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Chen YD, Liu C, Moles A, Jassey VEJ, Bu ZJ. A hidden herbivory effect on Sphagnum reproduction. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:214-222. [PMID: 38192088 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Defence theories provide predictions about trade-offs in the allocation of resources to defence and growth. However, very little is known about how pressure from herbivores influences the allocation of resources during reproduction. Two common peatland bryophyte species, Sphagnum angustifolium and S. capillifolium, were chosen as study species. Vegetative and reproductive shoots of both Sphagnum species were subjected to treatments with and without herbivores in a lab experiment. After 4 weeks of exposure to herbivores in a growth chamber, we measured biomass production, net photosynthesis rate, defence traits (phenolics in leachate and phenolics in extract), nonstructural carbohydrates (soluble sugar and starch), and reproductive traits (capsule number, weight and diameter, and spore germination) of both Sphagnum species. Reproductive shoots had higher constitutive defence than vegetative shoots in S. angustifolium, and a similar pattern was observed in S. capillifolium. With herbivory, reproductive shoots showed stronger induced defence (released more phenolics) than vegetative shoots in S. capillifolium, but not in S. angustifolium. Herbivory had no effect on capsule number, weight, or diameter, but reduced spore germination percentage by more than half in both species. Our study highlights the hidden effects of herbivory on reproduction of Sphagnum and indicates the presence of maternal effects in bryophytes. Ecologists will benefit from examining both quality- and quantity-based traits when attempting to estimate the herbivory effect on plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-D Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Changchun, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Peatland Ecology Research Group and Centre for Northern Studies, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - A Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - V E J Jassey
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Z-J Bu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Changchun, China
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Cuny MAC, Poelman EH. Evolution of koinobiont parasitoid host regulation and consequences for indirect plant defence. Evol Ecol 2022; 36:299-319. [PMID: 35663232 PMCID: PMC9156490 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tritrophic interactions among plants, herbivorous insects and their parasitoids have been well studied in the past four decades. Recently, a new angle has been uncovered: koinobiont parasitoids, that allow their host to keep feeding on the plant for a certain amount of time after parasitism, indirectly alter plant responses against herbivory via the many physiological changes induced in their herbivorous hosts. By affecting plant responses, parasitoids may indirectly affect the whole community of insects interacting with plants induced by parasitized herbivores and have extended effects on plant fitness. These important findings have renewed research interests on parasitoid manipulation of their host development. Parasitoids typically arrest their host development before the last instar, resulting in a lower final weight compared to unparasitized hosts. Yet, some parasitoids prolong their host development, leading to larger herbivores that consume more plant material than unparasitized ones. Furthermore, parasitoid host regulation is plastic and one parasitoid species may arrest or promote its host growth depending on the number of eggs laid, host developmental stage and species as well as environmental conditions. The consequences of plasticity in parasitoid host regulation for plant–insect interactions have received very little attention over the last two decades, particularly concerning parasitoids that promote their host growth. In this review, we first synthesize the mechanisms used by parasitoids to regulate host growth and food consumption. Then, we identify the evolutionary and environmental factors that influence the direction of parasitoid host regulation in terms of arrestment or promotion of host growth. In addition, we discuss the implication of different host regulation types for the parasitoid’s role as agent of plant indirect defence. Finally, we argue that the recent research interests about parasitoid plant-mediated interactions would strongly benefit from revival of research on the mechanisms, ecology and evolution of host regulation in parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien A. C. Cuny
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cuny MAC, Bourne ME, Dicke M, Poelman EH. The enemy of my enemy is not always my friend: Negative effects of carnivorous arthropods on plants. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchel E. Bourne
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
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4
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Cusumano A, Volkoff AN. Influence of parasitoid-associated viral symbionts on plant-insect interactions and biological control. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:64-71. [PMID: 33866043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect parasitoids have evolved symbiotic interactions with several viruses and thousands of parasitoid species have established mutualistic associations with polydnaviruses (PDVs). While PDVs have often been described as virulence factors allowing development of immature parasitoids inside their herbivore hosts, there is increasing awareness that PDVs can affect plant-insect interactions. We review recent literature showing that PDVs alter not only host physiology, but also feeding patterns and composition of herbivore's oral secretions. In turn PDV-induced changes in herbivore phenotype affect plant responses to herbivory with consequences ranging from differential expression of plant defense-related genes to wider ecological effects across multiple trophic levels. In this opinion paper we also highlight important missing gaps to fully understand the role of PDVs and other parasitoid-associated viral symbionts in a plant-insect interaction perspective. Because PDVs negatively impact performance and survival of herbivore pests, we conclude arguing that PDV genomes offer potential opportunities for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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5
