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Russo L, Stout JC. Manipulating network connectance by altering plant attractiveness. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16319. [PMID: 38025756 PMCID: PMC10640842 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutualistic interactions between plants and their pollinating insects are critical to the maintenance of biodiversity. However, we have yet to demonstrate that we are able to manage the structural properties of these networks for the purposes of pollinator conservation and preserving functional outcomes, such as pollination services. Our objective was to explore the extent of our ability to experimentally increase, decrease, and maintain connectance, a structural attribute that reflects patterns of insect visitation and foraging preferences. Patterns of connectance relate to the stability and function of ecological networks. Methods We implemented a 2-year field experiment across eight sites in urban Dublin, Ireland, applying four agrochemical treatments to fixed communities of seven flowering plant species in a randomized block design. We spent ~117 h collecting 1,908 flower-visiting insects of 92 species or morphospecies with standardized sampling methods across the 2 years. We hypothesized that the fertilizer treatment would increase, herbicide decrease, and a combination of both maintain the connectance of the network, relative to a control treatment of just water. Results Our results showed that we were able to successfully increase network connectance with a fertilizer treatment, and maintain network connectance with a combination of fertilizer and herbicide. However, we were not successful in decreasing network connectance with the herbicide treatment. The increase in connectance in the fertilized treatment was due to an increased species richness of visiting insects, rather than changes to their abundance. We also demonstrated that this change was due to an increase in the realized proportion of insect visitor species rather than increased visitation by common, generalist species of floral visitors. Overall, this work suggests that connectance is an attribute of network structure that can be manipulated, with implications for management goals or conservation efforts in these mutualistic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Russo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jane C. Stout
- Department of Botany, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Cordeiro GD, Dötterl S. Global warming impairs the olfactory floral signaling in strawberry. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:549. [PMID: 37936058 PMCID: PMC10631152 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04564-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global warming is expected to impact the chemical communication between flowering plants and their pollinators. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether and how temperature-induced changes in scent emission affect pollinator behavior. Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is a plant primarily pollinated by bees and hoverflies, with the former group being particularly attracted to the floral scent they emit. RESULTS Using chemical analytical, electrophysiological, and behavioral approaches we tested whether temperature-induced shifts in floral scent of strawberry affect chemical communication with its main bee pollinators (Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Osmia bicornis). While strawberry flowers in the optimum scenario released 10.4 ng/flower/hour, mainly p-anisaldehyde (81%) and seven other scent compounds, in the warmer scenario, the flowers did not emit any detectable scent. In the behavioral experiments, the pollinators were attracted by the scents of the optimum scenario. CONCLUSIONS We predict that the absence of detectable scent emissions from strawberry plants grown under heat stress will reduce the attractiveness of the flowers to the bee pollinators. Our study raises important ecological and agricultural questions, as decreased attractiveness of flowers to pollinators might potentially lead to insufficient bee pollination, with potential negative consequences for ecosystem functioning and crop yields, particularly in regions reliant on bees as primary pollinators. Given that our study centered on bee pollinators, it is needed to conduct further research to evaluate the impact on hoverflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaraci Duran Cordeiro
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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3
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Quarrell S, Weinstein AM, Hannah L, Bonavia N, del Borrello O, Flematti GR, Bohman B. Critical Pollination Chemistry: Specific Sesquiterpene Floral Volatiles in Carrot Inhibit Honey Bee Feeding. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16079-16089. [PMID: 37871312 PMCID: PMC10623568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Many plants rely on insect pollination, yet numerous agricultural plant-breeding programs focus on traits that appeal to growers and consumers instead of pollinators, leading to declining pollinator attraction and crop yields. Using hybrid carrot seed production as a model, we investigated low-yielding carrot varieties by analyzing sugars and minerals in nectar and floral volatile composition. While the analysis of nectar sugars and minerals did not reveal any key differences between the carrot varieties, differences between the 112 detected volatiles in 23 samples were observed. Numerous differentiating sesquiterpenes were identified in floral solvent extracts, and subsequent behavioral assays showed that β-ocimene from higher-yielding carrot varieties stimulated nectar feeding (attractant), while α- and β-selinene from lower-yielding lines decreased feeding (deterrents). Sesquiterpenes have previously been implicated in plant defense, suggesting a trade-off between pollination and protection. Our results highlight the importance of volatiles as regulators of pollinator attraction in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen
R. Quarrell
- Tasmanian
Institute of Agriculture, University of
Tasmania, College Rd, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Alyssa M. Weinstein
- Ecology
and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Lea Hannah
- Seed
Production Research, Research and Development, Rijk Zwaan Australia, Musk, Victoria 3461, Australia
- Hawkesbury
Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney
University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia
| | - Nicole Bonavia
- Seed
Production Research, Research and Development, Rijk Zwaan Australia, Musk, Victoria 3461, Australia
| | - Oscar del Borrello
- School
of Molecular Sciences, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Gavin R. Flematti
- School
of Molecular Sciences, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Björn Bohman
- School
of Molecular Sciences, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department
of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University
of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma 234 22, Sweden
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4
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Sasidharan R, Junker RR, Eilers EJ, Müller C. Floral volatiles evoke partially similar responses in both florivores and pollinators and are correlated with non-volatile reward chemicals. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1-14. [PMID: 37220889 PMCID: PMC10550281 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants often use floral displays to attract mutualists and prevent antagonist attacks. Chemical displays detectable from a distance include attractive or repellent floral volatile organic compounds (FVOCs). Locally, visitors perceive contact chemicals including nutrients but also deterrent or toxic constituents of pollen and nectar. The FVOC and pollen chemical composition can vary intra- and interspecifically. For certain pollinator and florivore species, responses to these compounds are studied in specific plant systems, yet we lack a synthesis of general patterns comparing these two groups and insights into potential correlations between FVOC and pollen chemodiversity. SCOPE We reviewed how FVOCs and non-volatile floral chemical displays, i.e. pollen nutrients and toxins, vary in composition and affect the detection by and behaviour of insect visitors. Moreover, we used meta-analyses to evaluate the detection of and responses to FVOCs by pollinators vs. florivores within the same plant genera. We also tested whether the chemodiversity of FVOCs, pollen nutrients and toxins is correlated, hence mutually informative. KEY RESULTS According to available data, florivores could detect more FVOCs than pollinators. Frequently tested FVOCs were often reported as pollinator-attractive and florivore-repellent. Among FVOCs tested on both visitor groups, there was a higher number of attractive than repellent compounds. FVOC and pollen toxin richness were negatively correlated, indicating trade-offs, whereas a marginal positive correlation between the amount of pollen protein and toxin richness was observed. CONCLUSIONS Plants face critical trade-offs, because floral chemicals mediate similar information to both mutualists and antagonists, particularly through attractive FVOCs, with fewer repellent FVOCs. Furthermore, florivores might detect more FVOCs, whose richness is correlated with the chemical richness of rewards. Chemodiversity of FVOCs is potentially informative of reward traits. To gain a better understanding of the ecological processes shaping floral chemical displays, more research is needed on floral antagonists of diverse plant species and on the role of floral chemodiversity in visitor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Sasidharan
