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Afridi MS, Kumar A, Javed MA, Dubey A, de Medeiros FHV, Santoyo G. Harnessing root exudates for plant microbiome engineering and stress resistance in plants. Microbiol Res 2024; 279:127564. [PMID: 38071833 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect plant's growth and production. Under stress, one of the main responses of plants is the modulation of exudates excreted in the rhizosphere, which consequently leads to alterations in the resident microbiota. Thus, the exudates discharged into the rhizospheric environment play a preponderant role in the association and formation of plant-microbe interactions. In this review, we aimed to provide a synthesis of the latest and most pertinent literature on the diverse biochemical and structural compositions of plant root exudates. Also, this work investigates into their multifaceted role in microbial nutrition and intricate signaling processes within the rhizosphere, which includes quorum-sensing molecules. Specifically, it explores the contributions of low molecular weight compounds, such as carbohydrates, phenolics, organic acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites, as well as the significance of high molecular weight compounds, including proteins and polysaccharides. It also discusses the state-of-the-art omics strategies that unveil the vital role of root exudates in plant-microbiome interactions, including defense against pathogens like nematodes and fungi. We propose multiple challenges and perspectives, including exploiting plant root exudates for host-mediated microbiome engineering. In this discourse, root exudates and their derived interactions with the rhizospheric microbiota should receive greater attention due to their positive influence on plant health and stress mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Siddique Afridi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras, CP3037, 37200-900 Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | - Muhammad Ammar Javed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Anamika Dubey
- Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar 470003, MP, India
| | | | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030 Morelia, Mexico.
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2
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Barragán‐Fonseca KY, Rusman Q, Mertens D, Weldegergis BT, Peller J, Polder G, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Insect exuviae as soil amendment affect flower reflectance and increase flower production and plant volatile emission. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:931-945. [PMID: 36514238 PMCID: PMC10107842 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil composition and herbivory are two environmental factors that can affect plant traits including flower traits, thus potentially affecting plant-pollinator interactions. Importantly, soil composition and herbivory may interact in these effects, with consequences for plant fitness. We assessed the main effects of aboveground insect herbivory and soil amendment with exuviae of three different insect species on visual and olfactory traits of Brassica nigra plants, including interactive effects. We combined various methodological approaches including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, spectroscopy and machine learning to evaluate changes in flower morphology, colour and the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Soil amended with insect exuviae increased the total number of flowers per plant and VOC emission, whereas herbivory reduced petal area and VOC emission. Soil amendment and herbivory interacted in their effect on the floral reflectance spectrum of the base part of petals and the emission of 10 VOCs. These findings demonstrate the effects of insect exuviae as soil amendment on plant traits involved in reproduction, with a potential for enhanced reproductive success by increasing the strength of signals attracting pollinators and by mitigating the negative effects of herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y. Barragán‐Fonseca
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Grupo en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Instituto de Ciencias NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
| | - Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Daan Mertens
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Joseph Peller
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Polder
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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3
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Liu J, Zhang J, Shen J, Zhao H, Ma W, Jiang Y. Differences in EAG Response and Behavioral Choices between Honey Bee and Bumble Bee to Tomato Flower Volatiles. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13110987. [PMID: 36354811 PMCID: PMC9697709 DOI: 10.3390/insects13110987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees and honey bees are of vital importance for tomato pollination, although honey bees are less attracted to tomato flowers than bumble bees. Little is known about how tomato flower volatile compounds influence the foraging behaviors of honey bees and bumble bees. In this study, compounds of tomato flower volatiles were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Electroantennography (EAG) and a dynamic two-choice olfactometer were used, respectively, to compare the differences of antennal and behavioral responses between Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris towards selected volatile compounds. A total of 46 compounds were detected from the tomato flower volatiles. Of the 16 compounds tested, A. mellifera showed strong antennal responses to 3 compounds (1-nonanal, (+)-dihydrocarvone, and toluene) when compared with a mineral oil control, and B. terrestris showed 7 pronounced EAG responses (1,3-xylene, (+)-dihydrocarvone, toluene, piperitone, eucarvone, 1-nonanal, and β-ocimene). Additionally, 1-nonanal and (+)-dihydrocarvone elicited significant avoidance behavior of A. mellifera, but not of B. terrestris. In conclusion, bumble bees are more sensitive to the compounds of tomato flower volatiles compared to honey bees, and honey bees showed aversion to some compounds of tomato flower volatiles. The findings indicated that compounds of flower volatiles significantly influenced bee foraging preference for tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjia Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jinshan Shen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Huiting Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Weihua Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yusuo Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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4
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Huang L, Liu Y, Dou L, Pan S, Li Z, Zhang J, Li J. Mutualist- and antagonist-mediated selection contribute to trait diversification of flowers. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14107. [PMID: 36196403 PMCID: PMC9527018 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowers are generally short-lived, and they all face a multidimensional challenge because they have to attract mutualists, compel them to vector pollen with minimal investment in rewards, and repel floral enemies during this short time window. Their displays are under complex selection, either consistent or conflicting, to maximize reproductive fitness under heterogeneous environments. The phenological or morphological mismatches between flowers and visitors will influence interspecific competition, resource access, mating success and, ultimately, population and community dynamics. To better understand the effects of the plant visitors on floral traits, it is necessary to determine the functional significance of specific floral traits for the visitors; how plants respond to both mutualists and antagonists through adaptive changes; and to evaluate the net fitness effects of biological mutualisms and antagonism on plants. In this review, we bring together insights from fields as diverse as floral biology, insect behavioral responses, and evolutionary biology to explain the processes and patterns of floral diversity evolution. Then, we discuss the ecological significance of plant responses to mutualists and antagonists from a community perspective, and propose a set of research questions that can guide the research field to integrate studies of plant defense and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Dou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shaobin Pan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | | | - Jin Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Yang HH, Xu JW, Zhang XQ, Huang JR, Li LL, Yao WC, Zhao PP, Zhang D, Liu JY, Dewer Y, Zhu XY, Li XM, Zhang YN. AlepPBP2, but not AlepPBP3, may involve in the recognition of sex pheromones and maize volatiles in Athetis lepigone. