1
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O'Keeffe FE, Pendleton RC, Holland CV, Luijckx P. Increased virulence due to multiple infection in Daphnia leads to limited growth in 1 of 2 co-infecting microsporidian parasites. Parasitology 2024; 151:58-67. [PMID: 37981808 PMCID: PMC10941049 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of various infectious diseases have highlighted the ever-present need to understand the drivers of the outbreak and spread of disease. Although much of the research investigating diseases focuses on single infections, natural systems are dominated by multiple infections. These infections may occur simultaneously, but are often acquired sequentially, which may alter the outcome of infection. Using waterfleas (Daphnia magna) as a model organism, we examined the outcome of sequential and simultaneous multiple infections with 2 microsporidian parasites (Ordospora colligata and Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis) in a fully factorial design with 9 treatments and 30 replicates. We found no differences between simultaneous and sequential infections. However, H. tvaerminnensis fitness was impeded by multiple infection due to increased host mortality, which gave H. tvaerminnensis less time to grow. Host fecundity was also reduced across all treatments, but animals infected with O. colligata at a younger age produced the fewest offspring. As H. tvaerminnensis is both horizontally and vertically transmitted, this reduction in offspring may have further reduced H. tvaerminnensis fitness in co-infected treatments. Our findings suggest that in natural populations where both species co-occur, H. tvaerminnensis may evolve to higher levels of virulence following frequent co-infection by O. colligata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane E. O'Keeffe
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca C. Pendleton
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Celia V. Holland
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pepijn Luijckx
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Chen Y, Lv Q, Liao H, Xie Z, Hong L, Qi L, Pan G, Long M, Zhou Z. The microsporidian polar tube: origin, structure, composition, function, and application. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:305. [PMID: 37649053 PMCID: PMC10468886 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are a class of obligate intracellular parasitic unicellular eukaryotes that infect a variety of hosts, even including humans. Although different species of microsporidia differ in host range and specificity, they all share a similar infection organelle, the polar tube, which is also defined as the polar filament in mature spores. In response to the appropriate environmental stimulation, the spore germinates with the polar filament everted, forming a hollow polar tube, and then the infectious cargo is transported into host cells via the polar tube. Hence, the polar tube plays a key role in microsporidian infection. Here, we review the origin, structure, composition, function, and application of the microsporidian polar tube, focusing on the origin of the polar filament, the structural differences between the polar filament and polar tube, and the characteristics of polar tube proteins. Comparing the three-dimensional structure of PTP6 homologous proteins provides new insight for the screening of additional novel polar tube proteins with low sequence similarity in microsporidia. In addition, the interaction of the polar tube with the spore wall and the host are summarized to better understand the infection mechanism of microsporidia. Due to the specificity of polar tube proteins, they are also used as the target in the diagnosis and prevention of microsporidiosis. With the present findings, we propose a future study on the polar tube of microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhengkai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liuyi Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Biomedical Research Center for Structural Analysis, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
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3
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Mok C, Xiao MA, Wan YC, Zhao W, Ahmed SM, Luallen RJ, Reinke AW. High-throughput phenotyping of infection by diverse microsporidia species reveals a wild C. elegans strain with opposing resistance and susceptibility traits. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011225. [PMID: 36893187 PMCID: PMC10030041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals are under constant selective pressure from a myriad of diverse pathogens. Microsporidia are ubiquitous animal parasites, but the influence they exert on shaping animal genomes is mostly unknown. Using multiplexed competition assays, we measured the impact of four different species of microsporidia on 22 wild isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans. This resulted in the identification and confirmation of 13 strains with significantly altered population fitness profiles under infection conditions. One of these identified strains, JU1400, is sensitive to an epidermal-infecting species by lacking tolerance to infection. JU1400 is also resistant to an intestinal-infecting species and can specifically recognize and destroy this pathogen. Genetic mapping of JU1400 demonstrates that these two opposing phenotypes are caused by separate loci. Transcriptional analysis reveals the JU1400 sensitivity to epidermal microsporidia infection results in a response pattern that shares similarity to toxin-induced responses. In contrast, we do not observe JU1400 intestinal resistance being regulated at the transcriptional level. The transcriptional response to these four microsporidia species is conserved, with C. elegans strain-specific differences in potential immune genes. Together, our results show that phenotypic differences to microsporidia infection amongst C. elegans are common and that animals can evolve species-specific genetic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Mok
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meng A Xiao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yin C Wan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Winnie Zhao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shanzeh M Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Luallen