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Robert R Junker
- Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, Kapitalgasse 4-6, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elisabeth J Eilers
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- CTL GmbH Bielefeld, Krackser Straße 12, 33659 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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5
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Liu Z, Lan Y, Zhang H, Hao W, He S, Liu L, Feng X, Qie Q, Chai M, Wang Y. Responses of Aroma Related Metabolic Attributes of Opisthopappus longilobus Flowers to Environmental Changes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1592. [PMID: 37111816 PMCID: PMC10140910 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Opisthopappus longilobus (Opisthopappus) and its descendant species, Opisthopappus taihangensis, commonly thrive on the Taihang Mountains of China. Being typical cliff plants, both O. longilobus and O. taihangensis release unique aromatics. To determine the potential differentiation and environmental response patterns, comparative metabolic analysis was performed on O. longilobus wild flower (CLW), O. longilobus transplant flower (CLT), and O. taihangensis wild flower (TH) groups. Significant differences in the metabolic profiles were found, not within O. longilobus, but between O. longilobus and O. taihangensis flowers. Within these metabolites, twenty-eight substances related to the scents were obtained (one alkene, two aldehydes, three esters, eight phenols, three acids, three ketones, three alcohols, and five flavonoids), of which eugenol and chlorogenic were the primary aromatic molecules and enriched in the phenylpropane pathway. Network analysis showed that close relationships occurred among identified aromatic substances. The variation coefficient (CV) of aromatic metabolites in O. longilobus was lower than O. taihangensis. The aromatic related compounds were significantly correlated with the lowest temperatures in October and in December of the sampled sites. The results indicated that phenylpropane, particularly eugenol and chlorogenic, played important roles in the responses of O. longilobus species to environmental changes.
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Petrén H, Köllner TG, Junker RR. Quantifying chemodiversity considering biochemical and structural properties of compounds with the R package chemodiv. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2478-2492. [PMID: 36527232 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce large numbers of phytochemical compounds affecting plant physiology and interactions with their biotic and abiotic environment. Recently, chemodiversity has attracted considerable attention as an ecologically and evolutionary meaningful way to characterize the phenotype of a mixture of phytochemical compounds. Currently used measures of phytochemical diversity, and related measures of phytochemical dissimilarity, generally do not take structural or biosynthetic properties of compounds into account. Such properties can be indicative of the compounds' function and inform about their biosynthetic (in)dependence, and should therefore be included in calculations of these measures. We introduce the R package chemodiv, which retrieves biochemical and structural properties of compounds from databases and provides functions for calculating and visualizing chemical diversity and dissimilarity for phytochemicals and other types of compounds. Our package enables calculations of diversity that takes the richness, relative abundance and - most importantly - structural and/or biosynthetic dissimilarity of compounds into account. We illustrate the use of the package with examples on simulated and real datasets. By providing the R package chemodiv for quantifying multiple aspects of chemodiversity, we hope to facilitate investigations of how chemodiversity varies across levels of biological organization, and its importance for the ecology and evolution of plants and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Petrén
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert R Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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7
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Liu J, Zhang J, Shen J, Zhao H, Ma W, Jiang Y. Differences in EAG Response and Behavioral Choices between Honey Bee and Bumble Bee to Tomato Flower Volatiles. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13110987. [PMID: 36354811 PMCID: PMC9697709 DOI: 10.3390/insects13110987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bumble bees and honey bees are of vital importance for tomato pollination, although honey bees are less attracted to tomato flowers than bumble bees. Little is known about how tomato flower volatile compounds influence the foraging behaviors of honey bees and bumble bees. In this study, compounds of tomato flower volatiles were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Electroantennography (EAG) and a dynamic two-choice olfactometer were used, respectively, to compare the differences of antennal and behavioral responses between Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris towards selected volatile compounds. A total of 46 compounds were detected from the tomato flower volatiles. Of the 16 compounds tested, A. mellifera showed strong antennal responses to 3 compounds (1-nonanal, (+)-dihydrocarvone, and toluene) when compared with a mineral oil control, and B. terrestris showed 7 pronounced EAG responses (1,3-xylene, (+)-dihydrocarvone, toluene, piperitone, eucarvone, 1-nonanal, and β-ocimene). Additionally, 1-nonanal and (+)-dihydrocarvone elicited significant avoidance behavior of A. mellifera, but not of B. terrestris. In conclusion, bumble bees are more sensitive to the compounds of tomato flower volatiles compared to honey bees, and honey bees showed aversion to some compounds of tomato flower volatiles. The findings indicated that compounds of flower volatiles significantly influenced bee foraging preference for tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjia Liu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jinshan Shen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Huiting Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Weihua Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Yusuo Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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8
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Eisen KE, Powers JM, Raguso RA, Campbell DR. An analytical pipeline to support robust research on the ecology, evolution, and function of floral volatiles. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1006416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on floral volatiles has grown substantially in the last 20 years, which has generated insights into their diversity and prevalence. These studies have paved the way for new research that explores the evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of different types of variation in floral scent, including community-level, functional, and environmentally induced variation. However, to address these types of questions, novel approaches are needed that can handle large sample sizes, provide quality control measures, and make volatile research more transparent and accessible, particularly for scientists without prior experience in this field. Drawing upon a literature review and our own experiences, we present a set of best practices for next-generation research in floral scent. We outline methods for data collection (experimental designs, methods for conducting field collections, analytical chemistry, compound identification) and data analysis (statistical analysis, database integration) that will facilitate the generation and interpretation of quality data. For the intermediate step of data processing, we created the R package bouquet, which provides a data analysis pipeline. The package contains functions that enable users to convert chromatographic peak integrations to a filtered data table that can be used in subsequent statistical analyses. This package includes default settings for filtering out non-floral compounds, including background contamination, based on our best-practice guidelines, but functions and workflows can be easily customized as necessary. Next-generation research into the ecology and evolution of floral scent has the potential to generate broadly relevant insights into how complex traits evolve, their genomic architecture, and their consequences for ecological interactions. In order to fulfill this potential, the methodology of floral scent studies needs to become more transparent and reproducible. By outlining best practices throughout the lifecycle of a project, from experimental design to statistical analysis, and providing an R package that standardizes the data processing pipeline, we provide a resource for new and seasoned researchers in this field and in adjacent fields, where high-throughput and multi-dimensional datasets are common.