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 112:536-545. [PMID: 35199636 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Athetis lepigone Möschler (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is a common maize pest in Europe and Asia. However, there is no long-term effective management strategy is available yet to suppress its population. Adults rely heavily on olfactory cues to locate their optimal host plants and oviposition sites. Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are believed to be responsible for recognizing and transporting different odorant molecules to interact with receptor membrane proteins. In this study, the ligand-binding specificities of two AlepPBPs (AlepPBP2 and AlepPBP3) for sex pheromone components and host plant (maize) volatiles were measured by fluorescence ligand-binding assay. The results demonstrated that AlepPBP2 had a high affinity with two pheromones [(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, Ki = 1.11 ± 0.1 μM, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, Ki = 1.32 ± 0.15 μM] and ten plant volatiles, including (-)-limonene, α-pinene, myrcene, linalool, benzaldehyde, nonanal, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 2-heptanone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one. In contrast, we found that none of these chemicals could bind to AlepPBP3. Our results clearly show no significant differences in the functional characterization of the binding properties between AlepPBP2 and AlepPBP3 to sex pheromones and host plant volatiles. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed for further detail on some crucial amino acid residues involved in the ligand-binding of AlepPBP2. These findings will provide valuable information about the potential protein binding sites necessary for protein-ligand interactions which appear as attractive targets for the development of novel technologies and management strategies for insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Ji-Wei Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Rong Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, MOA's Regional Key Lab of Crop IPM in Southern Part of Northern China, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu-Lu Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Wei-Chen Yao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Jia-Yi Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
- College of Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Phytotoxicity Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, 7 Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Xiu-Yun Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Featured Resource Plants, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
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6
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de Souza LA, Souza B, Vasconcelos Pereira R, Morales MN, G. V. Peñaflor MF. Leaf beetle herbivory shapes the subsequent flower-visiting insect community and impacts plant reproduction. ECOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2022.2043004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brígida Souza
- Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Brazil
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7
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An Integrative Volatile Terpenoid Profiling and Transcriptomics Analysis in Hoya cagayanensis, Hoya lacunosa and Hoya coriacea (Apocynaceae, Marsdenieae). HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hoya’s R.Br. attractive flower shapes and unique scents make it suitable to be exploited as a new source of tropical fragrance. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites using phytochemical and transcriptomic approaches to understand the mechanisms of scents biosynthesis, especially terpenoid in Hoya. Three Hoya flower species were selected in this study: Hoya cagayanensis, Hoya lacunosa, and Hoya coriacea. The secondary metabolite profiles characterizing scents on flowers were performed using head space solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed 23 compounds from H. cagayanensis, 14 from H. lacunose, and 36 from H. coriacea. Volatiles from the three species had different fragrance profiles, with β-ocimene and methyl salicylate compounds dominating the odor in H. cagayanensis. The 1-octane-3-ol was found highest in H. lacunosa, and (Z)-acid butyric, 3-hexenyl ester was found highest in H. coriacea. Subsequent studies were conducted to identify the biosynthesis pathway of secondary metabolites responsible for the aroma profile released by Hoya flowers through transcriptome sequencing using the Illumina Hiseq 4000 platform. A total of 109,240 (75.84%) unigenes in H. cagayanensis, 42,479 (69.00%) in H. lacunosa and 72,610 (70.55%) in H. coriacea of the total unigenes were successfully annotated using public databases such as NCBI-Nr, KEGG, InterPro, and Gene Ontology (GO). In conclusion, this study successfully identified the complete outline of terpenoid biosynthesis pathways for the first time in Hoya. This discovery could lead to the exploitation of new knowledge in producing high-value compounds using the synthetic biology approach.
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8
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Rusman Q, Hooiveld‐Knoppers S, Dijksterhuis M, Bloem J, Reichelt M, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Flowers prepare thyselves: leaf and root herbivores induce specific changes in floral phytochemistry with consequences for plant interactions with florivores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2548-2560. [PMID: 34953172 PMCID: PMC9305281 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic plasticity of flowering plants in response to herbivore damage to vegetative tissues can affect plant interactions with flower-feeding organisms. Such induced systemic responses are probably regulated by defence-related phytohormones that signal flowers to alter secondary chemistry that affects resistance to florivores. Current knowledge on the effects of damage to vegetative tissues on plant interactions with florivores and the underlying mechanisms is limited. We compared the preference and performance of two florivores on flowering Brassica nigra plants damaged by one of three herbivores feeding from roots or leaves. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we quantified expression patterns of marker genes for defence-related phytohormonal pathways, and concentrations of phytohormones and glucosinolates in buds and flowers. Florivores displayed contrasting preferences for plants damaged by herbivores feeding on roots and leaves. Chewing florivores performed better on plants damaged by folivores, but worse on plants damaged by the root herbivore. Chewing root and foliar herbivory led to specific induced changes in the phytohormone profile of buds and flowers. This resulted in increased glucosinolate concentrations for leaf-damaged plants, and decreased glucosinolate concentrations for root-damaged plants. The outcome of herbivore-herbivore interactions spanning from vegetative tissues to floral tissues is unique for the inducing root/leaf herbivore and receiving florivore combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZürichZollikerstrasse 1078008ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Sanne Hooiveld‐Knoppers
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Dijksterhuis
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Janneke Bloem
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll‐Strasse 807745JenaGermany
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708PBthe Netherlands
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9