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron W Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Scheffer H, Coate JE, Ho EKH, Schaack S. Thermal stress and mutation accumulation increase heat shock protein expression in Daphnia. Evol Ecol 2022; 36:829-844. [PMID: 36193163 PMCID: PMC9522699 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the short- and long-term consequences of climate change is a major challenge in biology. For aquatic organisms, temperature changes and drought can lead to thermal stress and habitat loss, both of which can ultimately lead to higher mutation rates. Here, we examine the effect of high temperature and mutation accumulation on gene expression at two loci from the heat shock protein (HSP) gene family, HSP60 and HSP90. HSPs have been posited to serve as 'mutational capacitors' given their role as molecular chaperones involved in protein folding and degradation, thus buffering against a wide range of cellular stress and destabilization. We assayed changes in HSP expression across 5 genotypes of Daphnia magna, a sentinel species in ecology and environmental biology, with and without acute exposure to thermal stress and accumulated mutations. Across genotypes, HSP expression increased ~ 6× in response to heat and ~ 4× with mutation accumulation, individually. Both factors simultaneously (lineages with high mutation loads exposed to high heat) increased gene expression ~ 23×-much more than that predicted by an additive model. Our results corroborate suggestions that HSPs can buffer against not only the effects of heat, but also mutations-a combination of factors both likely to increase in a warming world. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10682-022-10209-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Scheffer
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
| | - Jeremy E. Coate
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
| | - Eddie K. H. Ho
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
| | - Sarah Schaack
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
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5
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Ebert D. Daphnia as a versatile model system in ecology and evolution. EvoDevo 2022; 13:16. [PMID: 35941607 PMCID: PMC9360664 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-022-00199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Water fleas of the genus Daphnia have been a model system for hundreds of years and is among the best studied ecological model organisms to date. Daphnia are planktonic crustaceans with a cyclic parthenogenetic life-cycle. They have a nearly worldwide distribution, inhabiting standing fresh- and brackish water bodies, from small temporary pools to large lakes. Their predominantly asexual reproduction allows for the study of phenotypes excluding genetic variation, enabling us to separate genetic from non-genetic effects. Daphnia are often used in studies related to ecotoxicology, predator-induced defence, host–parasite interactions, phenotypic plasticity and, increasingly, in evolutionary genomics. The most commonly studied species are Daphnia magna and D. pulex, for which a rapidly increasing number of genetic and genomic tools are available. Here, I review current research topics, where the Daphnia model system plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Angst P, Ebert D, Fields PD. Demographic history shapes genomic variation in an intracellular parasite with a wide geographic distribution. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2528-2544. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Angst
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology University of Basel Vesalgasse 1 4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology University of Basel Vesalgasse 1 4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Peter D. Fields
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology University of Basel Vesalgasse 1 4051 Basel Switzerland
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7
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Santos JL, Ebert D. Trehalose provisioning in Daphnia resting stages reflects local adaptation to the harshness of diapause conditions. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210615. [PMID: 35135311 PMCID: PMC8826299 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental fluctuations often select for adaptations such as diapause states, allowing species to outlive harsh conditions. The natural sugar trehalose which provides both cryo- and desiccation-protection, has been found in diapause stages of diverse taxa. Here, we hypothesize that trehalose deposition in resting stages is a locally adapted trait, with higher concentrations produced in harsher habitats. We used resting stages, produced under standardized conditions, by 37 genotypes of Daphnia magna collected from Western Palaearctic habitats varying in their propensity to dry in summer and freeze in winter. Resting eggs produced by D. magna from populations from summer-dry habitats showed significantly higher trehalose than those from summer-wet habitats, suggesting that trehalose has a protective function during desiccation. By contrast, winter-freezing did not explain variation in trehalose content. Adaptations to droughts are important, as summer dryness of water bodies is foreseen to increase with ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L. Santos