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Multiple Attack to Inflorescences of an Annual Plant Does Not Interfere with the Attraction of Parasitoids and Pollinators. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:175-191. [PMID: 33507456 PMCID: PMC7904547 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plants in the flowering stage need to ensure reproduction by protecting themselves from attack and by preserving interactions with mutualist pollinators. When different plant mutualists are using the same type of cues, such as volatile compounds, attraction of parasitoids and pollinators may trade off. To explore this, we compared volatile emission of Brassica nigra plants in response to single or dual attack on their inflorescences. Additionally, we recorded flower visitation by pollinators and the attraction of parasitoids in the greenhouse and/or field. Brassica nigra were exposed in the flowering stage to one or two of the following three attackers: Brevicoryne brassicae aphids, Pieris brassicae caterpillars, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani bacteria. We found that single attack by caterpillars, and dual attack by caterpillars plus aphids, induced the strongest changes in plant volatile emission. The caterpillars’ parasitoid C. glomerata did not exhibit preference for plants exposed to caterpillars only vs. plants exposed to caterpillars plus aphids or plus bacteria. However, the composition of the pollinator community associated with flowers of B. nigra was affected by plant exposure to the attackers, but the total number of pollinators visiting the plants did not change upon attack. We conclude that, when B. nigra were exposed to single or dual attack on their inflorescences, the plants maintained interactions with natural enemies of the insect attackers and with pollinators. We discuss how chemical diversity may contribute to plant resilience upon attack.
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Sun R, Gols R, Harvey JA, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Pandit SS, Vassão DG. Detoxification of plant defensive glucosinolates by an herbivorous caterpillar is beneficial to its endoparasitic wasp. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4014-4031. [PMID: 32853463 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant chemical defences impact not only herbivores, but also organisms in higher trophic levels that prey on or parasitize herbivores. While herbivorous insects can often detoxify plant chemicals ingested from suitable host plants, how such detoxification affects endoparasitoids that use these herbivores as hosts is largely unknown. Here, we used transformed plants to experimentally manipulate the major detoxification reaction used by Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) to deactivate the glucosinolate defences of its Brassicaceae host plants. We then assessed the developmental, metabolic, immune, and reproductive consequences of this genetic manipulation on the herbivore as well as its hymenopteran endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum. Inhibition of P. xylostella glucosinolate metabolism by plant-mediated RNA interference increased the accumulation of the principal glucosinolate activation products, the toxic isothiocyanates, in the herbivore, with negative effects on its growth. Although the endoparasitoid manipulated the excretion of toxins by its insect host to its own advantage, the inhibition of herbivore glucosinolate detoxification slowed endoparasitoid development, impaired its reproduction, and suppressed the expression of genes of a parasitoid-symbiotic polydnavirus that aids parasitism. Therefore, the detoxification of plant glucosinolates by an herbivore lowers its toxicity as a host and benefits the parasitoid D. semiclausum at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sagar S Pandit
- Molecular and Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Daniel G Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Harvey JA, Ode PJ, Gols R. Population- and Species-Based Variation of Webworm-Parasitoid Interactions in Hogweeds (Heracelum spp.) in the Netherlands. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:924-930. [PMID: 32457993 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In three Dutch populations of the native small hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium L. [Apiales: Apiaceae]), and one of the invasive giant hogweed (H. mantegazzianum Sommeier & Levier [Apiales: Apiaceae]), interactions between a specialist herbivore, the parsnip webworm (Depressaria radiella), and its associated parasitoids were compared during a single growing season. We found host plant species-related differences in the abundance of moth pupae, the specialist polyembryonic endoparasitoid, Copidosoma sosares, the specialist pupal parasitoid, Barichneumon heracliana, and a potential hyperparasitoid of C. sosares, Tyndaricus scaurus Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Adult D. radiella body mass was similar across the three small hogweed populations, but moths and their pupal parasitoid B. heracliana were smaller when developing on giant than on small hogweeds where the two plants grew in the same locality (Heteren). Mixed-sex and all-male broods of C. sosares were generally bigger than all-female broods. Furthermore, adult female C. sosares were larger than males and adult female mass differed among the three small hogweed populations. The frequency of pupal parasitism and hyperparasitism also varied in the different H. sphondylium populations. These results show that short-term (intra-seasonal) effects of plant population on multitrophic insects are variable among different species in a tightly linked food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Tan C, Peiffer ML, Ali JG, Luthe DS, Felton GW. Top‐down effects from parasitoids may mediate plant defence and plant fitness. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching‐Wen Tan
- Department of Entomology Penn State University University Park PA USA
| | | | - Jared G. Ali
