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Lu T, Das S, Howlader DR, Picking WD, Picking WL. Shigella Vaccines: The Continuing Unmet Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4329. [PMID: 38673913 PMCID: PMC11050647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is a severe gastrointestinal disease that annually affects approximately 270 million individuals globally. It has particularly high morbidity and mortality in low-income regions; however, it is not confined to these regions and occurs in high-income nations when conditions allow. The ill effects of shigellosis are at their highest in children ages 2 to 5, with survivors often exhibiting impaired growth due to infection-induced malnutrition. The escalating threat of antibiotic resistance further amplifies shigellosis as a serious public health concern. This review explores Shigella pathology, with a primary focus on the status of Shigella vaccine candidates. These candidates include killed whole-cells, live attenuated organisms, LPS-based, and subunit vaccines. The strengths and weaknesses of each vaccination strategy are considered. The discussion includes potential Shigella immunogens, such as LPS, conserved T3SS proteins, outer membrane proteins, diverse animal models used in Shigella vaccine research, and innovative vaccine development approaches. Additionally, this review addresses ongoing challenges that necessitate action toward advancing effective Shigella prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Lu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.D.P.)
| | - Sayan Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Debaki R. Howlader
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.D.P.)
| | - William D. Picking
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.D.P.)
| | - Wendy L. Picking
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (D.R.H.); (W.D.P.)
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Turbyfill KR, Clarkson KA, Oaks EV, Zurawski DV, Vortherms AR, Kaminski RW. Development of the Shigella flexneri 2a, 3a, 6, and S. sonnei artificial Invaplex (Invaplex AR) vaccines. mSphere 2023; 8:e0007323. [PMID: 37389412 PMCID: PMC10449495 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00073-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Shigella artificial invasin complex (InvaplexAR) vaccine is a subunit approach that effectively induces robust immunogenicity directed to serotype-specific lipopolysaccharide and the broadly conserved IpaB and IpaC proteins. One advantage of the vaccine approach is the ability to adjust the constituents to address suboptimal immunogenicity and to change the Shigella serotype targeted by the vaccine. As the vaccine moves through the product development pipeline, substantial modifications have been made to address manufacturing feasibility, acceptability to regulatory authorities, and developing immunogenic and effective products for an expanded list of Shigella serotypes. Modifications of the recombinant clones used to express affinity tag-free proteins using well-established purification methods, changes to detergents utilized in the assembly process, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of different Invaplex formulations have led to the establishment of a scalable, reproducible manufacturing process and enhanced immunogenicity of Invaplex products designed to protect against four of the most predominant Shigella serotypes responsible for global morbidity and mortality. These adjustments and improvements provide the pathway for the manufacture and clinical testing of a multivalent Invaplex vaccine. IMPORTANCE Shigella species are a major global health concern that cause severe diarrhea and dysentery in children and travelers to endemic areas of the world. Despite significant advancements in access to clean water, the increases in antimicrobial resistance and the risk of post-infection sequelae, including cognitive and physical stunting in children, highlight the urgent need for an efficacious vaccine. One promising vaccine approach, artificial Invaplex, delivers key antigens recognized by the immune system during infection, which results in increased resistance to re-infection. The work presented here describes novel modifications to a previously described vaccine approach resulting in improved methods for manufacturing and regulatory approvals, expansion of the breadth of coverage to all major Shigella serotypes, and an increase in the potency of artificial Invaplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ross Turbyfill
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristen A. Clarkson
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Edwin V. Oaks
- Patuxent Research and Consulting Group, Gambrills, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel V. Zurawski
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony R. Vortherms
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Kaminski
- Department of Diarrheal Disease Research, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Bhaumik U, Halder P, Howlader DR, Banerjee S, Maiti S, Dutta S, Koley H. A tetravalent Shigella Outer Membrane Vesicles based candidate vaccine offered cross-protection against all the serogroups of Shigella in adult mice. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105100. [PMID: 36696935 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In today's world and mostly in low and middle income countries, S. flexneri and S. sonnei remains the major causative agent of clinical bacillary dysentery. Based on contemporary epidemiology, a tetravalent Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMVs) based immunogen was formulated using the most commonly circulating Shigella strains, namely, S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 6 and S. sonnei I, in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Adult BALB/c mice were orally immunized in a prime-boost-boost manner. Tetravalent Shigella OMVs immunogen induced significant and persistent serum and mucosal antibodies against OMVs, Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Tetravalent OMVs also primed cell mediated immune response effectively. Protective efficacy against six heterologous Shigella strains was checked in an intra-peritoneal mouse model. Immunized mice survived lethal infection better than the non-immunized mice cohort with fewer replicating bacteria isolated from their gut. This study establishes the possibilities of tetravalent OMVs immunogen to become a potent vaccine candidate against human shigellosis, overcoming the limitations of sero-specific cross-protection of Shigella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushasi Bhaumik
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases. P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India; Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 2120, United States
| | - Prolay Halder
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases. P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India
| | - Debaki Ranjan Howlader
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases. P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Soumalya Banerjee
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases. P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India
| | - Suhrid Maiti
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases. P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases. . P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases. P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700 010, India. http://www.niced.org.in/
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Dey TK, Bose P, Paul S, Karmakar BC, Saha RN, Gope A, Koley H, Ghosh A, Dutta S, Dhar P, Mukhopadhyay AKKUMAR. Protective efficacy of fish oil nanoemulsion against non-typhoidal Salmonella mediated mucosal inflammation and loss of barrier function. Food Funct 2022; 13:10083-10095. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04419b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes are well-adapted to utilize the inflammation for colonization in mammalian gut mucosa and bring down the integrity of the epithelial barrier in mammalian intestine. The present study...