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Floral secondary metabolites in context of biotic and abiotic stress factors. CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Roy N. Synergism in Host Selection Behavior of Three Generalist Insects Towards Leaf Cuticular Wax of Sesame Cultivars. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:812-827. [PMID: 34232494 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf cuticular wax plays important role in host selection, oviposition, and feeding of phytophagous insects. Thus, the role of cuticular wax of sesame (Sesamum indicum) cultivars (Savitri and Nirmala) in host selection of 3 generalist pests (Spilosoma obliqua Walker, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, and Spodoptera litura Fabricius) was investigated under laboratory conditions. The GC-MS and GC-FID analyses of leaf surface waxes of both cultivars indicated the presence of 14 n-alkanes from n-C9 to n-C44 and 12 free fatty acids (FFAs) from C9:0 to C20:0. The most predominant n-alkane and FFA of the cultivars were n-C26 (94.3 ± 7.27 μg leaf-1) and C18:1 (110.8 ± 10.07 μg leaf-1), respectively present in Savitri cultivar. The generalists used visual (color and shape), olfactory (odorous n-alkanes and FFAs), tactile (surface ultra-structure), and gustatory (cuticular wax) cues in a synergistic manner for their host selection through attraction (adults and larvae) followed by oviposition (adults) and feeding (larvae) on studied cultivars (Savitri > Nirmala). Their olfactory responses were maximum towards 2 leaf equivalent amount, whereas oviposition and feeding preference were maximum towards 4 leaf equivalent amount of the combined synthetic (4 n-alkanes (n-C16, n-C22, n-C24, n-C26) + 3 FFAs (C12:0, C14:0, C18:1)) mixture-treated intact leaf of cultivar Savitri. This finding can suggest that the synthetic blend (4 n-alkanes + 3 FFAs) in leaf equivalent amount (396.6 ± 4.13 μg leaf-1) or more from cultivar Savitri can be used as lures to develop baited trap. In addition, the cultivar Nirmala can be used as a resistant cultivar in the ecological pest management (EPM) framework of these target pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan Roy
- Ecology Research Unit, Dept. of Zoology, M.U.C. Women's College, Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
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11
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The Chemistry of Stress: Understanding the 'Cry for Help' of Plant Roots. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060357. [PMID: 34199628 PMCID: PMC8228326 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are faced with various biotic and abiotic stresses during their life cycle. To withstand these stresses, plants have evolved adaptive strategies including the production of a wide array of primary and secondary metabolites. Some of these metabolites can have direct defensive effects, while others act as chemical cues attracting beneficial (micro)organisms for protection. Similar to aboveground plant tissues, plant roots also appear to have evolved “a cry for help” response upon exposure to stress, leading to the recruitment of beneficial microorganisms to help minimize the damage caused by the stress. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that microbial recruitment to the plant roots is, at least in part, mediated by quantitative and/or qualitative changes in root exudate composition. Both volatile and water-soluble compounds have been implicated as important signals for the recruitment and activation of beneficial root-associated microbes. Here we provide an overview of our current understanding of belowground chemical communication, particularly how stressed plants shape its protective root microbiome.
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12
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Giavi S, Fontaine C, Knop E. Impact of artificial light at night on diurnal plant-pollinator interactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1690. [PMID: 33727549 PMCID: PMC7966740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night has rapidly spread around the globe over the last decades. Evidence is increasing that it has adverse effects on the behavior, physiology, and survival of animals and plants with consequences for species interactions and ecosystem functioning. For example, artificial light at night disrupts plant-pollinator interactions at night and this can have consequences for the plant reproductive output. By experimentally illuminating natural plant-pollinator communities during the night using commercial street-lamps we tested whether light at night can also change interactions of a plant-pollinator community during daytime. Here we show that artificial light at night can alter diurnal plant-pollinator interactions, but the direction of the change depends on the plant species. We conclude that the effect of artificial light at night on plant-pollinator interactions is not limited to the night, but can also propagate to the daytime with so far unknown consequences for the pollinator community and the diurnal pollination function and services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Giavi
- Departement of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Colin Fontaine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, CESCO, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Eva Knop
- Departement of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Departement of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Schroeder H, Grab H, Kessler A, Poveda K. Human-Mediated Land Use Change Drives Intraspecific Plant Trait Variation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:592881. [PMID: 33519849 PMCID: PMC7840540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.592881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, more than three quarters of ice-free land has experienced some form of human-driven habitat modification, with agriculture dominating 40% of the Earth's surface. This land use change alters the quality, availability, and configuration of habitat resources, affecting the community composition of plants and insects, as well as their interactions with each other. Landscapes dominated by agriculture are known to support a lower abundance and diversity of pollinators and frequently larger populations of key herbivore pests. In turn, insect communities subsidized by agriculture may spill into remaining natural habitats with consequences for wild plants persisting in (semi) natural habitats. Adaptive responses by wild plants may allow them to persist in highly modified landscapes; yet how landscape-mediated variation in insect communities affects wild plant traits related to reproduction and defense remains largely unknown. We synthesize the evidence for plant trait changes across land use gradients and propose potential mechanisms by which landscape-mediated changes in insect communities may be driving these trait changes. Further, we present results from a common garden experiment on three wild Brassica species demonstrating variation in both defensive and reproductive traits along an agricultural land use gradient. Our framework illustrates the potential for plant adaptation under land use change and predicts how defense and reproduction trait expression may shift in low diversity landscapes. We highlight areas of future research into plant population and community effects of land use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Schroeder
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Heather Grab