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9
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Huber FK, Schiestl FP. Scent releasing silicone septa: A versatile method for bioassays with volatiles. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.958982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds are of great importance for communication within biological systems. For the experimental investigation of the functions of volatiles, methods for experimental manipulation are needed. Based on scent-release methods from pheromone research, we describe a simple and cheap method for scent manipulation using silicone rubber (i.e. a silicone septum). Volatile compounds are applied to the septum by soaking the septa for 1 h in a solvent/volatile solution. After removal of the septum from the solution and a drying period of 1 h to allow for evaporation of the solvent, the silicone emits the volatiles at a continuously decreasing rate for a minimum of 24 h. In this study, we measure the variability of the emission and quantify the emission of 22 common floral scent compounds at four different time points and in four different soaking concentrations. Our results show that for the same compound and soaking concentration, variability of volatile emission was low, showing the method leads to repeatable emission rates and can be fine-tuned to the desired emission rate. We provide a calculation tool based on linear regression to allow an experimenter to calculate soaking concentration for each of the 22 compounds to achieve a desirable emission from the septa, as well as to estimate the emission rate of a volatile from the septa after a given time.
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10
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Skogen KA, Jogesh T, Hilpman ET, Todd SL, Raguso RA. Extensive population-level sampling reveals clinal variation in (R)-(-)-linalool produced by the flowers of an endemic evening primrose, Oenothera harringtonii. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113185. [PMID: 35436476 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of floral trait diversity has a long history due to its role in angiosperm diversification. While many studies have focused on visual traits including morphology and color, few have included floral scent despite its importance in pollination. Of the studies that have included floral scent, sampling has been limited and rarely explores variation at the population level. We studied geographic variation in the flowers of Oenothera harringtonii, a rare plant endemic to a vulnerable shortgrass prairie habitat, whose population structure and conservation status are well studied. The self-incompatible flowers of O. harringtonii open at dusk, produce nectar and a strong fragrance, and are pollinated by hawkmoths. We collected floral trait (morphology, scent chemistry and emission rates) data from 650 individuals from 19 wild populations to survey floral variation across the entire range of this species. Similarly, we collected floral data from 49 individuals grown in a greenhouse common garden, to assess whether variation observed in the field is consistent when environment factors (temperature, watering regime, soil) are standardized. We identified 35 floral volatiles representing 5 biosynthetic classes. Population differentiation was stronger for floral scent chemistry than floral morphology. (R)-(-)-linalool was the most important floral trait differentiating populations, exhibiting clinal variation across the distribution of O. harringtonii without any correlated shifts in floral morphology. Populations in the north and west produced (R)-(-)-linalool consistently, those in the east and south largely lacked it, and populations at the center of the distribution were polymorphic. Floral scent emissions in wild populations varied across four years but chemical composition was largely consistent over time. Similarly, volatile emission rates and chemical composition in greenhouse-grown plants were consistent with those of wild populations of origin. Our data set, which represents the most extensive population-level survey of floral scent to date, indicates that such sampling may be needed to capture potentially adaptive geographic variation in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissa A Skogen
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60035, USA.
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60035, USA
| | - Evan T Hilpman
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60035, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Sadie L Todd
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60035, USA; Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Ankeny, IA, 50023, USA
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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11
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Müller C, Junker RR. Chemical phenotype as important and dynamic niche dimension of plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1168-1174. [PMID: 35297052 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Niche theory considering the traits of species and individuals provides a powerful tool to integrate ecology and evolution of species. In plant ecology, morphological and physiological traits are commonly considered as niche dimensions, whereas phytochemical traits are mostly neglected in this context despite their pivotal functions in plant responses to their environment and in mediating interactions. The diversity of plant phytochemicals can thus mediate three key processes: niche choice, conformance and construction. Here, we integrate frameworks from niche theory with chemical ecology and argue that plants use their individual-specific diversity in phytochemicals (chemodiversity) for different niche realization processes. Our concept has important implications for ecosystem processes and stability and increases the predictive ability of chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Müller
- Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Robert R Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Sydenham MAK, Venter ZS, Reitan T, Rasmussen C, Skrindo AB, Skoog DIJ, Hanevik K, Hegland SJ, Dupont YL, Nielsen A, Chipperfield J, Rusch GM. MetaComNet: A random forest‐based framework for making spatial predictions of plant–pollinator interactions. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trond Reitan
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | | | | | - Daniel I. J. Skoog
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Kaj‐Andreas Hanevik
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway
| | - Stein Joar Hegland
- Department of Environmental Sciences Western University of Applied Sciences Sogndal Norway
| | - Yoko L. Dupont
- Department of Ecoscience Aarhus University Rønde Denmark
| | - Anders Nielsen
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Landscape and Biodiversity Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) Ås Norway
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13
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Ruiz-Hernández V, Joubert L, Rodríguez-Gómez A, Artuso S, Pattrick JG, Gómez PA, Eckerstorfer S, Brandauer SS, Trcka-Rojas CGI, Martínez-Reina L, Booth J, Lau-Zhu A, Weiss J, Bielza P, Glover BJ, Junker RR, Egea-Cortines M. Humans Share More Preferences for Floral Phenotypes With Pollinators Than With Pests. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:647347. [PMID: 34497617 PMCID: PMC8419516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.647347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the selection of floral traits usually consider pollinators and sometimes herbivores. However, humans also exert selection on floral traits of ornamental plants. We compared the preferences of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), and humans for flowers of snapdragon. From a cross of two species, Antirrhinum majus and Antirrhinum linkianum, we selected four Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs). We characterised scent emission from whole flowers and stamens, pollen content and viability, trichome density, floral shape, size and colour of floral parts. We tested the preferences of bumblebees, thrips, and humans for whole flowers, floral scent bouquets, stamen scent, and individual scent compounds. Humans and bumblebees showed preferences for parental species, whereas thrips preferred RILs. Colour and floral scent, in combination with other floral traits, seem relevant phenotypes for all organisms. Remarkably, visual traits override scent cues for bumblebees, although, scent is an important trait when bumblebees cannot see the flowers, and methyl benzoate was identified as a key attractant for them. The evolutionary trajectory of flowers is the result of multiple floral traits interacting with different organisms with different habits and modes of interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ruiz-Hernández
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lize Joubert
