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Diaz‐Martin Z, De Vitis M, Havens K, Kramer AT, MacKechnie LM, Fant J. Species-specific effects of production practices on genetic diversity in plant reintroduction programs. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1956-1968. [PMID: 38143906 PMCID: PMC10739063 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant production practices can influence the genetic diversity of cultivated plant materials and, ultimately, their potential to adapt to a reintroduction site. A common step in the plant production process is the application of seed pretreatment to alleviate physiological seed dormancy and successfully germinate seeds. In production settings, the seeds that germinate more rapidly may be favored in order to fill plant quotas. In this study, we investigated how the application of cold-moist stratification treatments with different durations can lead to differences in the genetic diversity of the propagated plant materials. Specifically, we exposed seeds of three Viola species to two different cold stratification durations, and then we analyzed the genetic diversity of the resulting subpopulations through double-digestion restriction site-associated sequencing (ddRADseq). Our results show that, in two out of three species, utilizing a short stratification period will decrease the genetic diversity of neutral and expressed loci, likely due to the imposition of a genetic bottleneck and artificial selection. We conclude that, in some species, the use of minimal stratification practices in production may jeopardize the adaptive potential and long-term persistence of reintroduced populations and suggest that practitioners carefully consider the evolutionary implications of their production protocols. We highlight the need to consider the germination ecology of target species when selecting the length of dormancy-breaking pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Diaz‐Martin
- Department of BiologySpelman CollegeAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Marcello De Vitis
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
- Southeastern Grasslands InstituteAustin Peay State UniversityClarksvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Kayri Havens
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Jeremie Fant
- Chicago Botanic GardenNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionGlencoeIllinoisUSA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
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2
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Conrady M, Lampei C, Bossdorf O, Hölzel N, Michalski S, Durka W, Bucharova A. Plants cultivated for ecosystem restoration can evolve toward a domestication syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219664120. [PMID: 37155873 PMCID: PMC10193954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219664120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration calls for upscaling restoration efforts, but many terrestrial restoration projects are constrained by seed availability. To overcome these constraints, wild plants are increasingly propagated on farms to produce seeds for restoration projects. During on-farm propagation, the plants face non-natural conditions with different selection pressures, and they might evolve adaptations to cultivation that parallel those of agricultural crops, which could be detrimental to restoration success. To test this, we compared traits of 19 species grown from wild-collected seeds to those from their farm-propagated offspring of up to four cultivation generations, produced by two European seed growers, in a common garden experiment. We found that some plants rapidly evolved across cultivated generations towards increased size and reproduction, lower within-species variability, and more synchronized flowering. In one species, we found evolution towards less seed shattering. These trait changes are typical signs of the crop domestication syndrome, and our study demonstrates that it can also occur during cultivation of wild plants, within only few cultivated generations. However, there was large variability between cultivation lineages, and the observed effect sizes were generally rather moderate, which suggests that the detected evolutionary changes are unlikely to compromise farm-propagated seeds for ecosystem restoration. To mitigate the potential negative effects of unintended selection, we recommend to limit the maximum number of generations the plants can be cultivated without replenishing the seed stock from new wild collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Conrady
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043Marburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution & Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 06120Halle, Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, 06120Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Bucharova
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, 48149Münster, Germany
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043Marburg, Germany
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3
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Hanley TC, Grabowski JH, Schneider EG, Barrett PD, Puishys LM, Spadafore R, McManus G, Helt WSK, Kinney H, Conor McManus M, Randall Hughes A. Host genetic identity determines parasite community structure across time and space in oyster restoration. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222560. [PMID: 36987644 PMCID: PMC10050946 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in host susceptibility to individual parasite species is common, yet how these effects scale to mediate the structure of diverse parasite communities in nature is less well understood. To address this knowledge gap, we tested how host genetic identity affects parasite communities on restored reefs seeded with juvenile oysters from different sources-a regional commercial hatchery or one of two wild progenitor lines. We assessed prevalence and intensity of three micro- and two macroparasite species for 4 years following restoration. Despite the spatial proximity of restored reefs, oyster source identity strongly predicted parasite community prevalence across all years, with sources varying in their relative susceptibility to different parasites. Oyster seed source also predicted reef-level parasite intensities across space and through time. Our results highlight that host intraspecific variation can shape parasite community structure in natural systems, and reinforce the importance of considering source identity and diversity in restoration design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torrance C. Hanley
