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Walsh MR, Christian A, Feder M, Korte M, Tran K. Are parental condition transfer effects more widespread than is currently appreciated? J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246094. [PMID: 38449326 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that the environment experienced by parents can influence the traits of offspring (i.e. 'parental effects'). Much research has explored whether mothers respond to predictable shifts in environmental signals by modifying offspring phenotypes to best match future conditions. Many organisms experience conditions that theory predicts should favor the evolution of such 'anticipatory parental effects', but such predictions have received limited empirical support. 'Condition transfer effects' are an alternative to anticipatory effects that occur when the environment experienced by parents during development influences offspring fitness. Condition transfer effects occur when parents that experience high-quality conditions produce offspring that exhibit higher fitness irrespective of the environmental conditions in the offspring generation. Condition transfer effects are not driven by external signals but are instead a byproduct of past environmental quality. They are also likely adaptive but have received far less attention than anticipatory effects. Here, we review the generality of condition transfer effects and show that they are much more widespread than is currently appreciated. Condition transfer effects are observed across taxa and are commonly associated with experimental manipulations of resource conditions experienced by parents. Our Review calls for increased research into condition transfer effects when considering the role of parental effects in ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Anne Christian
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Mikaela Feder
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Meghan Korte
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Kevin Tran
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Sha Y, Hansson L. Ancestral environment determines the current reaction to ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia magna. Evolution 2022; 76:1821-1835. [PMID: 35788927 PMCID: PMC9542806 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An individual's phenotype can be altered by direct contact with its present environment but also by environmental features experienced by previous generations, that is, parental or grandparental effects. However, the strength and direction of these transgenerational effects may be highly variable according to the ecological conditions experienced by ancestral generations. Here, we performed a reciprocal split-brood experiment to compare transgenerational responses to the threat of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the zooplankter Daphnia magna, which had, or had not, been exposed to UVR for more than 150 generations. We found that the environment at which parents and grandparents were reared significantly influenced both behavior and life-history traits of their descendants. However, such transgenerational responses differed between D. magna individuals with contrasting ancestral stress history, that is, when exposed to UVR previously unexposed individuals rapidly changed their behavior and life-history traits, whereas individuals previously exposed to UVR showed less pronounced response when the UVR threat level relaxed. Hence, we here demonstrate an asymmetric transgenerational plasticity in response to UVR threat. The findings advance our understanding on the evolutionary ecology of such transgenerational effects and their potential role in response to changes in the local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcui Sha
- Department of Biology, Aquatic EcologyLund UniversityLundSE‐22362Sweden,School of Marine Science and EngineeringQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdao266109China
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Sharma J, Kumar N, Mittal P, Chakrabarti R. Evaluation of UV-B protective properties of leaves and seeds of Achyranthes aspera in Asian catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1341-1356. [PMID: 35403962 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is harmful to the aquatic organisms. The UV-B protective properties of leaves and seeds of herb Achyranthes aspera were evaluated in Clarias batrachus. Fish were fed with four diets-EFL1, EFL2 containing 0.25 and 0.5% leaves, EFS containing 0.5% seeds and control, CF. After 83 days of feeding, fish were exposed to UV-B (157 µW/cm2) for 7 days at the rate of 15 min/day. One batch of fish in each treatment was kept unexposed. Significantly higher final weight was found in EFS followed by EFL2 and EFL1 treatments. It was higher in unexposed fish compared to the exposed ones. Among exposed fish, significantly higher lysozyme was found in EFS and myeloperoxidase in EFS and EFL2 compared to others. Nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly higher in liver and head kidney of EFS diet fed fish compared to others. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and carbonyl protein levels were minimum in EFS followed by EFL2. The independent sample t-test showed that nitric oxide synthase was significantly higher and myeloperoxidase and TBARS levels were significantly lower in unexposed group compared to the exposed fish in respective treatment. There were up-regulations of TNF-α, iNOS, NF-kB, BAX, Cytochrome c, SOD-c, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, BCL2 in liver and head kidney of leaves and seeds incorporated diets fed fish compared to control. Supplementation of A. aspera seeds and leaves at 0.5% level in diets gave UV-B protection to the fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaiGopal Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Prabhat Mittal
