to - 0.46, p < 0.0001), and ferritin levels (SMD, - 0.22; 95% CI, - 0.38 to - 0.05; p = 0.01), but not serum iron and vitamin B12, were associated with hair loss following MBS. CONCLUSIONS Hair loss is common after MBS especially in younger women, and those with low serum levels of zinc, folic acid, and ferritin. Prospective studies on larger cohorts are needed.
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Lv J, Ai P, Lei S, Zhou F, Chen S, Zhang Y. Selenium levels and skin diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126548. [PMID: 32497930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have investigated the association between selenium levels and skin diseases, but reached inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between selenium levels and skin diseases. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in public databases to identify all relevant studies, and study-specific standard mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled to compare the selenium levels between different groups. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies were identified with a total of 1315 patient and 7181 healthy controls. Compared with controls, no significant difference in selenium was found in patients with vitiligo (SMD = 0.53, 95% CI: -0.40 to 1.45), alopecia areata (SMD = 0.47, 95% CI: -2.72 and 3.65), or eczema (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI: -0.24 to 0.48). A lower selenium level was found in patients with psoriasis (SMD = -0.62, 95% CI: -1.15 to -0.10), acne vulgaris (SMD = -1.02, 95% CI: -1.45 to -0.60), chloric acne (SMD = -2.35, 95% CI: -3.15 to -1.55), and atopic dermatitis (SMD = -2.62, 95% CI: -3.00 to -2.24). As for disease severity, severe patients had a higher selenium level than mild patients in psoriasis (SMD = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.07-1.38), but no difference was found in vitiligo (SMD = -0.26, 95% CI: -2.38 to 1.85) and alopecia areata (SMD = 0.46, 95% CI: -0.34 to 1.26). CONCLUSION Selenium levels were associated with several skin diseases and the disease severity, and high selenium levels tended to be a protective factor in certain skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lv
- Department of Dermatology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Ping Ai
- Department of Dermatology, Minda Hospital of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Shuying Lei
- Department of Dermatology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Faqiong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Shangzhou Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi 445000, China.
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Coroaba A, Chiriac AE, Sacarescu L, Pinteala T, Minea B, Ibanescu SA, Pertea M, Moraru A, Esanu I, Maier SS, Chiriac A, Pinteala M. New insights into human hair: SAXS, SEM, TEM and EDX for Alopecia Areata investigations. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8376. [PMID: 31976181 PMCID: PMC6968496 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alopecia areata (AA) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease and affects up to 2% of the population. There is a need for a more profound and rigorous understanding of the structure and composition of human hair affected by AA in order to manage this disease. The aim of this article is to understand the effects of AA on the structure and composition of human hair. Methods Several physico-chemical investigation methods, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and microbeam Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), were used to analyze human hair samples obtained from healthy donors and patients with AA. Results SEM revealed more severe hair surface defects for the white regrown hair (W-AA) samples. TEM showed the presence of air-like vesicles located in the endocuticle of regrown hair. Analysis of ultrathin sections of W-AA showed the existence of empty vesicles and smaller melanin granules compared to control samples. SAXS demonstrated that unaffected hair of patients with AA (B-AA) and W-AA melanin aggregates are different in their sizes and shapes compared to the control samples. EDX data showed that W-AA elemental composition was significantly different from the other sample groups. Our study showcases promising non-invasive techniques for a better and more accurate understanding of changes in the internal structure and composition of hair affected by AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Coroaba
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca E Chiriac
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Liviu Sacarescu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Tudor Pinteala
- Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Minea
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Sorin-Alexandru Ibanescu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Pertea
- Department of Surgery I, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Iasi, Romania.,Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, "Sf. Spiridon" Emergency Hospital, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Aurelian Moraru
- Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,"Dr. Iacob Czihac" Military Emergency Clinical Hospital, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Esanu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Stelian S Maier
- Faculty of Textiles, Leather and Industrial Management, "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Chiriac
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Iasi, Romania.,Department of Dermatophysiology, "Apollonia" University, Iasi, Iasi, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, Nicolina Medical Center, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Iasi, Romania
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Ozaydin-Yavuz G, Yavuz IH, Demir H, Demir C, Bilgili SG. Alopecia Areata Different View; Heavy Metals. Indian J Dermatol 2019; 64:7-11. [PMID: 30745628 PMCID: PMC6340228 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_137_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a noncicatricial alopecia affecting any hair-bearing area. Although AA is considered to be an autoimmune disease, oxidative stress has been shown to be an important factor in the etiology of AA. Trace elements are highly essential for humans since they form the building blocks of large molecules, function as the cofactors of enzymes, and have some key biological functions. The aim of this study was to investigate serum levels of heavy metals like iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in patients with AA. Materials and Methods: The study included a patient group of 30 with AA and a control group of 31 healthy individuals. Serum levels of heavy metals were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: The 30 patients included 17 (56.7%) men and 13 (43.3%) women with a mean age of 33.8 (range, 19–48) years. Serum Zn and Mn levels were significantly lower and serum Cd, Fe, Mg, Pb, Co, and Cu levels were significantly higher in the patient group compared to that of the control group (P<0.05 for all). Conclusion: The results indicated that low levels of Zn and Mn are associated with AA while other metals were normal. So Zn supplementation may have some beneficial effect in AA while Fe prescription is fruitless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goknur Ozaydin-Yavuz