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Amador Rodríguez-Gómez
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Silvia Artuso
- Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jonathan G. Pattrick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Perla A. Gómez
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Luis Martínez-Reina
- Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura y Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Josh Booth
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Lau-Zhu
- Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Weiss
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Pablo Bielza
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Beverley J. Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Edificio I+D+I, Campus Muralla del Mar, Cartagena, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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14
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Milet-Pinheiro P, Santos PSC, Prieto-Benítez S, Ayasse M, Dötterl S. Differential Evolutionary History in Visual and Olfactory Floral Cues of the Bee-Pollinated Genus Campanula (Campanulaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1356. [PMID: 34371561 PMCID: PMC8309401 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Visual and olfactory floral signals play key roles in plant-pollinator interactions. In recent decades, studies investigating the evolution of either of these signals have increased considerably. However, there are large gaps in our understanding of whether or not these two cue modalities evolve in a concerted manner. Here, we characterized the visual (i.e., color) and olfactory (scent) floral cues in bee-pollinated Campanula species by spectrophotometric and chemical methods, respectively, with the aim of tracing their evolutionary paths. We found a species-specific pattern in color reflectance and scent chemistry. Multivariate phylogenetic statistics revealed no influence of phylogeny on floral color and scent bouquet. However, univariate phylogenetic statistics revealed a phylogenetic signal in some of the constituents of the scent bouquet. Our results suggest unequal evolutionary pathways of visual and olfactory floral cues in the genus Campanula. While the lack of phylogenetic signal on both color and scent bouquet points to external agents (e.g., pollinators, herbivores) as evolutionary drivers, the presence of phylogenetic signal in at least some floral scent constituents point to an influence of phylogeny on trait evolution. We discuss why external agents and phylogeny differently shape the evolutionary paths in floral color and scent of closely related angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Milet-Pinheiro
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.S.C.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Pablo Sandro Carvalho Santos
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.S.C.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Samuel Prieto-Benítez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, C/Tulipán, s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain;
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution Group, Environmental Department, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.S.C.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
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15
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Eisen KE, Geber MA, Raguso RA. Emission rates of species-specific volatiles vary across communities of Clarkia species: Evidence for multi-modal character displacement. Am Nat 2021; 199:824-840. [DOI: 10.1086/715501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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16
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Duque L, Poelman EH, Steffan-Dewenter I. Effects of ozone stress on flowering phenology, plant-pollinator interactions and plant reproductive success. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115953. [PMID: 33190978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a highly oxidative pollutant with the potential to alter plant metabolism. The direct effects of ozone on plant phenotype may alter interactions with other organisms, such as pollinators, and, consequently, affect plant reproductive success. In a set of greenhouse experiments, we tested whether exposure of plants to a high level of ozone affected their phenological development, their attractiveness to four different pollinators (mason bees, honeybees, hoverflies and bumblebees) and, ultimately, their reproductive success. Exposure of plants to ozone accelerated flowering, particularly on plants that were growing in autumn, when light and temperature cues, that commonly promote flowering, were weaker. Simultaneously, there was a tendency for ozone-exposed plants to disinvest in vegetative growth. Plant exposure to ozone did not substantially affect pollinator preference, but bumblebees had a tendency to visit more flowers on ozone-exposed plants, an effect that was driven by the fact that these plants tended to have more open flowers, meaning a stronger attraction signal. Honeybees spent more time per flower on ozone-exposed plants than on control plants. Acceleration of flower production and the behavioural responses of pollinators to ozone-exposed plants resulted in retained reproductive fitness of plants pollinated by bumblebees, honeybees and mason bees, despite the negative effects of ozone on plant growth. Plants that were pollinated by hoverflies had a reduction in reproductive fitness in response to ozone. In a natural setting, acceleration of flowering by ozone might foster desynchronization between plant and pollinator activities. This can have a strong impact on plants with short flowering periods and on plants that, unlike wild mustard, lack compensatory mechanisms to cope with the absence of pollinator activity in the beginning of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duque
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Prior Experience with Food Reward Influences the Behavioral Responses of the Honeybee Apis mellifera and the Bumblebee Bombus lantschouensis to Tomato Floral Scent. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11120884. [PMID: 33327411 PMCID: PMC7764895 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bees are important pollinators for many agricultural crops. Compared with bumblebees, honeybees are less attracted to tomato flowers. Floral scent usually plays an important role in mediating the foraging behavior of bees, and tomato flowers release special scents. However, little is known about how tomato floral scent regulates the foraging behaviors of these two bee taxa. In the current study, we investigated the foraging behaviors of the widely used pollinator honeybee Apis mellifera and a native bumblebee, Bombus lantschouensis, on tomato flowers to evaluate the potential application of these two bee species for tomato pollination in solar greenhouses. Moreover, we determined whether honeybees and bumblebees show different responses to tomato floral scent and how innate biases and prior experience influence bee choice behavior. We found that naïve bees showed no preference for tomato floral scent but could develop such a preference after learning to associate tomato floral scent with a food reward on the basis of foraging experience or scent-learning procedures. We conclude that scent-learning experiences with food reward can change the innate bias of bees and could be utilized to improve the pollination service efficiency of bees for commercial crops. Abstract Bee responses to floral scent are usually influenced by both innate biases and prior experience. Honeybees are less attracted than bumblebees to tomato flowers. However, little is known about how tomato floral scent regulates the foraging behaviors of honeybees and bumblebees. In this study, the foraging behaviors of the honeybee Apis mellifera and the bumblebee Bombus lantschouensis on tomato flowers in greenhouses were investigated. Whether the two bee species exhibit different responses to tomato floral scent and how innate biases and prior experience influence bee choice behavior were examined. In the greenhouses, honeybees failed to collect pollen from tomato flowers, and their foraging activities decreased significantly over days. Additionally, neither naïve honeybees nor naïve bumblebees showed a preference for tomato floral scent in a Y-tube olfactometer. However, foraging experience in the tomato greenhouses helped bumblebees develop a strong preference for the scent, whereas honeybees with foraging experience continued to show aversion to tomato floral scent. After learning to associate tomato floral scent with a sugar reward in proboscis extension response (PER) assays, both bee species exhibited a preference for tomato floral scent in Y-tube olfactometers. The findings indicated that prior experience with a food reward strongly influenced bee preference for tomato floral scent.