- Satyawati College (Evening), University of Delhi, Ashok Vihar, Phase-III, Delhi, 110052, India
| | - Rina Chakrabarti
- Aqua Research Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Jiang Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Gao B. Antibiotics promoted the recovery of Microcystis aeruginosa after UV-B radiation at cellular and proteomic levels. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110080. [PMID: 31855790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated UV-B radiation due to ozone layer depletion may prevent the growth of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in aquatic environments, while antibiotic contaminants may cause effects opposite to that of UV-B due to hormesis. This study investigated the influence of a quaternary antibiotic mixture on Microcystis aeruginosa after UV-B radiation through a 15-day exposure test. UV-B radiation extended the lag phase of M. aeruginosa at doses of 600 and 900 mJ/cm2, and significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the growth rate and the Fv/Fm value at doses of 300-900 mJ/cm2. Although UV-B radiation significantly (p < 0.05) stimulated the microcystin production ability in each cyanobacterial cell, the total microcystin concentration still significantly (p < 0.05) decreased due to the reduction of cell density. Mixed antibiotics and UV-B regulated the proteomic expression profile of M. aeruginosa in different manners. UV-B radiation upregulated 19 proteins and downregulated 49 proteins in M. aeruginosa, while mixed antibiotics upregulated 45 proteins and downregulated 25 proteins in UV-B treated cells. Mixed antibiotics significantly (p < 0.05) stimulated growth and photosynthesis, increased cell density and microcystin concentration, and reduced oxidative stress in UV-B treated cells through the upregulation of proteins involved in photosynthesis, biosynthesis, cell division, oxidation-reduction, gene expression and microcystin synthesis. This study verified the hypothesis that antibiotics accelerated the recovery of M. aeruginosa from UV-B induced damage. A safe threshold of 20 ng/L was suggested for mixed antibiotics (5 ng/L for each antibiotic), in order to eliminate the stimulatory effects of antibiotics on bloom-forming cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
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Commentary: Ultraviolet radiation triggers “preparation for oxidative stress” antioxidant response in animals: Similarities and interplay with other stressors. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 239:110585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Petitjean Q, Jean S, Gandar A, Côte J, Laffaille P, Jacquin L. Stress responses in fish: From molecular to evolutionary processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:371-380. [PMID: 31154210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global changes, fish are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors that have cascading effects from molecules to the whole individual, thereby affecting wild fish populations through selective processes. In this review, we synthetize recent advances in molecular biology and evolutionary biology to outline some potentially important effects of stressors on fish across biological levels. Given the burgeoning literature, we highlight four promising avenues of research. First, (1) the exposure to multiple stressors can lead to unexpected synergistic or antagonistic effects, which should be better taken into account to improve our predictions of the effects of actual and future human activities on aquatic organisms. Second, (2) we argue that such interactive effects might be due to switches in energy metabolism leading to threshold effects. Under multiple stress exposure, fish could switch from a "compensation" strategy, i.e. a reallocation of energy to defenses and repair to a "conservation" strategy, i.e. blocking of stress responses leading to strong deleterious effects and high mortality. Third, (3) this could have cascading effects on fish survival and population persistence but multiscale studies are still rare. We propose emerging tools merging different levels of biological organization to better predict population resilience under multiple stressors. Fourth (4), there are strong variations in sensitivity among populations, which might arise from transgenerational effects of stressors through plastic, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms. This can lead to local adaptation or maladaptation, with strong impacts on the evolutionary trajectories of wild fish populations. With this review, we hope to encourage future research to bridge the gap between molecular ecology, ecotoxicology and evolutionary biology to better understand the evolution of responses of fishes to current and future multiple stressors in the context of global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Petitjean
- Laboratoire EDB Évolution & Diversité Biologique UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, IRD, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; Laboratoire ECOLAB UMR 5245, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Séverine Jean
- Laboratoire ECOLAB UMR 5245, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Allison Gandar
- Laboratoire ECOLAB UMR 5245, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jessica Côte