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Willis AR, Reinke AW. Factors That Determine Microsporidia Infection and Host Specificity. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:91-114. [PMID: 35544000 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a large phylum of obligate intracellular parasites that infect an extremely diverse range of animals and protists. In this chapter, we review what is currently known about microsporidia host specificity and what factors influence microsporidia infection. Extensive sampling in nature from related hosts has provided insight into the host range of many microsporidia species. These field studies have been supported by experiments conducted in controlled laboratory environments which have helped to demonstrate host specificity. Together, these approaches have revealed that, while examples of generalist species exist, microsporidia specificity is often narrow, and species typically infect one or several closely related hosts. For microsporidia to successfully infect and complete their life cycle within a compatible host, several steps must occur, including spore germination, host cell invasion, and proliferation of the parasite within the host tissue. Many factors influence infection, including temperature, seasonality, nutrient availability, and the presence or absence of microbes, as well as the developmental stage, sex, and genetics of the host. Several studies have identified host genomic regions that influence resistance to microsporidia, and future work is likely to uncover molecular mechanisms of microsporidia host specificity in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Willis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron W Reinke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Ho EKH, Bellis ES, Calkins J, Adrion JR, Latta IV LC, Schaack S. Engines of change: Transposable element mutation rates are high and variable within Daphnia magna. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009827. [PMID: 34723969 PMCID: PMC8594854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) represent a major portion of most eukaryotic genomes, yet little is known about their mutation rates or how their activity is shaped by other evolutionary forces. Here, we compare short- and long-term patterns of genome-wide mutation accumulation (MA) of TEs among 9 genotypes from three populations of Daphnia magna from across a latitudinal gradient. While the overall proportion of the genome comprised of TEs is highly similar among genotypes from Finland, Germany, and Israel, populations are distinguishable based on patterns of insertion site polymorphism. Our direct rate estimates indicate TE movement is highly variable (net rates ranging from -11.98 to 12.79 x 10-5 per copy per generation among genotypes), differing both among populations and TE families. Although gains outnumber losses when selection is minimized, both types of events appear to be highly deleterious based on their low frequency in control lines where propagation is not limited to random, single-progeny descent. With rate estimates 4 orders of magnitude higher than base substitutions, TEs clearly represent a highly mutagenic force in the genome. Quantifying patterns of intra- and interspecific variation in TE mobility with and without selection provides insight into a powerful mechanism generating genetic variation in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie K. H. Ho
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Emily S. Bellis
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jaclyn Calkins
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Adrion
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Leigh C. Latta IV
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Sarah Schaack
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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10
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Ho EKH, Macrae F, Latta LC, McIlroy P, Ebert D, Fields PD, Benner MJ, Schaack S. High and Highly Variable Spontaneous Mutation Rates in Daphnia. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:3258-3266. [PMID: 32520985 PMCID: PMC7820357 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate and spectrum of spontaneous mutations are critical parameters in basic and applied biology because they dictate the pace and character of genetic variation introduced into populations, which is a prerequisite for evolution. We use a mutation–accumulation approach to estimate mutation parameters from whole-genome sequence data from multiple genotypes from multiple populations of Daphnia magna, an ecological and evolutionary model system. We report extremely high base substitution mutation rates (µ-n,bs = 8.96 × 10−9/bp/generation [95% CI: 6.66–11.97 × 10−9/bp/generation] in the nuclear genome and µ-m,bs = 8.7 × 10−7/bp/generation [95% CI: 4.40–15.12 × 10−7/bp/generation] in the mtDNA), the highest of any eukaryote examined using this approach. Levels of intraspecific variation based on the range of estimates from the nine genotypes collected from three populations (Finland, Germany, and Israel) span 1 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively, resulting in up to a ∼300-fold difference in rates among genomic partitions within the same lineage. In contrast, mutation spectra exhibit very consistent patterns across genotypes and populations, suggesting the mechanisms underlying the mutational process may be similar, even when the rates at which they occur differ. We discuss the implications of high levels of intraspecific variation in rates, the importance of estimating gene conversion rates using a mutation–accumulation approach, and the interacting factors influencing the evolution of mutation parameters. Our findings deepen our knowledge about mutation and provide both challenges to and support for current theories aimed at explaining the evolution of the mutation rate, as a trait, across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie K H Ho
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR
| | | | - Leigh C Latta
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR.,Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Lewis-Clark State College, Lewiston, ID
| | | | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter D Fields