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Abstract
Enteric viral and bacterial infections continue to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in low-income and middle-income countries, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Vaccines are considered an effective and practical preventive approach against the predominantly fecal-to-oral transmitted gastroenteritis particularly in the resource-limited countries or regions where implementation of sanitation systems and supply of safe drinking water are not quickly achievable. While vaccines are available for a few enteric pathogens including rotavirus and cholera, there are no vaccines licensed for many other enteric viral and bacterial pathogens. Challenges in enteric vaccine development include immunological heterogeneity among pathogen strains or isolates, a lack of animal challenge models to evaluate vaccine candidacy, undefined host immune correlates to protection, and a low protective efficacy among young children in endemic regions. In this article, we briefly updated the progress and challenges in vaccines and vaccine development for the leading enteric viral and bacterial pathogens including rotavirus, human calicivirus, Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), cholera, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Campylobacter, and introduced a novel epitope- and structure-based vaccinology platform known as MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) and the application of MEFA for developing broadly protective multivalent vaccines against heterogenous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesuk Seo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Qiangde Duan
- University of Yangzhou, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA,CONTACT Weiping Zhang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Dickson R, Vose J, Bemis D, Daves M, Cecere T, Gookin JL, Steiner J, Tolbert MK. The effect of enterococci on feline Tritrichomonas foetus infection in vitro. Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:90-96. [PMID: 31454711 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a common cause of large bowel diarrhea in cats. Probiotics have been suggested to be effective for many intestinal pathogens; however, there are a lack of studies evaluating the effect of probiotics in T. foetus infection. In vitro studies were performed to evaluate the effect of a probiotic containing Enterococcus faecium (Efm) SF68 and a novel probiotic, Enterococcus hirae, on the inhibition of T. foetus growth, adhesion to, and cytotoxicity towards the intestinal epithelium. The effect of enterococci on T. foetus proliferation during co-culture was evaluated throughout log phase T. foetus growth. The previously validated in vitro co-culture model system using porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) was used to evaluate the effect of enterococci on T. foetus adhesion and cytotoxicity towards intestinal epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed using fluorescent microscopy and spectrophotometry. Interactions of T. foetus, enterococci, and intestinal epithelial cells were assessed using scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence assays (IFA). Enterococcus-induced inhibition of T. foetus growth was demonstrated at concentrations as low as 104 enterococci colony forming units (CFU)/mL and was dependent, in part, on environmental pH and the presence of viable enterococci organisms. T. foetus adhesion, including with a ronidazole-resistant strain, was reduced with pretreatment of intestinal epithelial cells with enterococci but was not significantly affected when enterococci were introduced simultaneously or following T. foetus infection. Compared to Efm, E. hirae more effectively decreased T. foetus adhesion, suggesting its superior potential as a novel probiotic for T. foetus infection. There was no effect of enterococci treatment on T. foetus-induced intestinal epithelial cell cytotoxicity. Our results support further study into the investigation of a possible benefit of enterococci-containing probiotic treatment for prevention of T. foetus infection in at-risk uninfected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Dickson
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Julie Vose
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David Bemis
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Maggie Daves
- The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jody L Gookin
- North Carolina State University, Department of Clinical Sciences Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Joerg Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - M Katherine Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
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Im AR, Lee B, Kang DJ, Chae S. Skin Moisturizing and Antiphotodamage Effects of Tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus IDCC 3302. J Med Food 2018; 21:1016-1023. [PMID: 30260718 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoaging is generally the result of chronic exposure to the sun and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which causes skin damage. In this study, we developed a UVB-induced hairless mouse model to determine whether Lactobacillus acidophilus IDCC 3302 tyndallizate (ACT3302) can enhance photodamaged skin repair. Mice (6 weeks old) were divided into six groups containing normal, UVB-treated vehicle, and UVB-treated ACT3302 (1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 cells). Epidermal thickness was increased by UVB, but the thickening was lessened by ACT3302 as was the transepidermal water loss (TEWL). However, ACT3302 increased capacitance and decreased TEWL. Skin tissue staining to evaluate skin collagen increases in the number of skin collagen bundles in UVB-treated ACT3302 mice. UVB irradiation increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and proinflammatory cytokine expression and activated mitogen-activated protein kinases in hairless mice; these changes were also attenuated by ACT3302. We conclude that ACT3302 effectively suppressed wrinkle formation induced by UVB irradiation through MMP downregulation. Therefore, ACT3302 potentially prevents skin photoaging and wrinkle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Rang Im