- Department of Entomology Penn State University University Park PA USA
| | - Dawn S. Luthe
- Department of Plant Science Penn State University University Park PA USA
| | - Gary W. Felton
- Department of Entomology Penn State University University Park PA USA
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9
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Pearse IS, LoPresti E, Schaeffer RN, Wetzel WC, Mooney KA, Ali JG, Ode PJ, Eubanks MD, Bronstein JL, Weber MG. Generalising indirect defence and resistance of plants. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1137-1152. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center 2150 Centre Ave #C Ft Collins CO 80526 USA
| | - Eric LoPresti
- Department of Plant Biology Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | | | - William C. Wetzel
- Department of Entomology and Ecology Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Kailen A. Mooney
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine, CA USA
| | - Jared G. Ali
- Department of Entomology Penn State University State College PA USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Micky D. Eubanks
- Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station TX USA
| | - Judith L. Bronstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Marjorie G. Weber
- Department of Plant Biology Evolutionary Biology & Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
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Villacañas de Castro C, Hoffmeister TS. Friend or foe? A parasitic wasp shifts the cost/benefit ratio in a nursery pollination system impacting plant fitness. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4220-4232. [PMID: 32489591 PMCID: PMC7246216 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nursery pollination systems are species interactions where pollinators also act as fruit/seed herbivores of the plant partner. While the plants depend on associated insects for pollination, the insects depend on the plants' reproductive structures for larval development. The outcome of these interactions is thus placed on a gradient between mutualism and antagonism. Less specialized interactions may fluctuate along this gradient with the ecological context, where natural enemies can play an important role. We studied whether a natural enemy may impact the level of seed consumption of a nursery pollinator and how this in turn may influence individual plant fitness. We used the plant Silene latifolia, its herbivore Hadena bicruris, and its ectoparasitoid Bracon variator as a model plant-herbivore-natural enemy system. We investigated seed output, germination, survival, and flower production as proxies for individual plant fitness. We show that B. variator decreases the level of seed consumption by H. bicruris larvae which in turn increased seed output in S. latifolia plants, suggesting that parasitism by B. variator may act as a regulator in the system. However, our results also show that plant survival and flower production decrease with higher seed densities, and therefore, an increase in seed output may be less beneficial for plant fitness than estimated from seed output alone. Our study should add another layer to the complex discussion of whether parasitoids contribute to plant fitness, as we show that taking simple proxies such as seed output is insufficient to determine the net effect of multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. Hoffmeister
- Population and Evolutionary Ecology GroupInstitute of EcologyFB 02University of BremenBremenGermany
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11
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Cuny MAC, Traine J, Bustos-Segura C, Benrey B. Host density and parasitoid presence interact and shape the outcome of a tritrophic interaction on seeds of wild lima bean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18591. [PMID: 31819127 PMCID: PMC6901471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the seed beetle Zabrotes subfasciatus and its parasitoid Stenocorse bruchivora, was investigated on seeds of two populations of wild lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus. By manipulating the number of beetle larvae per seed and the presence of parasitoids, we determined how factors related to beetle larvae density, the seed in which they feed and the parasitoid, may interact and affect host and parasitoid survival. Results showed that an increase in larval beetle density had a negative impact on beetle performance. This effect cascaded up to parasitoids, high larval density strongly reduced parasitoid emergence. Also, parasitoid presence resulted in faster beetle development and lower female weight. An interactive effect between larval host density and parasitoid presence affected the number of insects that emerged from the seeds. Beetle performance was better in the bean population with the largest seeds, while parasitoid emergence was the lowest in these seeds. This study shows that the impact of parasitoids on seed beetles is contingent on the interaction between density-mediated (direct mortality) and trait-mediated (e.g. non-consumptive) effects. Indirect trait-mediated effects of natural enemies are likely prevalent across insect communities, understanding their role in driving host-parasitoid interactions can have important implications for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien A C Cuny
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Juan Traine
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Bustos-Segura
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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12
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Bustos‐Segura C, Cuny MAC, Benrey B. Parasitoids of leaf herbivores enhance plant fitness and do not alter caterpillar‐induced resistance against seed beetles. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bustos‐Segura
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Maximilien A. C. Cuny
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland
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13
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de Lange ES, Farnier K, Degen T, Gaudillat B, Aguilar-Romero R, Bahena-Juárez F, Oyama K, Turlings TCJ. Parasitic Wasps Can Reduce Mortality of Teosinte Plants Infested With Fall Armyworm: Support for a Defensive Function of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatiles. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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14
