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Jordan KR, Parra-Izquierdo I, Gruber A, Shatzel JJ, Pham P, Sherman LS, McCarty OJT, Verbout NG. Thrombin generation and activity in multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:407-420. [PMID: 33411219 PMCID: PMC7864536 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The coagulation cascade and immune system are intricately linked, highly regulated and respond cooperatively in response to injury and infection. Increasingly, evidence of hyper-coagulation has been associated with autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The pathophysiology of MS includes immune cell activation and recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS) where they degrade myelin sheaths, leaving neuronal axons exposed to damaging inflammatory mediators. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) facilitates the entry of peripheral immune cells. Evidence of thrombin activity has been identified within the CNS of MS patients and studies using animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggest increased thrombin generation and activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of MS as well as inhibit remyelination processes. Thrombin is a serine protease capable of cleaving multiple substrates, including protease activated receptors (PARs), fibrinogen, and protein C. Cleavage of all three of these substrates represent pathways through which thrombin activity may exert immuno-regulatory effects and regulate permeability of the BBB during MS and EAE. In this review, we summarize evidence that thrombin activity directly, through PARs, and indirectly, through fibrin formation and activation of protein C influences neuro-immune responses associated with MS and EAE pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley R Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Ivan Parra-Izquierdo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - András Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Aronora Inc, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joseph J Shatzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Pham
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Norah G Verbout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Aronora Inc, Portland, OR, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The serine protease activated protein C (aPC) was initially characterized as an endogenous anticoagulant, but in addition conveys anti-inflammatory, barrier-protective, and pro cell-survival functions. Its endogenous anticoagulant function hampered the successful and continuous implantation of aPC as a therapeutic agent in septic patients. However, it became increasingly apparent that aPC controls cellular function largely independent of its anticoagulant effects through cell-specific and context-specific receptor complexes and intracellular signaling pathways. The purpose of this review is to outline the mechanisms of aPC-dependent cell signaling and its intracellular molecular targets. RECENT FINDINGS With the advent of new therapeutic agents either modulating directly and specifically the activity of coagulation proteases or interfering with protease-activated receptor signaling a better understanding not only of the receptor mechanisms but also of the intracellular signaling mechanisms controlled by aPC in a disease-specific and context-specific fashion, is required to tailor new therapeutic approaches based on aPC's anti-inflammatory, barrier-protective, and pro cell-survival functions. SUMMARY This review summarizes recent insights into the intracellular signaling pathways controlled by aPC in a cell-specific and context-specific fashion. We focus on aPC-mediated barrier protection, inhibition of inflammation, and cytoprotecting within this review.
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Chen X, Kunda PE, Lin J, Zhou M, Huang J, Zhang H, Liu T. SYK-targeted dendritic cell-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocytes enhance the effect of immunotherapy on retinoblastoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:675-684. [PMID: 29372378 PMCID: PMC5843685 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular tumor in children. Chemotherapy is currently the main method of RB treatment. Unfortunately, RB often becomes chemoresistant and turns lethal. Here, we used in vitro cell immunotherapy to explore whether adoptive immunotherapy could be used as a potential treatment for RB. We focused on spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), which is significantly upregulated in RB cells and serves as a marker for RB cells. METHODS Using lentiviruses, we genetically modified dendritic cells (DCs) to express and present the SYK peptide antigen to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro. We used SYK-negative cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-10A, and hTERT-RPE1) and SYK-positive cell lines (MCF-7 and RB-Y79) to evaluate the specificity and cytotoxicity of DC presented CTLs using FACS, live-cell imaging, and RNA interference. RESULTS The cytotoxicity of CTLs induced by SYK-overexpressing DCs (SYK-DC-CTLs) was enhanced more than three times in SYK-positive cell lines compared with SYK-negative cell lines. DCs primed with SYK could drive CTL cytotoxicity against SYK-positive cell lines but not against SYK-negative cell lines. Moreover, SYK-silenced RB-Y79 cells successfully evaded the cytotoxic attack from SYK-DC-CTLs. However, SYK-DC-CTLs could target SYK overexpressed hTERT-RPE1 cells, suggesting that SYK is a specific antigen for RB. Furthermore, SYK-DC-CTL exhibited specific cytotoxicity against carboplatin-resistant RB-Y79 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that SYK could be a potential immunotherapy target mediated by DCs. We propose SYK as a candidate target for treatment of chemoresistant RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Patricia Elena Kunda
- Centro Investigación Medicina Traslacional "Severo Amuchástegui" (CIMETSA), Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jianwei Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, No. 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinghan Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, No. 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Huqin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, No. 47 Youyi Road, Shenzhen, 518001, Guangdong, China.
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