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Sheridan JA, Kendrick MR. Relationships of primary productivity with anuran abundance, richness, and community composition in tropical streams. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303886. [PMID: 38820528 PMCID: PMC11142703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between primary productivity and diversity has been demonstrated across taxa and spatial scales, but for organisms with biphasic life cycles, little research has examined whether productivity of larval and adult environments influence each life stage independently, or whether productivity of one life stage's environment outweighs the influence of the other. Experimental work demonstrates that tadpoles of stream-breeding anurans can exhibit a top-down influence on aquatic primary productivity (APP), but few studies have sought evidence of a bottom-up influence of primary productivity on anuran abundance, species richness and community composition, as seen in other organisms. We examined aquatic and terrestrial primary productivity in two forest types in Borneo, along with amphibian abundance, species richness, and community composition at larval and adult stages, to determine whether there is evidence for a bottom-up influence of APP on tadpole abundance and species richness across streams, and the relative importance of aquatic and terrestrial primary productivity on larval and adult phases of anurans. We predicted that adult richness, abundance, and community composition would be influenced by terrestrial primary productivity, but that tadpole richness, abundance, and community composition would be influenced by APP. Contrary to expectations, we did not find evidence that primary productivity, or variation thereof, predicts anuran richness at larval or adult stages. Further, no measure of primary productivity or its variation was a significant predictor of adult abundance, or of adult or tadpole community composition. For tadpoles, we found that in areas with low terrestrial primary productivity, abundance was positively related to APP, but in areas with high terrestrial primary productivity, abundance was negatively related to APP, suggesting a bottom-up influence of primary productivity on abundance in secondary forest, and a top-down influence of tadpoles on primary productivity in primary forest. Additional data are needed to better understand the ecological interactions between terrestrial primary productivity, aquatic primary productivity, and tadpole abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Sheridan
- Section of Amphibians and Reptiles, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Kendrick
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, Charleston, SC, United States of America
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2
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Király B, Varga T, Szabó G, Garay J. Evolutionarily stable payoff matrix in hawk-dove games. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:65. [PMID: 38769504 PMCID: PMC11107024 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical matrix game models aim to find the endpoint of behavioural evolution for a set of fixed possible interaction outcomes. Here, we introduce an evolutionary model in which not only the players' strategies but also the payoff matrix evolves according to natural selection. RESULTS We start out from the hawk-dove matrix game and, in a way that is consistent with the monomorphic model setup of Maynard Smith and Price, introduce an evolving phenotypic trait that quantifies fighting ability and determines the probability of winning and the cost of losing escalated hawk-hawk fights. We define evolutionarily stable phenotypes as consisting of an evolutionarily stable strategy and an evolutionarily stable trait, which in turn describes a corresponding evolutionarily stable payoff matrix. CONCLUSIONS We find that the maximal possible cost of escalating fights remains constant during evolution assuming a separation in the time scales of fast behavioural and slow trait selection, despite the fact that the final evolutionarily stable phenotype maximizes the payoff of hawk-hawk fights. Our results mirror the dual nature of Darwinian evolution whereby the criteria of evolutionary success, as well as the successful phenotypes themselves, are a product of natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Király
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33., Budapest, H-1121, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Varga
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - György Szabó
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, HUN-REN Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33., Budapest, H-1121, Hungary
- Institute of Evolution, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33., Budapest, H-1121, Hungary
| | - József Garay
- Institute of Evolution, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33., Budapest, H-1121, Hungary
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3
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Albo MJ, Pavón-Peláez C, Villar MM, Buzatto BA, Tomasco I. Stressful environments favor deceptive alternative mating tactics to become dominant. BMC Biol 2023; 21:162. [PMID: 37501205 PMCID: PMC10375696 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deceptive alternative mating tactics are commonly maintained at low frequencies within populations because males using them are less competitive and acquire lower fitness than those using dominant tactics. However, the successful invasion of a male deceptive tactic is plausible if deception carries no fitness cost to females. Among populations of the gift-giving spider Paratrechalea ornata, males very often offer females a deceptive worthless gift, rather than a nutritive gift. We tested the degree to which deceptive worthless gifts can occur in natural populations living under divergent environmental conditions (moderate and stressful). We examined the plasticity of morphological and behavioral traits and analyzed the fitness of females in relation to the gift type, also examining the paternity acquired by males offering either gift type. RESULTS We demonstrated that worthless gifts can become dominant under highly stressful environmental conditions (84-100%). Individuals in such environment reach smaller sizes than those in moderate conditions. We suggest that the size reduction probably favors low metabolic demands in both sexes and may reduce the costs associated with receiving deceptive worthless gifts for females. In contrast, males living under moderate conditions varied the use of the deceptive tactic (0-95%), and worthless gifts negatively influenced female fecundity. Furthermore, male size, rather than gift content, positively impacted paternity success in the moderate but not in the stressful environment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this is the first empirical evidence that a reversible deceptive tactic can become dominant when the environment becomes harsh and mate choice becomes limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Albo