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18
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Farré-Armengol G, Fernández-Martínez M, Filella I, Junker RR, Peñuelas J. Deciphering the Biotic and Climatic Factors That Influence Floral Scents: A Systematic Review of Floral Volatile Emissions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1154. [PMID: 32849712 PMCID: PMC7412988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a global analysis of the information available on the relative composition of the floral scents of a very diverse variety of plant species is missing. Such analysis may reveal general patterns on the distribution and dominance of the volatile compounds that form these mixtures, and may also allow measuring the effects of factors such as the phylogeny, pollination vectors, and climatic conditions on the floral scents of the species. To fill this gap, we compiled published data on the relative compositions and emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the floral scents of 305 plant species from 66 families. We also gathered information on the groups of pollinators that visited the flowers and the climatic conditions in the areas of distribution of these species. This information allowed us to characterize the occurrence and relative abundances of individual volatiles in floral scents and the effects of biotic and climatic factors on floral scent. The monoterpenes trans-β-ocimene and linalool and the benzenoid benzaldehyde were the most abundant floral VOCs, in both ubiquity and predominance in the floral blends. Floral VOC richness and relative composition were moderately preserved traits across the phylogeny. The reliance on different pollinator groups and the climate also had important effects on floral VOC richness, composition, and emission rates of the species. Our results support the hypothesis that key compounds or compounds originating from specific biosynthetic pathways mediate the attraction of the main pollinators. Our results also indicate a prevalence of monoterpenes in the floral blends of plants that grow in drier conditions, which could link with the fact that monoterpene emissions protect plants against oxidative stresses throughout drought periods and their emissions are enhanced under moderate drought stress. Sesquiterpenes, in turn, were positively correlated with mean annual temperature, supporting that sesquiterpene emissions are dominated mainly by ambient temperature. This study is the first to quantitatively summarise data on floral-scent emissions and provides new insights into the biotic and climatic factors that influence floral scents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Farré-Armengol
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Iolanda Filella
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Underwood N, Hambäck PA, Inouye BD. Pollinators, Herbivores, and Plant Neighborhood Effects. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1086/707863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Bacteria Affect Plant-Mite Interactions Via Altered Scent Emissions. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:782-792. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Burkle LA, Runyon JB. Floral volatiles structure plant–pollinator interactions in a diverse community across the growing season. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Burkle
- Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman Montana
| | - Justin B. Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service Bozeman Montana
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22
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Bennett AB, Lovell S. Landscape and local site variables differentially influence pollinators and pollination services in urban agricultural sites. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212034. [PMID: 30759171 PMCID: PMC6373950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization has detrimental effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, as agricultural and semi-natural habitats are converted into landscapes dominated by built features. Urban agricultural sites are a growing component of urban landscapes and have potential to serve as a source of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provisioning in urban areas. In 19 urban agricultural sites, we investigated how surrounding land cover and local site variables supported bees and pollination services. We found the abundance of bees differentially responded to landscape and local scale variables depending on body size and nesting habit. Large-bodied bees, Bombus and Apis species, were positively associated with increasing amounts of impervious cover, while the abundance of small-bodied soil nesting Halictus species increased as the proportion of flower area, a local variable, increased. Bee richness declined with increasing levels of impervious cover, while bee community composition changed along a gradient of increasing impervious cover. Pollination services, measured at each site using sentinel cucumber plants, declined as hardscape, a local variable, increased. To improve bee conservation and pollination services in urban agricultural sites, our results suggest urban planning strategies should minimize impervious cover at large spatial scales while land managers should focus locally on incorporating floral resources, which increases food and nesting resources especially for smaller bee species. Local site design coupled with regional urban planning can advance the success of urban agriculture, while benefiting biodiversity by creating opportunities for pollinator conservation in urban landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B. Bennett
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Lovell
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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23
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Minnaar C, Anderson B, de Jager ML, Karron JD. Plant-pollinator interactions along the pathway to paternity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:225-245. [PMID: 30535041 PMCID: PMC6344347 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Background The male fitness pathway, from pollen production to ovule fertilization, is thought to strongly influence reproductive trait evolution in animal-pollinated plants. This pathway is characterized by multiple avenues of pollen loss which may lead to reductions in male fitness. However, empirical data on the mechanistic processes leading to pollen loss during transport are limited, and we therefore lack a comprehensive understanding of how male fitness is influenced by each step in the pollination process. Scope This review assesses the history of studying male function in plants and identifies critical gaps in our understanding of the ecology and evolution of pollen transport. We explore male reproductive function along the steps of the pathway to paternity and discuss evolutionary options to overcome barriers to siring success. In particular, we present a newly emerging idea that bodies of pollinators function as a dynamic arena facilitating intense male-male competition, where pollen of rival males is constantly covered or displaced by competitors. This perspective extends the pollen-competitive arena beyond the confines of the stigma and style, and highlights the opportunity for important new breakthroughs in the study of male reproductive strategies and floral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneile Minnaar
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Bruce Anderson
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Marinus L de Jager
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey D Karron
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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24
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Limited Cross Plant Movement and Non-Crop Preferences Reduce the Efficiency of Honey Bees as Pollinators of Hybrid Carrot Seed Crops. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10020034. [PMID: 30678092 PMCID: PMC6410176 DOI: 10.3390/insects10020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Pollination rates in hybrid carrot crops remain limited after introduction of honey bee hives. In this study, honey bee foraging behaviour was observed in commercial hybrid carrot seed crops. Significantly more visits were made to male-fertile (MF) rather than cytoplasmically male-sterile (CMS) flowers. Pollen was collected from bees returning to a hive, to determine daily variation in pollen loads collected and to what level the bees were foraging for carrot pollen. Honey bees visited a wide range of alternative pollen sources and made relatively few visits to carrot plants throughout the period of flowering. Visitation rates to other individual floral sources fluctuated but visitation to carrot was consistently low. The underlying rate of carrot pollen visits among collecting trips was modelled and estimated to be as low as 1.4%, a likely cause of the limited success implementing honey bee hives in carrot crops.