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Cuny MAC, Gendry J, Hernández-Cumplido J, Benrey B. Changes in plant growth and seed production in wild lima bean in response to herbivory are attenuated by parasitoids. Oecologia 2018; 187:447-457. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Trans-generational inheritance of herbivory-induced phenotypic changes in Brassica rapa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3536. [PMID: 29476119 PMCID: PMC5824794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic stress can induce plastic changes in fitness-relevant plant traits. Recently, it has been shown that such changes can be transmitted to subsequent generations. However, the occurrence and extent of transmission across different types of traits is still unexplored. Here, we assessed the emergence and transmission of herbivory-induced changes in Brassica rapa and their impact on interactions with insects. We analysed changes in morphology and reproductive traits as well as in flower and leaf volatile emission during two generations with leaf herbivory by Mamestra brassicae and Pieris brassicae and two subsequent generations without herbivory. Herbivory induced changes in all trait types, increasing attractiveness of the plants to the parasitoid wasp Cotesia glomerata and decreasing visitation by the pollinator Bombus terrestris, a potential trade-off. While changes in floral and leaf volatiles disappeared in the first generation after herbivory, some changes in morphology and reproductive traits were still measurable two generations after herbivory. However, neither parasitoids nor pollinators further discriminated between groups with different past treatments. Our results suggest that transmission of herbivore-induced changes occurs preferentially in resource-limited traits connected to plant growth and reproduction. The lack of alterations in plant-insect interactions was likely due to the transient nature of volatile changes.
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Pappas ML, Broekgaarden C, Broufas GD, Kant MR, Messelink GJ, Steppuhn A, Wäckers F, van Dam NM. Induced plant defences in biological control of arthropod pests: a double-edged sword. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1780-1788. [PMID: 28387028 PMCID: PMC5575458 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biological control is an important ecosystem service delivered by natural enemies. Together with breeding for plant defence, it constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling herbivores in sustainable crop production. Especially induced plant defences may be promising targets in plant breeding for resistance against arthropod pests. Because they are activated upon herbivore damage, costs are only incurred when defence is needed. Moreover, they can be more specific than constitutive defences. Nevertheless, inducible defence traits that are harming plant pest organisms may interfere with biological control agents, such as predators and parasitoids. Despite the vast fundamental knowledge on plant defence mechanisms and their effects on natural enemies, our understanding of the feasibility of combining biological control with induced plant defence in practice is relatively poor. In this review, we focus on arthropod pest control and present the most important features of biological control with natural enemies and of induced plant defence. Furthermore, we show potential synergies and conflicts among them and, finally, identify gaps and list opportunities for their combined use in crop protection. We suggest that breeders should focus on inducible resistance traits that are compatible with the natural enemies of arthropod pests, specifically traits that help communities of natural enemies to build up. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Pappas
- Democritus University of Thrace, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry SciencesDepartment of Agricultural DevelopmentOrestiadaGreece
| | - Colette Broekgaarden
- Utrecht University, Faculty of ScienceDepartment of Biology, Plant − Microbe InteractionsUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - George D Broufas
- Democritus University of Thrace, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry SciencesDepartment of Agricultural DevelopmentOrestiadaGreece
| | - Merijn R Kant
- University of AmsterdamInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Section Molecular and Chemical EcologyAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Anke Steppuhn
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitute of Biology, Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant SciencesBerlinGermany
| | - Felix Wäckers
- BiobestWesterloBelgium
- Lancaster UniversityLancaster Environment CentreUK
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Friedrich Schiller University JenaInstitute of EcologyJenaGermany
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Darshanee HLC, Ren H, Ahmed N, Zhang ZF, Liu YH, Liu TX. Volatile-Mediated Attraction of Greenhouse Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum to Tomato and Eggplant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1285. [PMID: 28775733 PMCID: PMC5517405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is known to be affected by plant volatile cues, but its attraction or repellent to specific volatile cues has not been deeply studied yet. Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify the most attractive plant among cultivars of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) to evaluate the volatiles of plants to identify the chemical compound(s) that attract T. vaporariorum. We speculated that whitefly-host plant interaction primarily depends on plant volatile emissions and that once the plant is damaged, it might attract more whiteflies. Three intact (uninfested) tomato, four intact eggplant cultivars and whitefly infested plants of the most whitefly attractive tomato and eggplant cultivars were examined by behavioral assay experiments for attractiveness to T. vaporariorum and headspace volatile were determined by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Whiteflies had the highest preference for the intact eggplant Kuai Yuan Qie (KYQ) among the eggplant and the tomato plant cultivars in bioassay experiments. Although both male and female whiteflies were significantly more attracted to infested KYQ plants than to intact plants, whitefly females did not select conspecific-infested YG plants. The volatile emissions among different plant cultivars in individual species and infested versus intact plants were significantly different. Among these volatiles, identified major green leaf volatiles [(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol] and terpenoids [α-pinene, (E)-β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, azulene] showed a constitutive relationship with the most whitefly preference plants. Our findings provide new insights into the chemical compounds that attract or repel whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewa L. C. Darshanee