- 1 Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byeonghun Lee
- 2 Bioprocess Engineering Team, Research Laboratories, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Dae-Jung Kang
- 2 Bioprocess Engineering Team, Research Laboratories, ILDONG Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Hwaseong, Korea
| | - Sungwook Chae
- 1 Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, Korea.,3 University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Korea
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Seo S, Shin JS, Lee WS, Rhee YK, Cho CW, Hong HD, Lee KT. Anti-colitis effect of Lactobacillus sakei K040706 via suppression of inflammatory responses in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice model. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Chakraborty S, Harro C, DeNearing B, Bream J, Bauers N, Dally L, Flores J, Van de Verg L, Sack DA, Walker R. Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an Oral, Inactivated Whole-Cell Shigella flexneri 2a Vaccine in Healthy Adult Subjects. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:315-25. [PMID: 26865592 PMCID: PMC4820506 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00608-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Shigella causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide, but there is no licensed vaccine for shigellosis yet. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a formalin-inactivated whole-cell Shigella flexneri2a vaccine, Sf2aWC, given orally to adult volunteers. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 82 subjects were randomized to receive three doses of vaccine in dose escalation (2.6 ± 0.8 × 10(8), × 10(9), × 10(10), and × 10(11)vaccine particles/ml). Vaccine safety was actively monitored, and antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses were determined in serum, antibody in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS), and fecal samples. Cytokines were measured in the serum. Sf2aWC was well tolerated and generally safe at all four dose levels. The vaccine resulted in a dose-dependent immune response. At the highest dose, the vaccine induced robust responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in both serum and ALS samples. The highest magnitude and frequency of responses occurred after the first dose in almost all samples but was delayed for IgG in serum. Fifty percent of the vaccinees had a >4-fold increase in anti-LPS fecal antibody titers. Responses to invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa) were low. The levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-2, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-10 were increased, and IL-8 was decreased immediately after first dose, but these changes were very transient. This phase I trial demonstrated that the Sf2aWC vaccine, a relatively simple vaccine concept, was safe and immunogenic. The vaccine elicited immune responses which were comparable to those induced by a live, attenuated Shigella vaccine that was protective in prior human challenge studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clayton Harro
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara DeNearing
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jay Bream
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Len Dally
- The EMMES Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Shinoda S, Imamura D, Mizuno T, Miyoshi SI, Ramamurthy T. International collaborative research on infectious diseases by Japanese universities and institutes in Asia and Africa, with a special emphasis on J-GRID. Biocontrol Sci 2016; 20:77-89. [PMID: 26133505 DOI: 10.4265/bio.20.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In developed countries including Japan, malignant tumor (cancer), heart disease and cerebral apoplexy are major causes of death, but infectious diseases are still responsible for a high number of deaths in developing countries, especially among children aged less than 5 years. World Health Statistics published by WHO reports a high percentage of mortality from infectious diseases in children, and many of these diseases may be subject to transmission across borders and could possibly invade Japan. Given this situation, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan initiated Phase I of the Program of Founding Research Centers for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, which ran from FY 2005 to 2009, and involved 8 Japanese universities and 2 research centers. The program was established for the following purposes: 1) creation of a domestic research structure to promote the accumulation of fundamental knowledge about infectious diseases, 2) establishment of 13 overseas research collaboration centers in 8 countries at high risk of emerging and reemerging infections and at which Japanese researchers are stationed and conduct research in partnership with overseas instructors, 3) development of a network among domestic and overseas research centers, and 4) development of human resources. The program was controlled under MEXT and managed by the RIKEN Center of Research Network for Infectious Diseases (Riken CRNID). Phase II of the program was set up as the Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases (J-GRID), and has been running in FY 2010-2014. Phase III will start in April 2015, and will be organized by the newly established Japanese governmental organization "Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)", the so-called Japanese style NIH. The Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India (CRCOUI) was started up in 2007 at the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Disease, Kolkata, India. Major projects of CRCOUI are concerned with diarrheal diseases such as, 1) active surveillance of diarrheal patients, 2) development of dysentery vaccines, 3) viable but nonculturable (VBNC) Vibrio cholerae, and 4) pathogenic mechanisms of various diarrhogenic microorganisms. This review article outlines project of J-GRID and CRCOUI which the authors carried out collaboratively with NICED staff members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Shinoda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Disease in India