- Department of Dermatology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Yavuz
- Department of Dermatology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Halit Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Science and Art, Van, Turkey
| | - Canan Demir
- Medical Documentation and Secretary, Yuzuncu Yil University, Vocational School of Health Services, Van, Turkey
| | - Serap Gunes Bilgili
- Department of Dermatology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey
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Dizen-Namdar N, Emel Kocak F, Kidir M, Sarici G, Tak H, Altuntas I. Evaluation of Serum Paraoxonase, Arylesterase, Prolidase Activities and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Alopecia Areata. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 32:59-64. [PMID: 30544126 DOI: 10.1159/000494690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Dizen-Namdar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Kutahya, Turkey,
| | - Fatma Emel Kocak
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Kidir
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Park Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulben Sarici
- Department of Dermatology, Anadolu Hospital, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Hasan Tak
- Department of Dermatology, Akdeniz Sifa Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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13
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Rajabi F, Drake LA, Senna MM, Rezaei N. Alopecia areata: a review of disease pathogenesis. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1033-1048. [PMID: 29791718 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata is a disorder that results in nonscarring hair loss. The psychological impact can be significant, leading to feelings of depression and social isolation. Objectives In this article, we seek to review the pathophysiological mechanisms proposed in recent years in a narrative fashion. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and Scopus for articles related to alopecia areata, with a particular emphasis on its pathogenesis. RESULTS The main theory of alopecia areata pathogenesis is that it is an autoimmune phenomenon resulting from a disruption in hair follicle immune privilege. What causes this breakdown is an issue of debate. Some believe that a stressed hair follicle environment triggers antigen presentation, while others blame a dysregulation in the central immune system entangling the follicles. Evidence for the latter theory is provided by animal studies, as well investigations around the AIRE gene. Different immune-cell lines including plasmacytoid dendritic cells, natural killer cells and T cells, along with key molecules such as interferon-γ, interleukin-15, MICA and NKG2D, have been identified as contributing to the autoimmune process. CONCLUSIONS Alopecia areata remains incurable, although it has been studied for years. Available treatment options at best are beneficial for milder cases, and the rate of relapse is high. Understanding the exact mechanisms of hair loss in alopecia areata is therefore of utmost importance to help identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rajabi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - L A Drake
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, U.S.A
| | - M M Senna
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, U.S.A
| | - N Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, U.K
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Trüeb RM, Dias MFRG. Alopecia Areata: a Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis and Management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 54:68-87. [PMID: 28717940 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia areata is a common hair loss condition that is characterized by acute onset of non-scarring hair loss in usually sharply defined areas ranging from small patches to extensive or less frequently diffuse involvement. Depending on its acuity and extent, hair loss is an important cause of anxiety and disability. The current understanding is that the condition represents an organ-specific autoimmune disease of the hair follicle with a genetic background. Genome-wide association studies provide evidence for the involvement of both innate and acquired immunity in the pathogenesis, and mechanistic studies in mouse models of alopecia areata have specifically implicated an IFN-γ-driven immune response, including IFNγ, IFNγ-induced chemokines and cytotoxic CD8 T cells as the main drivers of disease pathogenesis. A meta-analysis of published trials on treatment of alopecia areata states that only few treatments have been well evaluated in randomized trials. Nevertheless, depending on patient age, affected surface area and disease duration, an empiric treatment algorithm can be designed with corticosteroids and topical immunotherapy remaining the mainstay of therapy. The obviously limited success of evidence-based therapies points to a more important complexity of hair loss. At the same time, the complexity of pathogenesis offers opportunities for the development of novel targeted therapies. New treatment opportunities based on the results of genome-wide association studies that implicate T cell and natural killer cell activation pathways are paving the way to new approaches in future clinical trials. Currently, there are ongoing studies with the CTLA4-Ig fusion protein abatacept, anti-IL15Rβ monoclonal antibodies and the Janus kinase inhibitors tofacitinib, ruxolitinib and baricitinib. Ultimately, the options available for adapting to the disease rather than treating it in an effort to cure may also be taken into consideration in selected cases of long-standing or recurrent small spot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph M Trüeb
- Center for Dermatology and Hair Diseases Professor Trüeb and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Fernanda Reis Gavazzoni Dias
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Centro de Ciências Médicas, Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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