- Sección Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
- Programa de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Básicas (PEDECIBA), Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Camila Pavón-Peláez
- Sección Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Programa de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Básicas (PEDECIBA), Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauro Martínez Villar
- Sección Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Programa de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Básicas (PEDECIBA), Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno A Buzatto
- Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ivanna Tomasco
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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4
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Salguero‐Gómez R, Evans DM, Gaillard J, Lancaster L, Sanders NJ, Scandrett K, Meyer J. Time counts in animal ecology. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:2154-2157. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne UK
| | - Jean‐Michel Gaillard
- Mixed Research Unit (UMR 5558) “Biometry & Evolutionary Biology” University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Campus de la Doua, Bâtiment Mendel Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Lesley Lancaster
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Nathan J. Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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Zeeman AN, Smallegange IM, Steel EB, Groot AT, Stewart KA. Toward an understanding of the chemical ecology of alternative reproductive tactics in the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini). BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:5. [PMID: 34998364 PMCID: PMC8742560 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01956-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under strong sexual selection, certain species evolve distinct intrasexual, alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). In many cases, ARTs can be viewed as environmentally-cued threshold traits, such that ARTs coexist if their relative fitness alternates over the environmental cue gradient. Surprisingly, the chemical ecology of ARTs has been underexplored in this context. To our knowledge, no prior study has directly quantified pheromone production for ARTs in a male-polymorphic species. Here, we used the bulb mite-in which males are either armed fighters that kill conspecifics, or unarmed scramblers (which have occasionally been observed to induce mating behavior in other males)-as a model system to gain insight into the role of pheromones in the evolutionary maintenance of ARTs. Given that scramblers forgo investment into weaponry, we tested whether scramblers produce higher quantities of the putative female sex-pheromone α-acaridial than fighters, which would improve the fitness of the scrambler phenotype through female mimicry by allowing avoidance of aggression from competitors. To this end, we sampled mites from a rich and a poor nutritional environment and quantified their production of α-acaridial through gas chromatography analysis. RESULTS We found a positive relationship between pheromone production and body size, but males exhibited a steeper slope in pheromone production with increasing size than females. Females exhibited a higher average pheromone production than males. We found no significant difference in slope of pheromone production over body size between fighters and scramblers. However, scramblers reached larger body sizes and higher pheromone production than fighters, providing some evidence for a potential female mimic strategy adopted by large scramblers. Pheromone production was significantly higher in mites from the rich nutritional environment than the poor environment. CONCLUSION Further elucidation of pheromone functionality in bulb mites, and additional inter- and intrasexual comparisons of pheromone profiles are needed to determine if the observed intersexual and intrasexual differences in pheromone production are adaptive, if they are a by-product of allometric scaling, or diet-mediated pheromone production under weak selection. We argue chemical ecology offers a novel perspective for research on ARTs and other complex life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Zeeman
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Smallegange
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emily Burdfield Steel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn A Stewart
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Li XY, Morozov A, Goymann W. Coevolution of female fidelity and male help in populations with alternative reproductive tactics. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202371. [PMID: 33499789 PMCID: PMC7893278 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In socially monogamous species, pair-bonded males often continue to provide care to all offspring in their nests despite some degree of paternity loss due to female extra-pair copulation. Previous theoretical models suggested that females can use their within-pair offspring as 'hostages' to blackmail their social mates, so that they continue to provide care to the brood at low levels of cuckoldry. These models, however, rely on the assumption of sufficiently accurate male detection of cuckoldry and the reduction of parental effort in case of suspicion. Therefore, they cannot explain the abundant cases where cuckolded males continue to provide extensive care to the brood. Here we use an analytical population genetics model and an individual-based simulation model to explore the coevolution of female fidelity and male help in populations with two genetically determined alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs): sneakers that achieve paternity solely via extra-pair copulations and bourgeois that form a mating pair and spend some efforts in brood care. We show that when the efficiency of mate guarding is intermediate, the bourgeois males can evolve to 'specialize' in providing care by spending more than 90% of time in helping their females while guarding them as much as possible, despite frequent cuckoldry by the sneakers. We also show that when sneakers have tactic-specific adaptations and thus are more competitive than the bourgeois in gaining extra-pair fertilizations, the frequency of sneakers and the degrees of female fidelity and male help can fluctuate in evolutionary cycles. Our theoretical predictions highlight the need for further empirical tests in species with ARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yi Li
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Morozov
- Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wolfgang Goymann
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Straße, 82319, Germany
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7