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Jacobsen DJ, Raguso RA. Leaf Induction Impacts Behavior and Performance of a Pollinating Herbivore. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:791680. [PMID: 34975977 PMCID: PMC8718909 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.791680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants use volatiles to attract pollinators while deterring herbivores. Vegetative and floral traits may interact to affect insect behavior. Pollinator behavior is most likely influenced by leaf traits when larval stages interact with plants in different ways than adult stages, such as when larvae are leaf herbivores but adult moths visit flowers as pollinators. Here, we determine how leaf induction and corresponding volatile differences in induced plants influence behavior in adult moths and whether these preferences align with larval performance. We manipulated vegetative induction in four Nicotiana species. Using paired induced and control plants of the same species with standardized artificial flowers, we measured foraging and oviposition choices by their ecologically and economically important herbivore/pollinator, Manduca sexta. In parallel, we measured growth rates of M. sexta larvae fed leaves from control or induced plants to determine if this was consistent with female oviposition preference. Lastly, we used plant headspace collections and gas chromatography to quantify volatile compounds from both induced and control leaves to link changes in plant chemistry with moth behavior. In the absence of floral chemical cues, vegetative defensive status influenced adult moth foraging preference from artificial flowers in one species (N. excelsior), where females nectared from induced plants more often than control plants. Plant vegetative resistance consistently influenced oviposition choice such that moths deposited more eggs on control plants than on induced plants of all four species. This oviposition preference for control plants aligned with higher larval growth rates on control leaves compared with induced leaves. Control and induced plants of each species had similar leaf volatile profiles, but induced plants had higher emission levels. Leaves of N. excelsior produced the most volatile compounds, including some inducible compounds typically associated with floral scent. We demonstrate that vegetative plant defensive volatiles play a role in host plant selection and that insects assess information from leaves differently when choosing between nectaring and oviposition locations. These results underscore the complex interactions between plants, their pollinators, and herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidra J. Jacobsen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Deidra J. Jacobsen,
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Prior Experience with Food Reward Influences the Behavioral Responses of the Honeybee Apis mellifera and the Bumblebee Bombus lantschouensis to Tomato Floral Scent. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120884. [PMID: 33327411 PMCID: PMC7764895 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bees are important pollinators for many agricultural crops. Compared with bumblebees, honeybees are less attracted to tomato flowers. Floral scent usually plays an important role in mediating the foraging behavior of bees, and tomato flowers release special scents. However, little is known about how tomato floral scent regulates the foraging behaviors of these two bee taxa. In the current study, we investigated the foraging behaviors of the widely used pollinator honeybee Apis mellifera and a native bumblebee, Bombus lantschouensis, on tomato flowers to evaluate the potential application of these two bee species for tomato pollination in solar greenhouses. Moreover, we determined whether honeybees and bumblebees show different responses to tomato floral scent and how innate biases and prior experience influence bee choice behavior. We found that naïve bees showed no preference for tomato floral scent but could develop such a preference after learning to associate tomato floral scent with a food reward on the basis of foraging experience or scent-learning procedures. We conclude that scent-learning experiences with food reward can change the innate bias of bees and could be utilized to improve the pollination service efficiency of bees for commercial crops. Abstract Bee responses to floral scent are usually influenced by both innate biases and prior experience. Honeybees are less attracted than bumblebees to tomato flowers. However, little is known about how tomato floral scent regulates the foraging behaviors of honeybees and bumblebees. In this study, the foraging behaviors of the honeybee Apis mellifera and the bumblebee Bombus lantschouensis on tomato flowers in greenhouses were investigated. Whether the two bee species exhibit different responses to tomato floral scent and how innate biases and prior experience influence bee choice behavior were examined. In the greenhouses, honeybees failed to collect pollen from tomato flowers, and their foraging activities decreased significantly over days. Additionally, neither naïve honeybees nor naïve bumblebees showed a preference for tomato floral scent in a Y-tube olfactometer. However, foraging experience in the tomato greenhouses helped bumblebees develop a strong preference for the scent, whereas honeybees with foraging experience continued to show aversion to tomato floral scent. After learning to associate tomato floral scent with a sugar reward in proboscis extension response (PER) assays, both bee species exhibited a preference for tomato floral scent in Y-tube olfactometers. The findings indicated that prior experience with a food reward strongly influenced bee preference for tomato floral scent.
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Shan X, Li Y, Yang S, Yang Z, Qiu M, Gao R, Han T, Meng X, Xu Z, Wang L, Gao X. The spatio-temporal biosynthesis of floral flavonols is controlled by differential phylogenetic MYB regulators in Freesia hybrida. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1864-1879. [PMID: 32696979 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Floral flavonols play specific pivotal roles in pollinator attraction, pollen germination and fertility, in addition to other functions in vegetative organs. For many plants, the process of flavonol biosynthesis in late flower development stages and in mature flower tissues is poorly understood, in contrast to early flower development stages. It is thought that this process may be regulated independently of subgroup 7 R2R3 MYB (SG7 MYB) transcription factors. In this study, two FLS genes were shown to be expressed synchronously with the flower development-specific and tissue-specific biosynthesis of flavonols in Freesia hybrida. FhFLS1 contributed to flavonol biosynthesis in early flower buds, toruses and calyxes, and was regulated by four well-known SG7 MYB proteins, designated as FhMYBFs, with at least partial regulatory redundancy. FhFLS2 accounted for flavonols in late developed flowers and in the petals, stamens and pistils, and was targeted directly by non SG7 MYB protein FhMYB21L2. In parallel, AtMYB21 and AtMYB24 also activated AtFLS1, a gene highly expressed in Arabidopsis anthers and pollen, indicating the conserved regulatory roles of MYB21 against FLS genes in these two evolutionarily divergent angiosperm plants. Our results reveal a novel regulatory and synthetic mechanism underlying flavonol biosynthesis in floral organs and tissues which may be exploited to investigate supplementary roles of flavonols in flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yueqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Meng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Ruifang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Taotao Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Zhengyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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Nakano S, Oguro M, Itagaki T, Sakai S. Florivory defence: are phenolic compounds distributed non-randomly within perianths? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plants might allocate chemical defences unequally within attractive units of flowers including petals, sepals, and bracts because of variations in the probability of florivory. Based on optimal defence theory, which predicts that plants allocate higher chemical defences to tissues with higher probabilities of herbivore attack, we predicted that distal parts and sepals would have higher chemical defence allocations than proximal parts and petals. To test this prediction, we compared total phenolics and condensed tannins concentrations as well as presence of florivory within attractive units of ten angiosperm species. In agreement with the prediction, the overall results showed that the distal parts had higher total phenolics and condensed tannins than the proximal parts. On the other hand, contrary to the prediction, petals and sepals showed no tissue-specific variations. Florivory was more severe on the distal parts than the proximal parts, although statistical support for the variation was slightly weak, while the variations in presence of florivory between petals and sepals differed between the distal and proximal parts. These results may support the prediction of the optimal defence theory because distal parts of attractive units had higher presence of florivory and concentration of chemical defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Nakano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michio Oguro