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Orlansky S, Ben-Ami F. Genetic resistance and specificity in sister taxa of Daphnia: insights from the range of host susceptibilities. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:545. [PMID: 31747976 PMCID: PMC6864995 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host genetic diversity can affect various aspects of host-parasite interactions, including individual-level effects on parasite infectivity, production of transmission stages and virulence, as well as population-level effects that reduce disease spread and prevalence, and buffer against widespread epidemics. However, a key aspect of this diversity, the genetic variation in host susceptibility, has often been neglected in interpreting empirical data and in theoretical studies. Daphnia similis naturally coexists with its competitor Daphnia magna and is more resistant to the endoparasitic microsporidium Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis, as suggested by a previous survey of waterbodies, which detected this parasite in D. magna, but not in D. similis. However, under laboratory conditions D. similis was sometimes found to be susceptible. We therefore asked if there is genetic variation for disease trait expression, and if the genetic variation in disease traits in D. similis is different from that of D. magna. METHODS We exposed ten clones of D. similis and ten clones of D. magna to three isolates of H. tvaerminnensis, and measured infection rates, parasite-induced host mortality and parasite spore production. RESULTS The two Daphnia species differ in the range and variation of their susceptibilities. The parasite produced on average two-fold more spores when growing in D. magna clones than in D. similis clones. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that D. similis is indeed much more resistant than D. magna and suggest that this could create a dilution effect in habitats where both species coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Orlansky
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Frida Ben-Ami
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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12
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Urrutia A, Bass D, Ward G, Ross S, Bojko J, Marigomez I, Feist SW. Ultrastructure, phylogeny and histopathology of two novel haplosporidians parasitising amphipods, and importance of crustaceans as hosts. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 136:89-105. [PMID: 31575837 DOI: 10.3354/dao03417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study provides morphological, ultrastructural and phylogenetic characterization of 2 novel species of Haplosporidia (Haplosporidium echinogammari n. sp. and H. orchestiae n. sp.) infecting amphipods of the genera Echinogammarus and Orchestia collected in southwestern England. Both parasites infect the connective tissues associated with the digestive gland and the tegument, and eventually infect other organs causing disruption of host tissues with associated motor impairment and fitness reduction. Prevalence of infection varied with host species, provenance and season, being as high as 75% for individuals of E. marinus infected with H. echinogammari in June (n = 50). Although no spores were found in any of the infected amphipods examined (n = 82), the morphology of monokaryotic and dikaryotic unicellular stages of the parasites enabled differentiation between the 2 new species. Phylogenetic analysis of the new species based on the small subunit (SSU) rDNA gene placed H. echinogammari close to H. diporeiae in haplosporidian lineage C, and H. orchestiae in a novel branch within Haplosporidium. Genetic diversity of the haplosporidians infecting these and other amphipod species was evaluated and compared to morphological and ultrastructural changes to host tissues. The phylogenetic relationship of haplosporidian infections in other crustacean hosts is discussed after inclusion into the analysis of 25 novel SSU rDNA sequences obtained from crabs, isopods and crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Urrutia
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB,UK
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13
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Lievens EJP, Rode NO, Landes J, Segard A, Jabbour-Zahab R, Michalakis Y, Lenormand T. Long-term prevalence data reveals spillover dynamics in a multi-host (Artemia), multi-parasite (Microsporidia) community. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:471-480. [PMID: 30904622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the study of multi-host parasites, it is often found that host species contribute asymmetrically to parasite transmission. Yet in natural populations, identifying which hosts contribute to parasite transmission and maintenance is a recurring challenge. Here, we approach this issue by taking advantage of natural variation in the composition of a host community. We studied the brine shrimps Artemia franciscana and Artemia parthenogenetica and their microsporidian parasites Anostracospora rigaudi and Enterocytospora artemiae. Previous laboratory experiments had shown that each host can transmit both parasites, but could not predict their actual contributions to the parasites' maintenance in the field. To resolve this, we gathered long-term prevalence data from a metacommunity of these species. Metacommunity patches could contain either or both of the Artemia host species, so that the presence of the hosts could be linked directly to the persistence of the parasites. First, we show that the microsporidian A. rigaudi is a spillover parasite: it was unable to persist in the absence of its maintenance host A. parthenogenetica. This result was particularly striking, as A. rigaudi displayed both high prevalence (in the field) and high infectivity (when tested in the laboratory) in both hosts. Moreover, the seasonal presence of A. parthenogenetica imposed seasonality on the rate of spillover, causing cyclical pseudo-endemics in the spillover host A. franciscana. Second, while our prevalence data was sufficient to identify E. artemiae as either a spillover or a facultative multi-host parasite, we could not distinguish between the two possibilities. This study supports the importance of studying the community context of multi-host parasites, and demonstrates that in appropriate multi-host systems, sampling across a range of conditions and host communities can lead to clear conclusions about the drivers of parasite persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J P Lievens
- UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université P. Valéry-EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France; UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Université de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
| | - Nicolas O Rode
- UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université P. Valéry-EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Julie Landes
- UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université P. Valéry-EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Adeline Segard
- UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université P. Valéry-EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Roula Jabbour-Zahab
- UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université P. Valéry-EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Yannis Michalakis
- UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Université de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- UMR 5175 CEFE, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université P. Valéry-EPHE, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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14
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Chen JS, Hsu BM, Tsai HC, Chen YP, Huang TY, Li KY, Ji DD, Lee HS. Molecular surveillance of Vittaforma-like microsporidia by a small-volume procedure in drinking water source in Taiwan: evidence for diverse and emergent pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:18823-18837. [PMID: 29713979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vittaforma corneae belongs to microsporidia, which include over 1500 species of opportunistic obligate intracellular fungi infecting almost all known animal taxa. Although outbreaks of ocular infections caused by waterborne V. corneae have been reported in recent years, little is known about the occurrence of this pathogen in aquatic environments. In this study, 50 water samples from rivers and reservoirs around Taiwan in two seasons were analyzed to explore the presence of this pathogen in natural aquatic environments. A high detection rate of Vittaforma-like amplicons (94%; 47/50) was observed in the water samples when examined by nested PCR with primer pairs specific to the small ribosomal subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. After electrophoresis, many lanes showed multiband patterns with expected molecular weights. After confirmation by DNA sequencing and by sequence alignment in the NCBI database, we identified a variety of Vittaforma-like microsporidia with weak sequence similarity, with approximately 85% identity to V. corneae, thus indicating high diversity of microsporidia in aquatic environments. Phylogenetic analysis showed clear-cut microsporidian clade classification and indicated that the most Vittaforma-like microsporidia in this study belong to clade IV and cluster into four major groups. The first group is similar to the microsporidia associated with ocular microsporidiosis. The second group is associated with the diarrheal pathogens, whereas the third and fourth groups are a novel group and a zoonotic group, respectively. This study provides abundant sequencing information, which will be useful for future molecular biological studies on microsporidia. Because microsporidia are important pathogens of animals and humans, it is urgently necessary to determine via a survey whether there are species with potential threats that have not yet been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Minquan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei City, 114, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chi Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yi Huang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Li
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Der Ji
- Department of Tropical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Sheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, Minquan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei City, 114, Taiwan.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Dazhong 1st Road, Zuoying District, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan.
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15
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QTL mapping of a natural genetic polymorphism for long-term parasite persistence in Daphnia populations. Parasitology 2017; 144:1686-1694. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYKnowing the determinants of the geographic ranges of parasites is important for understanding their evolutionary ecology, epidemiology and their potential to expand their range. Here we explore the determinants of geographic range in the peculiar case of a parasite species – the microsporidian Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis – that has a limited geographic distribution in a wide-spread host – Daphnia magna. We conducted a quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis with monoclonal F2D. magna populations originating from a cross between a susceptible northern European genotype and a resistant central European genotype. Contrary to our expectations, long-term persistence turned out to be a quantitative trait across the F2 offspring. Evidence for two QTLs, one epistatic interaction and for further minor QTL was found. This finding contrasts markedly with the previously described bimodal pattern for long-term parasite persistence in natural host genotypes across Europe and leaves open the question of how a quantitative genetic trait could determine the disjunct geographic distribution of the parasite across Europe.
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16
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Scanlan PD, Hall AR, Buckling A. Parasite genetic distance and local adaptation in co-evolving bacteria-bacteriophage populations. Mol Ecol 2016; 26:1747-1755. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline D. Scanlan
- APC Microbiome Institute; Bioscience Building; University College Cork; T12 YN60 Cork Ireland
| | - Alex R. Hall
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; 8092 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Angus Buckling
- Biosciences; University of Exeter; Penryn Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
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17
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Rahn AK, Eßer E, Reher S, Ihlow F, MacColl AD, Bakker TC. Distribution of common stickleback parasites on North Uist, Scotland, in relation to ecology and host traits. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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