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25
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Silva RF, Rabeschini GBP, Peinado GLR, Cosmo LG, Rezende LHG, Murayama RK, Pareja M. The Ecology of Plant Chemistry and Multi-Species Interactions in Diversified Agroecosystems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1713. [PMID: 30524464 PMCID: PMC6262048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, our knowledge of how ecological interactions shape the structure and dynamics of natural communities has rapidly advanced. Plant chemical traits play key roles in these processes because they mediate a diverse range of direct and indirect interactions in a community-wide context. Many chemically mediated interactions have been extensively studied in industrial cropping systems, and thus have focused on simplified, pairwise and linear interactions that rarely incorporate a community perspective. A contrasting approach considers the agroecosystem as a functioning whole, in which food production occurs. It offers an opportunity to better understand how plant chemical traits mediate complex interactions which can enhance or hinder ecosystem functions. In this paper, we argue that studying chemically mediated interactions in agroecosystems is essential to comprehend how agroecosystem services emerge and how they can be guaranteed through ecosystem management. First, we discuss how plant chemical traits affect and are affected by ecological interactions. We then explore research questions and future directions on how studying chemical mediation in complex agroecosystems can help us understand the emergence and management of ecosystem services, specifically biological control and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo F Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B P Rabeschini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro G Cosmo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luiz H G Rezende
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael K Murayama
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Martín Pareja
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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26
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Glenny WR, Runyon JB, Burkle LA. Drought and increased CO 2 alter floral visual and olfactory traits with context-dependent effects on pollinator visitation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:785-798. [PMID: 29575008 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can alter species interactions essential for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function, such as pollination. Understanding the interactive effects of multiple abiotic conditions on floral traits and pollinator visitation are important to anticipate the implications of climate change on pollinator services. Floral visual and olfactory traits were measured from individuals of four forb species subjected to drought or normal water availability, and elevated or ambient concentrations of CO2 in a factorial design. Pollinator visitation rates and community composition were observed in single-species and multi-species forb assemblages. Drought decreased floral visual traits and pollinator visitation rates but increased volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, whereas elevated CO2 positively affected floral visual traits, VOC emissions and pollinator visitation rates. There was little evidence of interactive effects of drought and CO2 on floral traits and pollinator visitation. Interestingly, the effects of climate treatments on pollinator visitation depended on whether plants were in single- or multi-species assemblages. Components of climate change altered floral traits and pollinator visitation, but effects were modulated by plant community context. Investigating the response of floral traits, including VOCs, and context-dependency of pollinator attraction provides additional insights and may aid in understanding the overall effects of climate change on plant-pollinator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Glenny
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Justin B Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Laura A Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
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27
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Soper Gorden NL, Adler LS. Consequences of multiple flower-insect interactions for subsequent plant-insect interactions and plant reproduction. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1835-1846. [PMID: 30376158 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plants often interact simultaneously with multiple antagonists and mutualists that can alter plant traits at the phenotypic or genetic level, subsequent plant-insect interactions, and reproduction. Although many studies have examined the effects of single floral antagonisms on subsequent pollination and plant reproduction, we know very little about the combined, potentially non-additive effects of multiple flower-insect interactions. METHODS We simulated increased florivory, nectar robbing, and pollination on field-grown Impatiens capensis, which allowed us to determine interactive effects on five subsequent plant-insect interactions and 16 plant traits, including traits related to plant growth, floral attractiveness, floral defenses, and plant reproduction. KEY RESULTS All three manipulative treatments had significant non-additive effects on the behavior of subsequent floral visitors, indicating that the effect of floral visitors generally depended on the presence or behavior of others. Pollination increased visitation by both pollinators and nectar larcenists (robbers and thieves), while florivory reduced pollinator and larcenist visits. Surprisingly, supplemental pollination also increased leaf herbivory. Florivores often responded to manipulations in opposite ways than did nectar larcenists and pollinators, suggesting different mechanisms influencing visitors that consume nectar compared to floral tissue. While our treatments did not affect any floral trait measured, they non-additively impacted plant reproduction, with florivory having a larger overall impact than either nectar robbing or pollination. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize the importance of understanding the context in which flower-insect interactions occur because the composition of the interacting community can have large and non-additive impacts on subsequent insect behavior and plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Soper Gorden
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Lynn S Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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28
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Kantsa A, Raguso RA, Dyer AG, Olesen JM, Tscheulin T, Petanidou T. Disentangling the role of floral sensory stimuli in pollination networks. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29531220 PMCID: PMC5847531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding pollination network structure, the functional roles of floral sensory stimuli (visual, olfactory) have never been addressed comprehensively in a community context, even though such traits are known to mediate plant–pollinator interactions. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset of floral traits and a novel dynamic data-pooling methodology to explore the impacts of floral sensory diversity on the structure of a pollination network in a Mediterranean scrubland. Our approach tracks transitions in the network behaviour of each plant species throughout its flowering period and, despite dynamism in visitor composition, reveals significant links to floral scent, and/or colour as perceived by pollinators. Having accounted for floral phenology, abundance and phylogeny, the persistent association between floral sensory traits and visitor guilds supports a deeper role for sensory bias and diffuse coevolution in structuring plant–pollinator networks. This knowledge of floral sensory diversity, by identifying the most influential phenotypes, could help prioritize efforts for plant–pollinator community restoration. Can floral phenotype predict the most influential species for maintaining plant–pollinator communities? Here, Kantsa et al. develop a methodology for trait-based analysis, revealing the critical role of floral scent, and floral colour as perceived by insects, in shaping visitation networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite Kantsa
- Laboratory of Biogeography and Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece. .,Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- Department of Media and Communication, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, 3000, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Tscheulin
- Laboratory of Biogeography and Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Theodora Petanidou
- Laboratory of Biogeography and Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