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Itagaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoki Sakai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Haas SM, Lortie CJ. A systematic review of the direct and indirect effects of herbivory on plant reproduction mediated by pollination. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9049. [PMID: 32551190 PMCID: PMC7289145 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant reproduction is influenced by the net outcome of plant-herbivore and plant-pollinator interactions. While both herbivore impacts and pollinator impacts on plant reproduction have been widely studied, few studies examine them in concert. METHODOLOGY Here, we review the contemporary literature that examines the net outcomes of herbivory and pollination on plant reproduction and the impacts of herbivores on pollination through damage to shared host plants using systematic review tools. The direct or indirect effects of herbivores on floral tissue and reported mechanisms were compiled including the taxonomic breadth of herbivores, plants and pollinators. RESULTS A total of 4,304 studies were examined producing 59 relevant studies for synthesis that reported both pollinator and herbivore measures. A total of 49% of studies examined the impact of direct damage to floral tissue through partial florivory while 36% of studies also examined the impact of vegetative damage on pollination through folivory, root herbivory, and stem damage. Only three studies examined the effects of both direct and indirect damage to pollination outcomes within the same study. CONCLUSIONS It is not unreasonable to assume that plants often sustain simultaneous forms of damage to different tissues and that the net effects can be assessed through differences in reproductive output. Further research that controls for other relative drivers of reproductive output but examines more than one pathway of damage simultaneously will inform our understanding of the mechanistic relevance of herbivore impacts on pollination and also highlight interactions between herbivores and pollinators through plants. It is clear that herbivory can impact plant fitness through pollination; however, the relative importance of direct and indirect damage to floral tissue on plant reproduction is still largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J. Lortie
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Liu H, Macdonald CA, Cook J, Anderson IC, Singh BK. An Ecological Loop: Host Microbiomes across Multitrophic Interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:1118-1130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Flying Drosophila show sex-specific attraction to fly-labelled food. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14947. [PMID: 31628403 PMCID: PMC6802089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals searching for food and sexual partners often use odourant mixtures combining food-derived molecules and pheromones. For orientation, the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster uses three types of chemical cues: (i) the male volatile pheromone 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA), (ii) sex-specific cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs; and CH-derived compounds), and (iii) food-derived molecules resulting from microbiota activity. To evaluate the effects of these chemicals on odour-tracking behaviour, we tested Drosophila individuals in a wind tunnel. Upwind flight and food preference were measured in individual control males and females presented with a choice of two food sources labelled by fly lines producing varying amounts of CHs and/or cVA. The flies originated from different species or strains, or their microbiota was manipulated. We found that (i) fly-labelled food could attract—but never repel—flies; (ii) the landing frequency on fly-labelled food was positively correlated with an increased flight duration; (iii) male—but not female or non-sex-specific—CHs tended to increase the landing frequency on fly-labelled food; (iv) cVA increased female—but not male—preference for cVA-rich food; and (v) microbiota-derived compounds only affected male upwind flight latency. Therefore, sex pheromones interact with food volatile chemicals to induce sex-specific flight responses in Drosophila.
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Papazian S, Girdwood T, Wessels BA, Poelman EH, Dicke M, Moritz T, Albrectsen BR. Leaf metabolic signatures induced by real and simulated herbivory in black mustard (Brassica nigra). Metabolomics 2019; 15:130. [PMID: 31563978 PMCID: PMC6765471 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The oxylipin methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a plant hormone active in response signalling and defence against herbivores. Although MeJA is applied experimentally to mimic herbivory and induce plant defences, its downstream effects on the plant metabolome are largely uncharacterized, especially in the context of primary growth and tissue-specificity of the response. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of MeJA-simulated and real caterpillar herbivory on the foliar metabolome of the wild plant Brassica nigra and monitored the herbivore-induced responses in relation to leaf ontogeny. METHODS As single or multiple herbivory treatments, MeJA- and mock-sprayed plants were consecutively exposed to caterpillars or left untreated. Gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (TOF-MS) were combined to analyse foliar compounds, including central primary and specialized defensive plant metabolites. RESULTS Plant responses were stronger in young leaves, which simultaneously induced higher chlorophyll levels. Both MeJA and caterpillar herbivory induced similar, but not identical, accumulation of tricarboxylic acids (TCAs), glucosinolates (GSLs) and phenylpropanoids (PPs), but only caterpillar feeding led to depletion of amino acids. MeJA followed by caterpillars caused higher induction of defence compounds, including a three-fold increase in the major defence compound allyl-GSL (sinigrin). When feeding on MeJA-treated plants, caterpillars gained less weight indicative of the reduced host-plant quality and enhanced resistance. CONCLUSIONS The metabolomics approach showed that plant responses induced by herbivory extend beyond the regulation of defence metabolism and are tightly modulated throughout leaf development. This leads to a new understanding of the plant metabolic potential that can be exploited for future plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Papazian
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tristan Girdwood
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernard A. Wessels
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- 0000 0001 0791 5666grid.4818.5Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- 0000 0001 0791 5666grid.4818.5Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Moritz
- 0000 0000 8578 2742grid.6341.0Department of Forest Genetic and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benedicte R. Albrectsen
- 0000 0001 1034 3451grid.12650.30Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University (Umeå Plant Science Centre), 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Fricke U, Lucas-Barbosa D, Douma JC. No evidence of flowering synchronization upon floral volatiles for a short lived annual plant species: revisiting an appealing hypothesis. BMC Ecol 2019; 19:29. [PMID: 31391049 PMCID: PMC6685148 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-incompatible plants require simultaneous flowering mates for crosspollination and reproduction. Though the presence of flowering conspecifics and pollination agents are important for reproductive success, so far no cues that signal the flowering state of potential mates have been identified. Here, we empirically tested the hypothesis that plant floral volatiles induce flowering synchrony among self-incompatible conspecifics by acceleration of flowering and flower opening rate of non-flowering conspecifics. We exposed Brassica rapa Maarssen, a self-incompatible, in rather dense patches growing annual, to (1) flowering or non-flowering conspecifics or to (2) floral volatiles of conspecifics by isolating plants in separate containers with a directional airflow. In the latter, odors emitted by non-flowering conspecifics were used as control. RESULTS Date of first bud, duration of first flower bud, date of first flower, maximum number of open flowers and flower opening rate were not affected by the presence of conspecific flowering neighbors nor by floral volatiles directly. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a compelling approach to empirically test the role of flower synchronization by floral volatiles and challenges the premises that are underlying this hypothesis. We argue that the life history of the plant as well as its interaction with pollinators and insect herbivores, as well as the distance over which volatiles may serve as synchronization cue, set constraints on the fitness benefits of synchronized flowering which needs to be taken into account when testing the role of floral volatiles in synchronized flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Fricke