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- Massachusetts Bays National Estuary Partnership, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Eric G. Schneider
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Marine Fisheries, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - Patrick D. Barrett
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Marine Fisheries, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - Lauren M. Puishys
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Rachele Spadafore
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Gwendolyn McManus
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | | | - Heather Kinney
- The Nature Conservancy, Rhode Island Chapter, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - M. Conor McManus
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Division of Marine Fisheries, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - A. Randall Hughes
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
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4
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Volk K, Braasch J, Ahlering M, Hamilton JA. Environmental contributions to the evolution of trait differences in Geum triflorum: Implications for restoration. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1822-1837. [PMID: 36151780 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE How the environment influences the distribution of trait variation across a species' range has important implications for seed transfer during restoration. Evolution across environments could influence fitness when individuals are transferred into new environments. Here, we evaluate the role the environment has had on the distribution of genetic variance for traits important to adaptation. METHODS In a common garden experiment, we quantified trait differentiation for populations of Geum triflorum sourced from three distinct ecoregions and evaluated the ability of climate to predict trait variation. Populations were sourced from the Manitoba and Great Lake alvar ecoregions that experience predictable extremes in seasonal water availability and the prairie ecoregion which exhibits unpredictable changes in water availability. RESULTS Plants sourced from alvar ecoregions exhibited smaller but more stomata and greater intrinsic water-use efficiency relative to prairie plant populations, supporting the evolution of ecotypic differences. Estimates of standing genetic variance and heritable genetic variation for quantitative traits suggest alvar populations have greater adaptive potential. However, low evolvability suggests all populations likely have limited capacity to evolve in response to environmental change. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of the environment in influencing the evolution and distribution of genetic differences across populations used as seed sources for restoration. Additionally, these data may inform recommendations for seed transfer across novel environments and our expectations of populations' adaptive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Volk
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Joseph Braasch
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
- Rutgers University Camden, Department of Biological Sciences, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA
| | | | - Jill A Hamilton
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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5
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Holl KD, Luong JC, Brancalion PHS. Overcoming biotic homogenization in ecological restoration. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:777-788. [PMID: 35660115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence shows that regional (gamma) diversity is often lower across restored landscapes than in reference landscapes, in part due to common restoration practices that favor widespread species through selection of easily-grown species with high survival and propagation practices that reduce genetic diversity. We discuss approaches to counteract biotic homogenization, such as reintroducing species that are adapted to localized habitat conditions and are unlikely to colonize naturally; periodically reintroducing propagules from remnant populations to increase genetic diversity; and reintroducing higher trophic level fauna to restore interaction networks and processes that promote habitat heterogeneity. Several policy changes would also increase regional diversity; these include regional coordination amongst restoration groups, financial incentives to organizations producing conservation-valued species, and experimental designations for rare species introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Holl
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Justin C Luong
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
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6
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Conrady M, Lampei C, Bossdorf O, Durka W, Bucharova A. Evolution during seed production for ecological restoration? A molecular analysis of 19 species finds only minor genomic changes. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Conrady
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Department of Biology, Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution & Ecology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ; Halle; Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Anna Bucharova
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Department of Biology, Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
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7
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Goebl AM, Doak DF, Kane NC. Empirical test of increasing genetic variation via inter‐population crossing for native plant restoration in variable environments. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April M. Goebl