- Laboratoire EDB Évolution & Diversité Biologique UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, IRD, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Laffaille
- Laboratoire ECOLAB UMR 5245, CNRS, INPT-ENSAT, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier; avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lisa Jacquin
- Laboratoire EDB Évolution & Diversité Biologique UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, UPS, CNRS, IRD, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Takshak S, Agrawal SB. Defense potential of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants under UV-B stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 193:51-88. [PMID: 30818154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation has, for many decades now, been widely studied with respect to its consequences on plant and animal health. Though according to NASA, the ozone hole is on its way to recovery, it will still be a considerable time before UV-B levels reach pre-industrial limits. Thus, for the present, excessive UV-B reaching the Earth is a cause for concern, and UV-B related human ailments are on the rise. Plants produce various secondary metabolites as one of the defense strategies under UV-B. They provide photoprotection via their UV-B screening effects and by quenching the reactive oxygen- and nitrogen species produced under UV-B influence. These properties of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are being increasingly recognized and made use of in sunscreens and cosmetics, and pharma- and nutraceuticals are gradually becoming a part of the regular diet. Secondary metabolites derived from medicinal plants (alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics) are a source of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, as well as more rigorously tested and regulated drugs. These metabolites have been implicated in providing protection not only to plants under the influence of UV-B, but also to animals/animal cell lines, when the innate defenses in the latter are not adequate under UV-B-induced damage. The present review focuses on the defense potential of secondary metabolites derived from medicinal plants in both plants and animals. In plants, the concentrations of the alkaloids, terpenes/terpenoids, and phenolics have been discussed under UV-B irradiation as well as the fate of the genes and enzymes involved in their biosynthetic pathways. Their role in providing protection to animal models subjected to UV-B has been subsequently elucidated. Finally, we discuss the possible futuristic scenarios and implications for plant, animal, and human health pertaining to the defense potential of these secondary metabolites under UV-B radiation-mediated damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swabha Takshak
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
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Williamson CE, Neale PJ, Hylander S, Rose KC, Figueroa FL, Robinson SA, Häder DP, Wängberg SÅ, Worrest RC. The interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change on aquatic ecosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:717-746. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Summary of current knowledge about effects of UV radiation in inland and oceanic waters related to stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems
- Linnaeus Univ
- Kalmar
- Sweden
| | - Kevin C. Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | | | - Sharon A. Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions
- School of Earth
- Atmosphere and Life Sciences and Global Challenges Program
- University of Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Donat-P. Häder
- Department of Biology
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität
- Möhrendorf
- Germany
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9
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Sunlight-induced genotoxicity and damage in keratin structures decrease tadpole performance. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 181:134-142. [PMID: 29567314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The increased incidence of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, an environmental genotoxic agent, due to ozone depletion or deforestation may help to explain the enigmatic decline of amphibian populations in specific localities. In this work, we evaluated the importance of DNA repair performed by photolyases to maintain the performance of treefrog tadpoles after acute and chronic treatments with environmental-simulated doses of solar UVB and UVA radiation. Immediately after UV treatments, tadpoles were exposed to a visible light source to activate photolyases or kept in dark containers. The biological effects of UV treatments were evaluated through morphological, histological, locomotor and survival analyzes of Boana pulchella tadpoles (Anura: Hylidae). The results indicate that tadpole body weight suffered influence after both UVB and UVA treatments, although the body length was bit affected. The locomotor performance of UVB-exposed tadpoles was significantly reduced. In addition, UVB radiation induced a severe impact on tadpole skin, as well as on keratinized structures of mouth (tooth rows and jaw), indicating that these should be important effects of solar UV radiation in the reduction of tadpole performance. Furthermore, photolyases activation was fundamental for the maintenance of tadpole performance after chronic UVB exposures, but it was relatively inefficient after acute exposures to UVB, but not to UVA radiation. Therefore, this work demonstrates how the UV-induced genotoxicity and structural alterations in the skin and oral apparatus affect tadpole performance and survival.