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dani Lucas-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Bio-Communication & Ecology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob C Douma
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Rusman Q, Lucas-Barbosa D, Poelman EH, Dicke M. Ecology of Plastic Flowers. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:725-740. [PMID: 31204246 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenotypic plasticity in response to herbivore attack includes changes in flower traits. Such herbivore-induced changes in flower traits have consequences for interactions with flower visitors. We synthesize here current knowledge on the specificity of herbivore-induced changes in flower traits, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the ecological consequences for flower-associated communities. Herbivore-induced changes in flower traits seem to be largely herbivore species-specific. The extensive plasticity observed in flowers influences a highly connected web of interactions within the flower-associated community. We argue that the adaptive value of herbivore-induced plant responses and flower plasticity can be fully understood only from a community perspective rather than from pairwise interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dani Lucas-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Rusman Q, Poelman EH, Nowrin F, Polder G, Lucas‐Barbosa D. Floral plasticity: Herbivore-species-specific-induced changes in flower traits with contrasting effects on pollinator visitation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1882-1896. [PMID: 30659631 PMCID: PMC6850075 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenotypic plasticity in response to antagonists can affect other community members such as mutualists, conferring potential ecological costs associated with inducible plant defence. For flowering plants, induction of defences to deal with herbivores can lead to disruption of plant-pollinator interactions. Current knowledge on the full extent of herbivore-induced changes in flower traits is limited, and we know little about specificity of induction of flower traits and specificity of effect on flower visitors. We exposed flowering Brassica nigra plants to six insect herbivore species and recorded changes in flower traits (flower abundance, morphology, colour, volatile emission, nectar quantity, and pollen quantity and size) and the behaviour of two pollinating insects. Our results show that herbivory can affect multiple flower traits and pollinator behaviour. Most plastic floral traits were flower morphology, colour, the composition of the volatile blend, and nectar production. Herbivore-induced changes in flower traits resulted in positive, negative, or neutral effects on pollinator behaviour. Effects on flower traits and pollinator behaviour were herbivore species-specific. Flowers show extensive plasticity in response to antagonist herbivores, with contrasting effects on mutualist pollinators. Antagonists can potentially act as agents of selection on flower traits and plant reproduction via plant-mediated interactions with mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Farzana Nowrin
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Polder
- Greenhouse HorticultureWageningen University, WageningenThe Netherlands
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Liu H, Brettell LE. Plant Defense by VOC-Induced Microbial Priming. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:187-189. [PMID: 30738790 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The plant holobiont extends the plant's capacity for nutrient acquisition and stress protection. Recent studies show that under biotic stress plants can promote the acquisition of certain beneficial bacteria to their rhizosphere. Active emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a newly identified mechanism utilized by plants for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liu
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia.
| | - Laura E Brettell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
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26
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Barônio GJ, Oliveira DC. Eavesdropping on gall-plant interactions: the importance of the signaling function of induced volatiles. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1665454. [PMID: 31538533 PMCID: PMC6804696 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1665454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The galling insect manipulates the host plant tissue to its own benefit, building the gall structure where it spends during most of its life cycle. These specialist herbivore insects can induce and manipulate plant structure and metabolism throughout gall development and may affect plant volatile emission. Consequently, volatile emission from altered metabolism contribute to eavesdropping cueing. Eavesdropping can be part of adaptive strategies used by evolution for both galling insects and the entire-associated community in order to cue some interaction response. This is in contrast to some herbivores associated with delayed induced responses, altering plant metabolites during the short time while they feed. Due to the different lifestyles of the galling organism, which are associated with different plant tissues and organs (e.g leaves, flowers or fruits), a distinct diversity of organisms may eavesdrop on induced volatiles interacting with the galls. Furthermore, the eavesdropping cues may be defined according to the phenological coupling between galling organism and host plant, which results from the development of a gall structure. For instance, when plants release volatile-induced defenses after galling insects' activity, another interactor may perceive these volatiles and change its behavior and interactions with host plants and galls. Thus, natural enemies could be attracted by different volatiles emitted by the gall tissues. Considering the duration of the life cycle of the galling organism and the gall, the temporal extent of gall-induced volatiles may include more persistent volatile cues and eavesdropping effects than the volatiles induced by non-galling herbivores. Accordingly, from chemical ecology perspective we expect that galling herbivore-induced volatiles may exhibit robust effects on neighboring-plant interactions including those ones during different plant developmental or phenological periods. Information about multitrophic interactions between insects and plants supports the additional understanding of direct and indirect effects, and allows insight into new hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudryan J. Barônio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
- CONTACT Gudryan J. Barônio Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Rodovia MGT 367 - Km 583, nº 5.000, Alto da Jacuba, CEP 39100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
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Jachuła J, Konarska A, Denisow B. Micromorphological and histochemical attributes of flowers and floral reward in Linaria vulgaris (Plantaginaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1763-1776. [PMID: 29862424 PMCID: PMC6208823 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The self-incompatible flowers of Linaria vulgaris have developed a range of mechanisms for attraction of insect visitors/pollinators and deterrence of ineffective pollinators and herbivores. These adaptive traits include the flower size and symmetry, the presence of a spur as a "secondary nectar presenter," olfactory (secondary metabolites) and sensual (scent, flower color, nectar guide-contrasting palate) signals, and floral rewards, i.e. pollen and nectar. Histochemical tests revealed that the floral glandular trichomes produced essential oils and flavonoids, and pollen grains contained flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids, which play a role of olfactory attractants/repellents. The nectary gland is disc-shaped and located at the base of the ovary. Nectar is secreted through numerous modified stomata. Nectar secretion began in the bud stage and lasted to the end of anthesis. The amount of produced nectar depended on the flower age and ranged from 0.21 to 3.95 mg/flower (mean = 1.51 mg). The concentration of sugars in the nectar reached up to 57.0%. Both the nectar amount and sugar concentration demonstrated a significant year and population effect. Pollen production was variable between the years of the study. On average, a single flower of L. vulgaris produced 0.31 mg of pollen. The spectrum of insect visitors in the flowers of L. vulgaris differed significantly between populations. In the urban site, Bombus terrestris and Apis mellifera were the most common visitors, while a considerable number of visits of wasps and syrphid flies were noted in the rural site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jachuła
- Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka St., 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Konarska
- Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka St., 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Denisow
- Department of Botany, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka St., 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
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Soper Gorden NL, Adler LS. Consequences of multiple flower-insect interactions for subsequent plant-insect interactions and plant reproduction. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1835-1846. [PMID: 30376158 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plants often interact simultaneously with multiple antagonists and mutualists that can alter plant traits at the phenotypic or genetic level, subsequent plant-insect interactions, and reproduction. Although many studies have examined the effects of single floral antagonisms on subsequent pollination and plant reproduction, we know very little about the combined, potentially non-additive effects of multiple flower-insect interactions. METHODS We simulated increased florivory, nectar robbing, and pollination on field-grown Impatiens capensis, which allowed us to determine interactive effects on five subsequent plant-insect interactions and 16 plant traits, including traits related to plant growth, floral attractiveness, floral defenses, and plant reproduction. KEY RESULTS All three manipulative treatments had significant non-additive effects on the behavior of subsequent floral visitors, indicating that the effect of floral visitors generally depended on the presence or behavior of others. Pollination increased visitation by both pollinators and nectar larcenists (robbers and thieves), while florivory reduced pollinator and larcenist visits. Surprisingly, supplemental pollination also increased leaf herbivory. Florivores often responded to manipulations in opposite ways than did nectar larcenists and pollinators, suggesting different mechanisms influencing visitors that consume nectar compared to floral tissue. While our treatments did not affect any floral trait measured, they non-additively impacted plant reproduction, with florivory having a larger overall impact than either nectar robbing or pollination. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize the importance of understanding the context in which flower-insect interactions occur because the composition of the interacting community can have large and non-additive impacts on subsequent insect behavior and plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Soper Gorden
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Lynn S Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Li C, Wong AYP, Wang S, Jia Q, Chuang WP, Bendena WG, Tobe SS, Yang SH, Chung G, Chan TF, Lam HM, Bede JC, Hui JHL. miRNA-Mediated Interactions in and between Plants and Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3239. [PMID: 30347694 PMCID: PMC6213987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of microRNA (miRNA) regulation of gene expression and protein translation, as a critical area of cellular regulation, has blossomed in the last two decades. Recently, it has become apparent that in plant-insect interactions, both plants and insects use miRNAs to regulate their biological processes, as well as co-opting each others' miRNA systems. In this review article, we discuss the current paradigms of miRNA-mediated cellular regulation and provide examples of plant-insect interactions that utilize this regulation. Lastly, we discuss the potential biotechnological applications of utilizing miRNAs in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chade Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre of Soybean Research, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Annette Y P Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre of Soybean Research, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Plant Nutrition of Heilongjiang Province, Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education/College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Wen-Po Chuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - William G Bendena
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Stephen S Tobe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea.
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre of Soybean Research, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre of Soybean Research, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jacqueline C Bede
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Jerome H L Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre of Soybean Research, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Jacobsen DJ, Raguso RA. Lingering Effects of Herbivory and Plant Defenses on Pollinators. Curr Biol 2018; 28:R1164-R1169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Stam JM, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Order of herbivore arrival on wild cabbage populations influences subsequent arthropod community development. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeltje M. Stam
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 16, NL-6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 16, NL-6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen Univ.; PO Box 16, NL-6700 AA Wageningen the Netherlands
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Chrétien LTS, David A, Daikou E, Boland W, Gershenzon J, Giron D, Dicke M, Lucas‐Barbosa D. Caterpillars induce jasmonates in flowers and alter plant responses to a second attacker. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1279-1291. [PMID: 29207438 PMCID: PMC5814890 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In nature, herbivorous insects and plant pathogens are generally abundant when plants are flowering. Thus, plants face a diversity of attackers during their reproductive phase. Plant responses to one attacker can interfere with responses to a second attacker, and phytohormones that orchestrate plant reproduction are also involved in resistance to insect and pathogen attack. We quantified phytohormonal responses of flowering plants exposed to single or dual attack and studied resistance mechanisms of plants in the flowering stage. Flowering Brassica nigra were exposed to either a chewing caterpillar, a phloem-feeding aphid or a bacterial pathogen, and plant hormonal responses were compared with dual attack situations. We quantified phytohormones in inflorescences and leaves, and determined the consequences of hormonal changes for components of direct and indirect plant resistance. Caterpillars were the main inducers of jasmonates in inflorescences, and the phytohormonal profile of leaves was not affected by either insect or pathogen attack. Dual attack increased plant resistance to caterpillars, but compromised resistance to aphids. Parasitoid performance was negatively correlated with the performance of their hosts. We conclude that plants prioritize resistance of reproductive tissues over vegetative tissues, and that a chewing herbivore species is the main driver of responses in flowering B. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille T. S. Chrétien
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, Radix building6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI)UMR 7261CNRS/Université François‐Rabelais de ToursAvenue Monge, Parc Grandmont37200ToursFrance
- Department of BiologyÉcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS L)46 Allée d'Italie69007LyonFrance