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Department of Export AgricultureKandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Hui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Nazeer Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhan-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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18
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Puentes A, Björkman C. Costs and benefits of omnivore-mediated plant protection: effects of plant-feeding on Salix growth more detrimental than expected. Oecologia 2017; 184:485-496. [PMID: 28509951 PMCID: PMC5487851 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Predators can decrease herbivore damage to plants, and this is often assumed to be beneficial to plant growth/reproduction without actual quantification. Moreover, previous studies have been biased towards strict carnivores and neglected the role of omnivorous predators in prey-suppression. Here, we examined the costs (reduction in growth) and benefits (increase in growth) of enemy-mediated plant protection via the omnivorous (prey and plant-feeding) Orthotylus marginalis, relative to herbivory by a detrimental insect pest of Salix spp. plantations, the beetle Phratora vulgatissima. In a first experiment, we compared the cost of adult beetle versus omnivore nymph plant-feeding, and assessed the (non-) additive effects of the two types of damage. In a second experiment, we quantified the reduction in plant damage resulting from beetle-egg feeding by omnivorous nymphs and subsequent benefits to plants. We found that plant-feeding by omnivores negatively affected plant growth and this effect was similar to the cost imposed by beetle herbivory. Furthermore, simultaneous damage effects were additive and more detrimental than individual effects. While egg-predation by omnivore nymphs completely prevented beetle damage to plants, there was no difference in plant growth relative to only herbivore-damaged plants and growth was still reduced compared to control plants. Thus, despite herbivore suppression, there was no benefit to plant growth of omnivore-mediated plant protection and the negative effects of omnivore plant-feeding remained. These results are a first for an omnivorous enemy, and provide novel and timely insights on the underlying assumptions of tri-trophic associations and their use for biocontrol of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Thompson KA, Cory KA, Johnson MTJ. Induced defences alter the strength and direction of natural selection on reproductive traits in common milkweed. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1219-1228. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. A. Thompson
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga ON Canada
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - K. A. Cory
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga ON Canada
| | - M. T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga ON Canada
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20
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Fatouros NE, Cusumano A, Danchin EG, Colazza S. Prospects of herbivore egg-killing plant defenses for sustainable crop protection. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:6906-6918. [PMID: 28725368 PMCID: PMC5513223 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a growing demand of food production worldwide, new strategies are suggested to allow for sustainable production of food with minimal effects on natural resources. A promising alternative to the application of chemical pesticides is the implementation of crops resistant to insect pests. Plants produce compounds that are harmful to a wide range of attackers, including insect pests; thus, exploitation of their natural defense system can be the key for the development of pest-resistant crops. Interestingly, some plants possess a unique first line of defense that eliminates the enemy before it becomes destructive: egg-killing. Insect eggs can trigger (1) direct defenses, mostly including plant cell tissue growth or cell death that lead to eggs desiccating, being crushed or falling off the plant or (2) indirect defenses, plant chemical cues recruiting natural enemies that kill the egg or hatching larvae (parasitoids). The consequences of plant responses to eggs are that insect larvae do not hatch or that they are impeded in development, and damage to the plant is reduced. Here, we provide an overview on the ubiquity and evolutionary history of egg-killing traits within the plant kingdom including crops. Up to now, little is known on the mechanisms and on the genetic basis of egg-killing traits. Making use of egg-killing defense traits in crops is a promising new way to sustainably reduce losses of crop yield. We provide suggestions for new breeding strategies to grow egg-killing crops and improve biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E. Fatouros
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16700 APWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Etienne G.J. Danchin
- INRACNRS, UMR 1355‐7254Institut Sophia AgrobiotechUniversity of Nice Sophia Antipolis06900Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Stefano Colazza
- Department of Agricultural and Forest SciencesUniversity of PalermoViale delle Scienze edificio 590128PalermoItaly
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21