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Nag D, Sinha R, Mitra S, Barman S, Takeda Y, Shinoda S, Chakrabarti MK, Koley H. Heat killed multi-serotype Shigella immunogens induced humoral immunity and protection against heterologous challenge in rabbit model. Immunobiology 2015. [PMID: 26210044 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently we have shown the homologous protective efficacy of heat killed multi-serotype Shigella (HKMS) immunogens in a guinea pig colitis model. In our present study, we have advanced our research by immunizing rabbits with a reduced number of oral doses and evaluating the host's adaptive immune responses. The duration of immunogenicity and subsequently protective efficacy was determined against wild type heterologous Shigella strains in a rabbit luminal model. After three successive oral immunizations with HKMS immunogens, serum and lymphocyte supernatant antibody titer against the heterologous shigellae were reciprocally increased and remained at an elevated level up to 180 days. Serogroup and serotype specific O-antigen of lipopolysaccharide and immunogenic proteins of heterologous challenge strains were detected by immunoblot assay. Up-regulation of IL-12p35, IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA expression was detected in immunized rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after stimulation with HKMS in vitro. HKMS-specific plasma cell response was confirmed by production of a relatively higher level of HKMS-specific IgG in immunized PBMC supernatant compared to control group. Furthermore, the immunized groups of rabbits exhibited complete protection against wild type heterologous shigellae challenge. Thus HKMS immunogens induced humoral and Th1-mediated adaptive immunity and provided complete protection in a rabbit model. These immunogens could be a broad spectrum non-living vaccine candidate for human use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhrubajyoti Nag
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ritam Sinha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Soma Mitra
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Soumik Barman
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Yoshifumi Takeda
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumio Shinoda
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - M K Chakrabarti
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India.
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Barman S, Koley H, Nag D, Shinoda S, Nair GB, Takeda Y. Passive immunity with multi-serotype heat-killed Shigellae in neonatal mice. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 58:463-6. [PMID: 24909404 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The short- and long-term passive protective efficacy of a mixture of heat-killed cells of six serogroups/serotypes of Shigella strains (Shigella dysenteriae 1, S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 6, S. boydii 4, and S. sonnei) were studied in neonatal mice. Neonatal mice from immunized dams exhibited significant short- and long-term passive protection against individual challenge by each of the six Shigella strains. High IgG and IgA titers against the lipopolysaccharide from each of the six Shigella strains were observed in sera from immunized dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Barman
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM
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Kämpf MM, Braun M, Sirena D, Ihssen J, Thöny-Meyer L, Ren Q. In vivo production of a novel glycoconjugate vaccine against Shigella flexneri 2a in recombinant Escherichia coli: identification of stimulating factors for in vivo glycosylation. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:12. [PMID: 25612741 PMCID: PMC4308876 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycoconjugated vaccines composed of polysaccharide antigens covalently linked to immunogenic carrier proteins have proved to belong to the most effective and safest vaccines for combating bacterial pathogens. The functional transfer of the N-glycosylation machinery from Campylobacter jejuni to the standard prokaryotic host Escherichia coli established a novel bioconjugation methodology termed bacterial glycoengineering. Results In this study, we report on the production of a new recombinant glycoconjugate vaccine against Shigella flexneri 2a representing the major serotype for global outbreaks of shigellosis. We demonstrate that S. flexneri 2a O-polysaccharides can be transferred to a detoxified variant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrier protein exotoxin A (EPA) by the C. jejuni oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, resulting in glycosylated EPA-2a. Moreover, we optimized the in vivo production of this novel vaccine by identification and quantitative analysis of critical process parameters for glycoprotein synthesis. It was found that sequential induction of oligosaccharyltransferase PglB and carrier protein EPA increased the specific productivity of EPA-2a by a factor of 1.6. Furthermore, by the addition of 10 g/L of the monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine during induction, glycoconjugate vaccine yield was boosted up to 3.1-fold. The optimum concentration of Mg2+ ions for N-glycan transfer was determined to be 10 mM. Finally, optimized parameters were transferred to high cell density cultures with a 46-fold increase of overall yield of glycoconjugate compared to the one in initial shake flask production. Conclusion The present study is the first attempt to identify stimulating parameters for improved productivity of S. flexneri 2a bioconjugates. Optimization of glycosylation efficiency will ultimately foster the transfer of lab-scale expression to a cost-effective in vivo production process for a glycoconjugate vaccine against S. flexneri 2a in E. coli. This study is an important step towards this goal and provides a starting point for further optimization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kämpf
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Braun
- GlycoVaxyn AG, Grabenstrasse 3, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | | | - Julian Ihssen
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Linda Thöny-Meyer
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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