| | - Anja David
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE)Beutenberg Campus, Hans‐Knoell‐Strasse 8D‐07745JenaGermany
| | - Eirini Daikou
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, Radix building6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE)Beutenberg Campus, Hans‐Knoell‐Strasse 8D‐07745JenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI CE)Beutenberg Campus, Hans‐Knoell‐Strasse 8D‐07745JenaGermany
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI)UMR 7261CNRS/Université François‐Rabelais de ToursAvenue Monge, Parc Grandmont37200ToursFrance
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, Radix building6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dani Lucas‐Barbosa
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 1, Radix building6708PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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Rusman Q, Lucas‐Barbosa D, Poelman EH. Dealing with mutualists and antagonists: Specificity of plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors, and consequences for plant fitness. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quint Rusman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Dani Lucas‐Barbosa
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
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34
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Gargano D, Fenu G, Bernardo L. Local shifts in floral biotic interactions in habitat edges and their effect on quantity and quality of plant offspring. AOB PLANTS 2017; 9:plx031. [PMID: 28775831 PMCID: PMC5534021 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial shifts in insect fauna due to ecological heterogeneity can severely constrain plant reproduction. Nonetheless, data showing effects of insect visit patterns and intensity of mutualistic and/or antagonistic plant-insect interactions on plant reproduction over structured ecological gradients remain scarce. We investigated how changes in flower-visitor abundance, identity and behaviour over a forest-open habitat gradient affect plant biotic interactions, and quantitative and qualitative fitness in the edge-specialist Dianthus balbisii. Composition and behaviour of the insects visiting flowers of D. balbisii strongly varied over the study gradient, influencing strength and patterns of plant biotic interactions (i.e. herbivory and pollination likelihood). Seed set comparison in free- and manually pollinated flowers suggested spatial variations in the extent of quantitative pollen limitation, which appeared more pronounced at the gradient extremes. Such variations were congruent to patterns of flower visit and plant biotic interactions. The analyses on seed and seedling viability evidenced that spatial variation in amount and type of pollinators, and frequency of herbivory affected qualitative fitness of D. balbisii by influencing selfing and outcrossing rates. Our work emphasizes the role of plant biotic interactions as a fine-scale mediator of plant fitness in ecotones, highlighting that optimal plant reproduction can take place into a restricted interval of the ecological gradients occurring at forest edges. Reducing the habitat complexity typical of such transition contexts can threat edge-adapted plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Gargano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra dell’Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fenu
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità (CCB), Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi, 11–13, I-09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Liliana Bernardo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra dell’Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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35
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Muola A, Weber D, Malm LE, Egan PA, Glinwood R, Parachnowitsch AL, Stenberg JA. Direct and Pollinator-Mediated Effects of Herbivory on Strawberry and the Potential for Improved Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:823. [PMID: 28572811 PMCID: PMC5435809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The global decline in pollinators has partly been blamed on pesticides, leading some to propose pesticide-free farming as an option to improve pollination. However, herbivores are likely to be more prevalent in pesticide-free environments, requiring knowledge of their effects on pollinators, and alternative crop protection strategies to mitigate any potential pollination reduction. Strawberry leaf beetles (SLB) Galerucella spp. are important strawberry pests in Northern Europe and Russia. Given that SLB attack both leaf and flower tissue, we hypothesized pollinators would discriminate against SLB-damaged strawberry plants (Fragaria vesca, cultivar 'Rügen'), leading to lower pollination success and yield. In addition we screened the most common commercial cultivar 'Rügen' and wild Swedish F. vesca genotypes for SLB resistance to assess the potential for inverse breeding to restore high SLB resistance in cultivated strawberry. Behavioral observations in a controlled experiment revealed that the local pollinator fauna avoided strawberry flowers with SLB-damaged petals. Low pollination, in turn, resulted in smaller more deformed fruits. Furthermore, SLB-damaged flowers produced smaller fruits even when they were hand pollinated, showing herbivore damage also had direct effects on yield, independent of indirect effects on pollination. We found variable resistance in wild woodland strawberry to SLB and more resistant plant genotypes than the cultivar 'Rügen' were identified. Efficient integrated pest management strategies should be employed to mitigate both direct and indirect effects of herbivory for cultivated strawberry, including high intrinsic plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Muola
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarp, Sweden
| | - Lisa E. Malm
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul A. Egan
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarp, Sweden
| | - Robert Glinwood
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala, Sweden
| | - Amy L. Parachnowitsch
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan A. Stenberg
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarp, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Johan A. Stenberg,
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Ho WW, Riffell JA. The Olfactory Neuroecology of Herbivory, Hostplant Selection and Plant-Pollinator Interactions. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:856-864. [PMID: 27471226 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants experience often opposing energetic demands and selective pressures-for instance, where plants need to attract an insect that is both the pollinator and herbivore, or alternately, where plants attract prey (due to limited resources) and pollinators. Together, these selective pressures can modify the volatile signals available to the plant's mutualistic and antagonistic partners. Nevertheless, it remains an open question how changes in the information content of volatile signals modify behavioral responses in mutualists and antagonists, and what the underlying neural bases of these behaviors are. This review focuses on two systems to explore the impact of herbivory and resource availability on plant-pollinator interactions: hawkmoth-pollinated hostplants (where herbivory is common), and carnivorous bee-pollinated pitcher plants (where the plants differentially attract bee pollinators and other insect prey). We focus on (1) the volatile signals emitted from these plants because these volatiles operate as long-distance signals to attract, or deter, insect partners, (2) how this information is processed in the hawkmoth olfactory system, and (3) how volatile information changes spatiotemporally. In both the plants and their respective insect partner(s), volatile signaling, reception and behavior are dynamic and plastic, providing flexibility an ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie W Ho
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Impacts of Induction of Plant Volatiles by Individual and Multiple Stresses Across Trophic Levels. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Junker RR. Multifunctional and Diverse Floral Scents Mediate Biotic Interactions Embedded in Communities. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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