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO USA 80302
| | - Daniel F. Doak
- Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado Boulder CO USA 80303
| | - Nolan C. Kane
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder CO USA 80302
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8
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Aavik T, Träger S, Zobel M, Honnay O, Van Geel M, Bueno CG, Koorem K. The joint effect of host plant genetic diversity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities on restoration success. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsipe Aavik
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Sabrina Träger
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Martin Zobel
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Olivier Honnay
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology Biology Department University of Leuven Heverlee Belgium
| | - Maarten Van Geel
- Plant Conservation and Population Biology Biology Department University of Leuven Heverlee Belgium
| | - C. Guillermo Bueno
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Kadri Koorem
- Department of Botany Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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9
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Höfner J, Klein‐Raufhake T, Lampei C, Mudrak O, Bucharova A, Durka W. Populations restored using regional seed are genetically diverse and similar to natural populations in the region. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Höfner
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Department of Community Ecology (BZF) Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research‐UFZ Halle Germany
| | | | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Ondrej Mudrak
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Anna Bucharova
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Department of Biology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology (BZF) Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research‐UFZ Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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10
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van Katwijk MM, van Tussenbroek BI, Hanssen SV, Hendriks AJ, Hanssen L. Rewilding the Sea with Domesticated Seagrass. Bioscience 2021; 71:1171-1178. [PMID: 34733118 PMCID: PMC8560307 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that seagrass meadows sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide, protect coasts, provide nurseries for global fisheries, and enhance biodiversity. Large-scale restoration of lost seagrass meadows is urgently needed to revive these planetary ecosystem services, but sourcing donor material from natural meadows would further decline them. Therefore, we advocate the domestication and mariculture of seagrasses in order to produce the large quantities of seed needed for successful rewilding of the sea with seagrass meadows. We provide a roadmap for our proposed solution and show that 44% of seagrass species have promising reproductive traits for domestication and rewilding by seeds. The principle of partially domesticating species to enable subsequent large-scale rewilding may form a successful shortcut to restore threatened keystone species and their vital ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke M van Katwijk
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brigitta I van Tussenbroek
- Reef Systems Unit, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Steef V Hanssen
- Deining Sustainable Coastal Zone Management, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucien Hanssen
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Goret T, Janssens X, Godefroid S. A decision-making tool for restoring lowland grasslands in Europe. J Nat Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Abd Hamid FN, Wan Ahmad WJ, Mohamad Ismail S, Ratnam W. High Genetic Diversity of Shorea acuminata Dyer in the Rehabilitated Area of a Degraded Lowland Dipterocarp Tropical Rainforest. FORESTS 2021; 12:1344. [DOI: 10.3390/f12101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The United Nation’s Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030 aims to halt ecosystem degradation to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. In Malaysia, the concept of sustainable forest management (SFM) has been practiced since 1901. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity of the native dipterocarp timber tree Shorea acuminata in a rehabilitated area at Kenaboi Forest Reserve (Kenaboi FR). The rehabilitated area was formerly a degraded forest managed with the taungya restoration system for 50 years. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5 cm and over were measured, tagged and identified in a one-hectare study plot. A total of 132 inner bark samples were collected for DNA extraction. Four SSR markers (Sle280, Sle392, Sle475 and Sle566) and two EST-SSR markers (SleE07 and SleE16) were used to analyse 95 good-quality DNA samples. Genetic diversity parameters including maternal contribution were determined for 75 samples. The genetic diversity of big trees (He = 0.656 ± 0.19) and small trees (He = 0.652 ± 0.17) were high and both were in genetic equilibrium, with Fis values of the big trees being 0.035 and small trees being 0.164. Clustering analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity values (at 95% confidence level) confirmed that big trees in the Kenaboi FR rehabilitated area had originated from genetically diverse seed trees of the Sungai Menyala Forest Reserve which were used as the planting stock for the taungya restoration system. Maternal contribution showed that the allele contribution of the small trees came from the planted S. acuminata trees within the study area. The high genetic diversity of small trees in this study provides strong evidence that the existing big trees would be suitable for a genetically diverse seed collection to rehabilitate other degraded forests. Sustainable forest management must emphasise genetic diversity in order to ensure the resilience of rehabilitated forest ecosystems.