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Bais F, Luca RM, Bornman JF, Williamson CE, Sulzberger B, Austin AT, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Bernhard G, McKenzie RL, Aucamp PJ, Madronich S, Neale RE, Yazar S, Young AR, de Gruijl FR, Norval M, Takizawa Y, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Robinson SA, Ballaré CL, Flint SD, Neale PJ, Hylander S, Rose KC, Wängberg SÅ, Häder DP, Worrest RC, Zepp RG, Paul ND, Cory RM, Solomon KR, Longstreth J, Pandey KK, Redhwi HH, Torikai A, Heikkilä AM. Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2017. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:127-179. [PMID: 29404558 PMCID: PMC6155474 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp90043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) is one of three Panels of experts that inform the Parties to the Montreal Protocol. The EEAP focuses on the effects of UV radiation on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, air quality, and materials, as well as on the interactive effects of UV radiation and global climate change. When considering the effects of climate change, it has become clear that processes resulting in changes in stratospheric ozone are more complex than previously held. Because of the Montreal Protocol, there are now indications of the beginnings of a recovery of stratospheric ozone, although the time required to reach levels like those before the 1960s is still uncertain, particularly as the effects of stratospheric ozone on climate change and vice versa, are not yet fully understood. Some regions will likely receive enhanced levels of UV radiation, while other areas will likely experience a reduction in UV radiation as ozone- and climate-driven changes affect the amounts of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Like the other Panels, the EEAP produces detailed Quadrennial Reports every four years; the most recent was published as a series of seven papers in 2015 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2015, 14, 1-184). In the years in between, the EEAP produces less detailed and shorter Update Reports of recent and relevant scientific findings. The most recent of these was for 2016 (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2017, 16, 107-145). The present 2017 Update Report assesses some of the highlights and new insights about the interactive nature of the direct and indirect effects of UV radiation, atmospheric processes, and climate change. A full 2018 Quadrennial Assessment, will be made available in 2018/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bais
- Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - R. M. Luca
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National Univ., Canberra, Australia
| | - J. F. Bornman
- Curtin Univ., Curtin Business School, Perth, Australia
| | | | - B. Sulzberger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A. T. Austin
- Univ. of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. R. Wilson
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, Univ. of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - A. L. Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - G. Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - P. J. Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - S. Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - R. E. Neale
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S. Yazar
- Univ. of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | | | - F. R. de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden Univ. Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. Norval
- Univ. of Edinburgh Medical School, UK
| | - Y. Takizawa
- Akita Univ. School of Medicine, National Institute for Minamata Disease, Nakadai, Itabashiku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P. W. Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola Univ., New Orleans, USA
| | - T. M. Robson
- Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, Univ. of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S. A. Robinson
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - C. L. Ballaré
- Univ. of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S. D. Flint
- Dept of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - P. J. Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - S. Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems, Linnaeus Univ., Kalmar, Sweden
| | - K. C. Rose
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - S.-Å. Wängberg
- Dept Marine Sciences, Univ. of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - D.-P. Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander Univ. Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept of Biology, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - R. C. Worrest
- CIESIN, Columbia Univ., New Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - R. G. Zepp
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - N. D. Paul
- Lanter Environment Centre, Lanter Univ., LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - R. M. Cory
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K. R. Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J. Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K. K. Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India
| | - H. H. Redhwi
- Chemical Engineering Dept, King Fahd Univ. of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Torikai
- Materials Life Society of Japan, Kayabacho Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. M. Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute R&D/Climate Research, Helsinki, Finland
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