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Lucas‐Barbosa D, Dicke M, Kranenburg T, Aartsma Y, Beek TA, Huigens ME, Loon JJA. Endure and call for help: strategies of black mustard plants to deal with a specialized caterpillar. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dani Lucas‐Barbosa
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University, PO Box 16 Wageningen AA 6700 The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University, PO Box 16 Wageningen AA 6700 The Netherlands
| | - Twan Kranenburg
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University, PO Box 16 Wageningen AA 6700 The Netherlands
| | - Yavanna Aartsma
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University, PO Box 16 Wageningen AA 6700 The Netherlands
| | - Teris A. Beek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Wageningen University PO Box 8026 Wageningen 6700 EH The Netherlands
| | - Martinus E. Huigens
- Dutch Butterfly Conservation Mennonietenweg 10 Wageningen 6702 AD The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University, PO Box 16 Wageningen AA 6700 The Netherlands
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22
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Dicke M. Plant phenotypic plasticity in the phytobiome: a volatile issue. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 32:17-23. [PMID: 27267277 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants live in a diverse and dynamic phytobiome, consisting of a microbiome as well as a macrobiome. They respond to arthropod herbivory with the emission of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) that are public information and can be used by any member of the phytobiome. Other members of the phytobiome, which do not directly participate in the interaction, may both modulate the induction of HIPV in the plant, as well as respond to the volatiles. The use of HIPV by individual phytobiome members may have beneficial as well as detrimental consequences for the plant. The collective result of phytobiome-modulated HIPV emission on the responses of phytobiome members and the resulting phytobiome dynamics will determine whether and under which circumstances HIPV emission has a net benefit to the plant or not. Only when we understand HIPV emission in the total phytobiome context can we understand the evolutionary consequences of HIPV emission by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Ode PJ, Harvey JA, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Gols R. Differential induction of plant chemical defenses by parasitized and unparasitized herbivores: consequences for reciprocal, multitrophic interactions. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State Univ.; Fort Collins CO 80523-1177 USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Dept of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Inst. of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL-6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Max-Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus; Hans-Knoel-Strasse 8 DE-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max-Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus; Hans-Knoel-Strasse 8 DE-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen Univ.; Wageningen the Netherlands
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24
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Wilson JK, Woods HA. Protection via parasitism: Datura odors attract parasitoid flies, which inhibit Manduca larvae from feeding and growing but may not help plants. Oecologia 2015; 179:1159-71. [PMID: 26298191 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insect carnivores frequently use olfactory cues from plants to find prey or hosts. For plants, the benefits of attracting parasitoids have been controversial, partly because parasitoids often do not kill their host insect immediately. Furthermore, most research has focused on the effects of solitary parasitoids on growth and feeding of hosts, even though many parasitoids are gregarious (multiple siblings inhabit the same host). Here, we examine how a gregarious parasitoid, the tachinid fly Drino rhoeo, uses olfactory cues from the host plant Datura wrightii to find the sphingid herbivore Manduca sexta, and how parasitism affects growth and feeding of host larvae. In behavioral trials using a Y-olfactometer, female flies were attracted to olfactory cues emitted by attacked plants and by cues emitted from the frass produced by larval Manduca sexta. M. sexta caterpillars that were parasitized by D. rhoeo grew to lower maximum weights, grew more slowly, and ate less of their host plant. We also present an analytical model to predict how tri-trophic interactions change with varying herbivory levels, parasitization rates and plant sizes. This model predicted that smaller plants gain a relatively greater benefit compared to large plants in attracting D. rhoeo. By assessing the behavior, the effects of host performance, and the variation in ecological parameters of the system, we can better understand the complex interactions between herbivorous insects, the plants they live on and the third trophic level members that attack them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Wilson
- University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
| | - H A Woods
- University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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25
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Pashalidou FG, Frago E, Griese E, Poelman EH, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Fatouros NE. Early herbivore alert matters: plant-mediated effects of egg deposition on higher trophic levels benefit plant fitness. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:927-36. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Foteini G. Pashalidou
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Biocommunication & Entomology; ETH Zürich; 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Enric Frago
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Eddie Griese
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; 12163 Berlin Germany
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Nina E. Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology; Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences; Freie Universität Berlin; 12163 Berlin Germany
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