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13
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Leger EA, Agneray AC, Baughman OW, Brummer EC, Erickson TE, Hufford KM, Kettenring KM. Integrating evolutionary potential and ecological function into agricultural seed production to meet demands for the decade of restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Mail Stop 0314 Reno NV 89557 U.S.A
| | - Alison C. Agneray
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Mail Stop 0314 Reno NV 89557 U.S.A
| | - Owen W. Baughman
- The Nature Conservancy Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns OR 97720 U.S.A
| | - E. Charles Brummer
- Plant Breeding Center, Department of Plant Sciences University of California, Davis Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions 2 Kattidj Close, Kings Park Western Australia 6005 Australia
| | - Kristina M. Hufford
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Avenue Laramie WY 82071 U.S.A
| | - Karin M. Kettenring
- Ecology Center and Department of Watershed Sciences Utah State University Logan UT 84322 U.S.A
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14
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Kucera KF, Fant JB, Jensen S, Landeen M, Orr E, Kramer AT. Genetic variation and structure change when producing and using mixed‐source seed lots for restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine F. Kucera
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL U.S.A
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University Evanston IL U.S.A
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL U.S.A
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University Evanston IL U.S.A
| | - Scott Jensen
- Shrub Sciences Lab USDA Forest Service Provo UT U.S.A
| | - Melissa Landeen
- Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Great Basin Research Center Ephraim UT U.S.A
| | - Emily Orr
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL U.S.A
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL U.S.A
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University Evanston IL U.S.A
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15
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Braasch JE, Di Santo LN, Tarble ZJ, Prasifka JR, Hamilton JA. Testing for evolutionary change in restoration: A genomic comparison between ex situ, native, and commercial seed sources of Helianthus maximiliani. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2206-2220. [PMID: 34603493 PMCID: PMC8477598 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally imperiled ecosystems often depend upon collection, propagation, and storage of seed material for use in restoration. However, during the restoration process demographic changes, population bottlenecks, and selection can alter the genetic composition of seed material, with potential impacts for restoration success. The evolutionary outcomes associated with these processes have been demonstrated using theoretical and experimental frameworks, but no study to date has examined their impact on the seed material maintained for conservation and restoration. In this study, we compare genomic variation across seed sources used in conservation and restoration for the perennial prairie plant Helianthus maximiliani, a key component of restorations across North American grasslands. We compare individuals sourced from contemporary wild populations, ex situ conservation collections, commercially produced restoration material, and two populations selected for agronomic traits. Overall, we observed that ex situ and contemporary wild populations exhibited similar genomic composition, while four of five commercial populations and selected lines were differentiated from each other and other seed source populations. Genomic differences across seed sources could not be explained solely by isolation by distance nor directional selection. We did find evidence of sampling effects for ex situ collections, which exhibited significantly increased coancestry relative to commercial populations, suggesting increased relatedness. Interestingly, commercially sourced seed appeared to maintain an increased number of rare alleles relative to ex situ and wild contemporary seed sources. However, while commercial seed populations were not genetically depauperate, the genomic distance between wild and commercially produced seed suggests differentiation in the genomic composition could impact restoration success. Our results point toward the importance of genetic monitoring of seed sources used for conservation and restoration as they are expected to be influenced by the evolutionary processes that contribute to divergence during the restoration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Braasch
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Lionel N. Di Santo
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Zachary J. Tarble
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSFargoNDUSA
| | | | - Jill A. Hamilton
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
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16
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Garbowski M, Johnston DB, Brown CS. Cultivars of popular restoration grass developed for drought do not have higher drought resistance and do not differ in drought‐related traits from other accessions. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Garbowski
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University, 102 Johnson Hall, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University, 307 University Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80521, U.S.A
| | - Danielle B. Johnston
- Colorado Division of Parks and Wildlife, 711 Independent Ave., Grand Junction, CO, 81505, U.S.A
| | - Cynthia S. Brown
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University, 102 Johnson Hall, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University, 307 University Ave., Fort Collins, CO, 80521, U.S.A
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17
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Induced plasticity alters responses to conspecific interactions in seedlings of a perennial grass. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14581. [PMID: 34272406 PMCID: PMC8285392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can interact with different individuals in their lifetime which may lead to plastic response that affect performance. If conspecific interactions are altered through previous plastic responses that could affect stabilizing niche mechanisms, in which conspecifics compete more intensely to promote diversity and coexistence. Here, I show interactions between Pascopyrum smithii and conspecifics resulted in largely canalized traits, whereas P. smithii with an invasive grass, Bromus tectorum resulted in plastic responses for root mass (p = 0.02), shoot mass (p < 0.0001), root mass fraction (p = 0.003) and plant height (p < 0.0001). A subset of individuals transplanted from these two interaction treatments which were moved with new, same aged conspecifics showed that previous interactions led to differing trait relationships: increases in the number of leaves for the interspecific-induced plants were related to increases in non-focal leaf production, whereas increases in the number of leaves for the intraspecific-induced plants were related to decreases in the non-focal plants (R2 = 0.52, p = 0.006). These results suggest that previous intraspecific interactions intensify conspecific competition and stabilize subsequent interactions with conspecifics by imposing greater competition, and that invasive-interspecific interactions can weaken stabilizing niche mechanisms, thus negatively influencing species coexistence.