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In situ modeling of multimodal floral cues attracting wild pollinators across environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13218-13223. [PMID: 29180408 PMCID: PMC5740637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714414114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coeveolution of flowers and pollinators is well known, but how generalist pollinators identify suitable flowers across environments and flower species is not well understood. Hoverflies, which are found across the globe, are one of the most important alternative pollinators after bees and bumblebees. Here we measured, predicted, and finally recreated multimodal cues from individual flowers visited by hoverflies in three different environments (hemiboreal, alpine, and tropical). We found that although “flower signatures” were unique for each environment, some cues were ubiquitously attractive, despite not resembling cue combinations from real flowers. Our results provide unique insights into how a cosmopolitan pollinator identifies flower objects across environments, which has important implications for our understanding of pollination as a global ecological service. With more than 80% of flowering plant species specialized for animal pollination, understanding how wild pollinators utilize resources across environments can encourage efficient planting and maintenance strategies to maximize pollination and establish resilience in the face of environmental change. A fundamental question is how generalist pollinators recognize “flower objects” in vastly different ecologies and environments. On one hand, pollinators could employ a specific set of floral cues regardless of environment. Alternatively, wild pollinators could recognize an exclusive signature of cues unique to each environment or flower species. Hoverflies, which are found across the globe, are one of the most ecologically important alternative pollinators after bees and bumblebees. Here, we have exploited their cosmopolitan status to understand how wild pollinator preferences change across different continents. Without employing any a priori assumptions concerning the floral cues, we measured, predicted, and finally artificially recreated multimodal cues from individual flowers visited by hoverflies in three different environments (hemiboreal, alpine, and tropical) using a field-based methodology. We found that although “flower signatures” were unique for each environment, some multimodal lures were ubiquitously attractive, despite not carrying any reward, or resembling real flowers. While it was unexpected that cue combinations found in real flowers were not necessary, the robustness of our lures across insect species and ecologies could reflect a general strategy of resource identification for generalist pollinators. Our results provide insights into how cosmopolitan pollinators such as hoverflies identify flowers and offer specific ecologically based cues and strategies for attracting pollinators across diverse environments.
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30
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Junker RR. A biosynthetically informed distance measure to compare secondary metabolite profiles. CHEMOECOLOGY 2017; 28:29-37. [PMID: 29540963 PMCID: PMC5840250 DOI: 10.1007/s00049-017-0250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolite profiles are one of the most diverse phenotypes of organisms and can consist of a large number of compounds originating from a limited number of biosynthetic pathways. The statistical treatment of such profiles often is complicated due to their diversity as well as the intra- and interspecific variability in the quantitative and qualitative composition of secondary metabolites. Most importantly, the assumption of independence of the presence/absence and the quantity of compounds is violated due to the shared biosynthetic origin of many compounds. Therefore, I propose a biosynthetically informed pairwise distance measure that fully considers the biosynthesis of the compounds and thus quantifies the similarity in the enzymatic equipment of two samples. The biosynthetic similarity of compounds is calculated based on the proportion of shared enzymes that are required for their biosynthesis. Using this information (provided as dendrogram structure) and the quantitative composition of the samples, generalized UniFrac distances are calculated measuring that fraction of the dendrogram (i.e., the branch lengths) that is unique to either of the samples but not shared by both samples. To allow a straightforward cross-platform application of the approach, I provide functions for the statistical software R and sample data sets. A hypothetical and a real world example show the feasibility of the biosynthetically informed distances dA,B and highlight the differences to conventional distance measures. The advantages of this approach and potential fields of application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Junker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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31
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Kuppler J, Höfers MK, Trutschnig W, Bathke AC, Eiben JA, Daehler CC, Junker RR. Exotic flower visitors exploit large floral trait spaces resulting in asymmetric resource partitioning with native visitors. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kuppler
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Maren K. Höfers
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | | | - Arne C. Bathke
- Department of MathematicsUniversity of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Jesse A. Eiben
- College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of Hawai'i at Hilo Hilo HI USA
| | | | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
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32
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Delle-Vedove R, Schatz B, Dufay M. Understanding intraspecific variation of floral scent in light of evolutionary ecology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:1-20. [PMID: 28873948 PMCID: PMC5737645 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Among the various floral traits involved in pollinator attraction and potentially under selection mediated by pollinators, floral scent/fragrance has been less investigated than other components of floral phenotype. Whether or not pollinator-mediated selection impacts floral scents depends on the heritability of scent/fragrance and the occurrence of some variation within species. Although most studies have investigated how scent varies among species, growing amounts of data are available on variation at the intraspecific level. Methods The results of 81 studies investigating intraspecific variation of floral scents in 132 taxa were reviewed. For each study, whether variation was found in either identity, proportion or absolute quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was recorded, as well as information with the potential to explain variation, such as methodology, plant origin or pollination biology. Key Results Variation was found for almost all investigated species, both among individuals (among and sometimes within populations) and within individuals across different temporal scales. Cases in which such variation is a possible result of pollinator-mediated selection were analysed, by discussing separately selection related to variation in pollinator identity/behaviour among populations or across time, deceit pollination and sex-specific selection. Not surprisingly, in many cases, pollinator-mediated selection alone does not explain the observed variation in floral scent. This led us to review current knowledge on less investigated factors, such as selection mediated by natural enemies, genetic drift and gene flow, environmental constraints, phylogenetic inertia, or biochemical constraints that could be invoked to explain scent variation. Conclusions This review highlights the great potential of analysing floral scent variation and including it in integrated studies of floral phenotypes. We also have identified the current gaps in our understanding of this complex signal and we propose several methodological and conceptual future directions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Delle-Vedove
- Universite de Lille, CNRS UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Bertrand Schatz
- CEFE (Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive), UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Mathilde Dufay
- Universite de Lille, CNRS UMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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33