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Felmy A, Weissert N, Travis J, Jokela J. Mate availability determines use of alternative reproductive phenotypes in hermaphrodites. Behav Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In many species, individuals can employ alternative reproductive phenotypes, with profound consequences for individual fitness and population dynamics. This is particularly relevant for self-compatible hermaphrodites, which have exceptionally many reproductive options. Here we investigated the occurrence of reproductive phenotypes in the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail Radix balthica under experimentally simulated conditions of low versus moderate population density. We captured all mating behavior on camera and measured individual female lifetime reproductive success. We found every possible reproductive phenotype: (1) both male and female (i.e., truly hermaphroditic) reproduction, (2) purely female and (3) purely male reproduction, (4) male reproduction combined with self-fertilization and (5) female mating activity, (6) pure self-fertilization without mating and (7–8) two types of reproductive failure. Variation in alternative reproductive phenotypes was explained by mate availability (10.8%) and individual condition, approximated by a snail’s mean daily growth rate (17.5%). Increased mate availability resulted in a lower diversity of reproductive phenotypes, in particular increasing the frequency of true hermaphrodites. However, it lowered phenotype-specific fecundities and hence reduced the population growth rate. Snails in better condition were more likely to reproduce as true hermaphrodites or pure females, whereas low-condition snails tended to suffer reproductive failure. Overall, we show substantial variation in alternative reproductive phenotypes in a hermaphrodite, which is possibly in part maintained by fluctuations in population density and thus mate availability, and by variation in individual condition. We also provide evidence of an almost 2-fold increase in clutch size that can be ascribed specifically to mating as a female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Felmy
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, D-USYS, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nora Weissert
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jukka Jokela
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, D-USYS, Institute of Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich, Switzerland
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Smallegange IM, Rhebergen FT, Stewart KA. Cross-level considerations for explaining selection pressures and the maintenance of genetic variation in condition-dependent male morphs. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 36:66-73. [PMID: 31499417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Condition-dependent expression of alternative male morphologies (AMMs) exists in many arthropods. Understanding their coexistence requires answering (at least) two questions: (i) what are the ecological selection pressures that maintain condition-dependent plasticity of AMM expression, and (ii) what maintains the associated genetic variation? Focusing on acarid mites, we show that the questions should not be conflated. We argue how, instead, answers should be sought by testing phenotype-level (question 1) or genotype-level (question 2) hypotheses. We illustrate that energy allocation restrictions and physiological trade-offs are likely to play a crucial role in AMM expression in acarid mites. We thus conclude that these aspects require specific attention in identifying selection pressures maintaining condition-dependent plasticity, and evolutionary processes that maintain genetic variation in condition-dependent phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Smallegange
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Flor T Rhebergen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn A Stewart
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Brunner FS, Deere JA, Egas M, Eizaguirre C, Raeymaekers JAM. The diversity of eco‐evolutionary dynamics: Comparing the feedbacks between ecology and evolution across scales. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques A. Deere
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Egas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Croll JC, Egas M, Smallegange IM. An eco-evolutionary feedback loop between population dynamics and fighter expression affects the evolution of alternative reproductive tactics. J Anim Ecol 2018; 88:11-23. [PMID: 30125360 PMCID: PMC7380021 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surprisingly, little is known about how eco‐evolutionary feedback loops affect trait dynamics within a single population. Polymorphisms of discrete alternative phenotypes present ideal test beds to investigate this, as the alternative phenotypes typically exhibit contrasting demographic rates mediated through frequency or density dependence, and are thus differentially affected by selection. Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), like male fighters and sneakers, are an extreme form of discrete phenotype expression and occur across many taxa. Fighters possess weapons for male–male competition over access to mates, whereas sneakers are defenceless but adopt tactics like female‐mimicking. Because fighters in some species mortally injure conspecifics, this raises the question whether fighter expression can feed back to affect population size and structure, thereby altering the selection gradient and evolutionary dynamics of ART expression in an eco‐evolutionary feedback loop. Here, we investigated how the eco‐evolutionary feedback loop between fighter expression and population size and structure affects the evolution and maintenance of ARTs. We introduced intraspecific killing by fighters in a two‐sex, two‐ART population model parameterized for the male dimorphic bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini) that includes life‐history differences between the ARTs and a mating‐probability matrix analogous to the classic hawk–dove game. Using adaptive dynamics, we found that the intraspecific killing by fighters can extend the range of life‐history parameter values under which ARTs evolve, because fighters that kill other fighters decrease fighter fitness. This effect can be nullified when benefits from killing are incorporated, like increased reproduction through increased energy uptake. The eco‐evolutionary feedback effects found here for a dimorphic trait likely also occur in other fitness‐related traits, such as behavioural syndromes, parental care and niche construction traits. Current theoretical advances to model eco‐evolutionary processes, and empirical steps towards unravelling the underlying drivers, pave the way for understanding how selection affects trait evolution in an eco‐evolutionary feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper C Croll
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Egas
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Smallegange
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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