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18
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Pizza R, Espeland E, Etterson J. Eight generations of native seed cultivation reduces plant fitness relative to the wild progenitor population. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1816-1829. [PMID: 34295366 PMCID: PMC8288025 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Native seed for restoration is in high demand, but widespread habitat degradation will likely prevent enough seed from being sustainably harvested from wild populations to meet this need. While propagation of native species has emerged in recent decades to address this resource gap, few studies have tested whether the processes of sampling from wild populations, followed by generations of farm cultivation, reduce plant fitness tolerance to stress over time. To test this, we grew the eighth generation of farm-propagated Clarkia pulchella Pursh (Onagraceae) alongside seeds from two of the three original wild source populations that established the native seed farm. To detect differences in stress tolerance, half of plants were subjected to a low-water treatment in the greenhouse. At the outset, farmed seeds were 4.1% heavier and had 4% greater germination compared to wild-collected seed. At maturity, farmed plants were 22% taller and had 20% larger stigmatic surfaces, even after accounting for differences in initial seed size. Importantly, the mortality of farmed plants was extremely high (75%), especially in the low-water treatment (80%). Moreover, farmed plants under the high-water treatment had 90% lower relative fitness than wild plants due to the 1.3 times greater weekly mortality and a 3-fold reduction in flowering likelihood. Together, these data suggest that bottlenecks during initial sampling and/or unconscious selection during propagation severely reduced genetic diversity and promoted inbreeding. This may undermine restoration success, especially under stressful conditions. These results indicate that more data must be collected on the effects of cultivation to determine whether it is a suitable source of restoration seed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Espeland
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARSSidneyMTUSA
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19
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Monks L, Standish R, McArthur S, Dillon R, Byrne M, Coates D. Genetic and mating system assessment of translocation success of the long‐lived perennial shrub
Lambertia orbifolia
(Proteaceae). Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Monks
- Biodiversity Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley WA 6983 Australia
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University 90 South Street, Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Rachel Standish
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University 90 South Street, Murdoch WA 6150 Australia
| | - Shelley McArthur
- Biodiversity Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley WA 6983 Australia
| | - Rebecca Dillon
- Biodiversity Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley WA 6983 Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Biodiversity Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley WA 6983 Australia
| | - David Coates
- Biodiversity Conservation Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery Centre, Bentley WA 6983 Australia
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20
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Influence of Vegetation Coverage on Hydraulic Characteristics of Overland Flow. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil erosion is a major problem in the Loess Plateau (China); however, it can be alleviated through vegetation restoration. In this study, the overland flow on a slope during soil erosion was experimentally simulated using artificial grass as vegetation cover. Nine degrees of vegetation coverage and seven flow rates were tested in combinations along a 12° slope gradient. As the coverage degree increased, the water depth of the overland flow increased, but the flow velocity decreased. The resistance coefficient increased with increasing degree of coverage, especially after a certain point. The resistance coefficient and the Reynolds number had an inverse relationship. When the Reynolds number was relatively small, the resistance coefficient decreased faster; however, when it exceeded 600, the resistance coefficient decreased at a slower rate. A critical degree of vegetation cover was observed in the relationship between the resistance coefficient and submergence degree. When the degree of coverage was greater than 66.42%, the resistance coefficient first decreased and then increased with a higher submergence degree. Finally, the formula for the resistance coefficient under vegetation coverage was derived. This formula has a relatively high accuracy and can serve as a reference for predicting soil erosion.