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Burkle LA, Runyon JB. The smell of environmental change: Using floral scent to explain shifts in pollinator attraction. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps1600123. [PMID: 28690928 PMCID: PMC5499301 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1600123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As diverse environmental changes continue to influence the structure and function of plant-pollinator interactions across spatial and temporal scales, we will need to enlist numerous approaches to understand these changes. Quantitative examination of floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one approach that is gaining popularity, and recent work suggests that floral VOCs hold substantial promise for better understanding and predicting the effects of environmental change on plant-pollinator interactions. Until recently, few ecologists were employing chemical approaches to investigate mechanisms by which components of environmental change may disrupt these essential mutualisms. In an attempt to make these approaches more accessible, we summarize the main field, laboratory, and statistical methods involved in capturing, quantifying, and analyzing floral VOCs in the context of changing environments. We also highlight some outstanding questions that we consider to be highly relevant to making progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Justin B. Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA
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34
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Borghi M, Fernie AR, Schiestl FP, Bouwmeester HJ. The Sexual Advantage of Looking, Smelling, and Tasting Good: The Metabolic Network that Produces Signals for Pollinators. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:338-350. [PMID: 28111171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A striking feature of the angiosperms that use animals as pollen carriers to sexually reproduce is the great diversity of their flowers with regard to morphology and traits such as color, odor, and nectar. These traits are underpinned by the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as pigments and volatiles, as well as carbohydrates and amino acids, which are used by plants to lure and reward animal pollinators. We review here the knowledge of the metabolic network that supports the biosynthesis of these compounds and the behavioral responses that these molecules elicit in the animal pollinators. Such knowledge provides us with a deeper insight into the ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator interactions, and should help us to better manage these ecologically essential interactions in agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Present address: Plant Hormone Biology group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Nicolson SW, Wright GA. Plant–pollinator interactions and threats to pollination: perspectives from the flower to the landscape. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan W. Nicolson
- Department of Zoology & Entomology University of Pretoria Private Bag X20 Hatfield0028 South Africa
| | - Geraldine A. Wright
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution Institute of Neuroscience Newcastle University Newcastle upon TyneNE1 7RU UK
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36
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Hambäck PA. Getting the smell of it--odour cues structure pollinator networks. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:315-7. [PMID: 26899420 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Floral visitors vary greatly among plant species and depend on the volatiles emitted by the flowers. Creeping thistle is normally visited by bees and bumblebees while common yarrow is rather visited by flies. Manipulating the flower volatiles caused pollinator communities to become more similar among the two plant species. Image credit: Robert Junker and Anna-Amelie Larue. In Focus: Larue, A.-A.C., Raguso, R.A. & Junker, R.R. (2015) Experimental manipulation of floral scent bouquets restructures flower-visitor interactions in the field. Journal of Animal Ecology, 85, 396-408. Pollinators use multiple cues to locate suitable flowers, and recent studies argue that flower volatiles are more important than previously believed. However, the role of volatiles is seldom separated from other cues. Larue, Raguso & Junker (2015) manipulated the volatile profile of two plants that are normally visited by different pollinators. Achillea millefolium is normally not visited by honeybees and bumblebees, but these pollinator groups did visit plants that were sprayed with volatiles from Cirsium arvense. Cirsium arvense, on the other hand, was less visited by honeybees and bumblebees when sprayed with volatiles from A. millefolium. These findings highlight the potential role of volatiles in structuring pollinator communities on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Hambäck
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rusch C, Broadhead GT, Raguso RA, Riffell JA. Olfaction in context-sources of nuance in plant-pollinator communication. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 15:53-60. [PMID: 27436732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Floral scents act as long-distance signals to attract pollinators, but volatiles emitted from the vegetation and neighboring plant community may modify this mutualistic communication system. What impact does the olfactory background have on pollination systems and their evolution? We consider recent behavioral studies that address the context of when and where volatile backgrounds influence a pollinator's perception of floral blends. In parallel, we review neurophysiological studies that show the importance of blend composition and background in modifying the representation of floral blends in the pollinator brain, as well as experience-dependent plasticity in increasing the representation of a rewarding odor. Here, we suggest that the efficacy of the floral blend in different environments may be an important selective force shaping differences in pollinator olfactory receptor expression and underlying neural mechanisms that mediate flower visitation and plant reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rusch
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Geoffrey T Broadhead
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
| | - Jeffrey A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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Sazatornil FD, Moré M, Benitez-Vieyra S, Cocucci AA, Kitching IJ, Schlumpberger BO, Oliveira PE, Sazima M, Amorim FW. Beyond neutral and forbidden links: morphological matches and the assembly of mutualistic hawkmoth-plant networks. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1586-1594. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico D. Sazatornil
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba); Córdoba Argentina
| | - Marcela Moré
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba); Córdoba Argentina
| | - Santiago Benitez-Vieyra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba); Córdoba Argentina
| | - Andrea A. Cocucci
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba); Córdoba Argentina
| | - Ian J. Kitching
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London UK
| | | | - Paulo E. Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Felipe W. Amorim
- Departamento de Botânica; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘Júlio de Mesquita Filho’; Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
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Junker RR. Multifunctional and Diverse Floral Scents Mediate Biotic Interactions Embedded in Communities. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Larue AAC, Raguso RA, Junker RR. Experimental manipulation of floral scent bouquets restructures flower-visitor interactions in the field. J Anim Ecol 2015; 85:396-408. [PMID: 26428739 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A common structural feature of natural communities is the non-random distribution of pairwise interactions between organisms of different trophic levels. For plant-animal interactions, it is predicted that both stochastic processes and functional plant traits that facilitate or prevent interactions are responsible for these patterns. However, unbiased manipulative field experiments that rigorously test the effects of individual traits on community structure are lacking. We address this gap by manipulating floral scent bouquets in the field. Manipulation of floral scent bouquets led to quantitative as well as qualitative restructuring of flower-visitor networks, making them more generalized. Olfactometer trials confirmed both positive and negative responses to scent bouquets. Our results clearly show that the distribution of insect visitors to the two abundant study plant species reflects the insects' species-specific preferences for floral scents, rather than for visual or morphological floral traits. Thus, floral scents may be of major importance in partitioning flower-visitor interactions. Integrating experimental manipulations of plant traits with field observations of interaction patterns thus represents a promising approach for revealing the processes that structure species assemblages in natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Amélie C Larue
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Corson-Mudd Building, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Robert R Junker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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