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21
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Foxx AJ, Kramer AT. Hidden variation: cultivars and wild plants differ in trait variation with surprising root trait outcomes. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J. Foxx
- United States Department of Agriculture; Agricultural Research Services Genomics and Bioinformatic Research Unit, Gainesville, FL, 32608, U.S.A
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action The Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, U.S.A
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, U.S.A
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action The Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, U.S.A
- Plant Biology and Conservation Program Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, U.S.A
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22
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Zanetti M, Dayrell RLC, Wardil MV, Damasceno A, Fernandes T, Castilho A, Santos FMG, Silveira FAO. Seed Functional Traits Provide Support for Ecological Restoration and ex situ Conservation in the Threatened Amazon Ironstone Outcrop Flora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599496. [PMID: 33424895 PMCID: PMC7793850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cangas (ironstone outcrops) host a specialized flora, characterized by high degree of edaphic endemism and an apparent lack of natural history knowledge of its flora. Due to intense pressure from iron ore mining this ecosystem is under threat and in need of restoration. We studied seed functional traits that are relevant for restoration, translocation and ex situ conservation in 48 species from cangas in eastern Amazon. Were determined the thermal niche breadth, classified seed dormancy and determined methods to overcome it, determined the effect of seed storage on germination, tested the association between germination traits and functional groups, and tested whether seed traits are phylogenetically conserved. We found a broad interspecific variation in most seed traits, except for seed water content. Large interspecific variation in the temperature niche breadth was found among the studied species, but only four species, showed optimum germination at high temperatures of 35-40°C, despite high temperatures under natural conditions. Only 35% of the studied species produced dormant seeds. Mechanical scarification was effective in overcoming physical dormancy and application of gibberellic acid was effective in overcoming physiological dormancy in five species. For the 29 species that seeds were stored for 24 months, 76% showed decreases in the germination percentage. The weak association between germination traits and life-history traits indicate that no particular plant functional type requires specific methods for seed-based translocations. Exceptions were the lianas which showed relatively larger seeds compared to the other growth-forms. Dormancy was the only trait strongly related to phylogeny, suggesting that phylogenetic relatedness may not be a good predictor of regeneration from seeds in cangas. Our study provides support to better manage seed sourcing, use, storage and enhancement techniques with expected reduced costs and increased seedling establishment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Zanetti
- Bioma meio Ambiente LTDA, Nova Lima, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roberta L. C. Dayrell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mariana V. Wardil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Amplo Engenharia e Gestão de Projetos LTDA, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Damasceno
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Tais Fernandes
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Castilho
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Fernando M. G. Santos
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. O. Silveira
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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23
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Winkler DE, Massatti R. Unexpected hybridization reveals the utility of genetics in native plant restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Winkler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Rob Massatti
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
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24
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Pedrini S, Gibson‐Roy P, Trivedi C, Gálvez‐Ramírez C, Hardwick K, Shaw N, Frischie S, Laverack G, Dixon K. Collection and production of native seeds for ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pedrini
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, Department of Environment and AgricultureCurtin University Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 Western Australia Australia
| | - Paul Gibson‐Roy
- Kalbar Resources Hay Street, Perth 6000 Western Australia Australia
| | - Clare Trivedi
- Conservation Science DepartmentRoyal Botanic Gardens Kew U.K
| | | | - Kate Hardwick
- Conservation Science DepartmentRoyal Botanic Gardens Kew U.K
| | - Nancy Shaw
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station 322 E. Front Street, Suite 401, Boise ID 83702 U.S.A
| | | | | | - Kingsley Dixon
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, Department of Environment and AgricultureCurtin University Kent Street, Bentley, 6102 Western Australia Australia
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25
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Söderquist L, Broberg A, Rosenberg V, Sletvold N. Predicting heterosis and inbreeding depression from population size and density to inform management efforts. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linus Söderquist
- Plant Ecology and Evolution Department of Ecology and Genetics Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anna Broberg
- Plant Ecology and Evolution Department of Ecology and Genetics Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Viktor Rosenberg
- Plant Ecology and Evolution Department of Ecology and Genetics Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Nina Sletvold
- Plant Ecology and Evolution Department of Ecology and Genetics Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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26
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Zeldin J, Lichtenberger TM, Foxx AJ, Webb Williams E, Kramer AT. Intraspecific functional trait structure of restoration‐relevant species: Implications for restoration seed sourcing. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Zeldin
- Plant Science and Conservation Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
| | - Taran M. Lichtenberger
- Plant Science and Conservation Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
- Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston IL USA
| | - Alicia J. Foxx
- Plant Science and Conservation Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
- Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston IL USA
| | | | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Plant Science and Conservation Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL USA
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27
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Hamilton J, Flint S, Lindstrom J, Volk K, Shaw R, Ahlering M. Evolutionary approaches to seed sourcing for grassland restorations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2246-2248. [PMID: 32064631 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Hamilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Shelby Flint
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Science Department, Southwest Minnesota State University, 1501 State Street, Marshall, MN, 56258, USA
| | - Jessica Lindstrom
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Kate Volk
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Ruth Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Marissa Ahlering
- The Nature Conservancy, 1101 West River Parkway, Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA
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28
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St. Clair AB, Dunwiddie PW, Fant JB, Kaye TN, Kramer AT. Mixing source populations increases genetic diversity of restored rare plant populations. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Basey St. Clair
- Program in Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University 2205 Tech Drive Evanston IL 60208 U.S.A
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Chicago IL 60022 U.S.A
| | | | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Chicago IL 60022 U.S.A
| | - Thomas N. Kaye
- Institute for Applied Ecology 563 SW Jefferson Avenue Corvallis OR 97333 U.S.A
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyOregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 U.S.A
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionNegaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Chicago IL 60022 U.S.A
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29
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Baums IB, Baker AC, Davies SW, Grottoli AG, Kenkel CD, Kitchen SA, Kuffner IB, LaJeunesse TC, Matz MV, Miller MW, Parkinson JE, Shantz AA. Considerations for maximizing the adaptive potential of restored coral populations in the western Atlantic. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01978. [PMID: 31332879 PMCID: PMC6916196 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Active coral restoration typically involves two interventions: crossing gametes to facilitate sexual larval propagation; and fragmenting, growing, and outplanting adult colonies to enhance asexual propagation. From an evolutionary perspective, the goal of these efforts is to establish self-sustaining, sexually reproducing coral populations that have sufficient genetic and phenotypic variation to adapt to changing environments. Here, we provide concrete guidelines to help restoration practitioners meet this goal for most Caribbean species of interest. To enable the persistence of coral populations exposed to severe selection pressure from many stressors, a mixed provenance strategy is suggested: genetically unique colonies (genets) should be sourced both locally as well as from more distant, environmentally distinct sites. Sourcing three to four genets per reef along environmental gradients should be sufficient to capture a majority of intraspecies genetic diversity. It is best for practitioners to propagate genets with one or more phenotypic traits that are predicted to be valuable in the future, such as low partial mortality, high wound healing rate, high skeletal growth rate, bleaching resilience, infectious disease resilience, and high sexual reproductive output. Some effort should also be reserved for underperforming genets because colonies that grow poorly in nurseries sometimes thrive once returned to the reef and may harbor genetic variants with as yet unrecognized value. Outplants should be clustered in groups of four to six genets to enable successful fertilization upon maturation. Current evidence indicates that translocating genets among distant reefs is unlikely to be problematic from a population genetic perspective but will likely provide substantial adaptive benefits. Similarly, inbreeding depression is not a concern given that current practices only raise first-generation offspring. Thus, proceeding with the proposed management strategies even in the absence of a detailed population genetic analysis of the focal species at sites targeted for restoration is the best course of action. These basic guidelines should help maximize the adaptive potential of reef-building corals facing a rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana B. Baums
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania16803USA
| | - Andrew C. Baker
- Department of Marine Biology and EcologyRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiamiFlorida33149USA
| | - Sarah W. Davies
- Department of BiologyBoston UniversityBostonMassachusetts02215USA
| | | | - Carly D. Kenkel
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia90007USA
| | - Sheila A. Kitchen
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania16803USA
| | - Ilsa B. Kuffner
- U.S. Geological Survey600 4th Street S.St. PetersburgFlorida33701USA
| | - Todd C. LaJeunesse
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania16803USA
| | - Mikhail V. Matz
- Department of Integrative BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTexas78712USA
| | | | - John E. Parkinson
- SECORE InternationalMiamiFlorida33145USA
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaFlorida33620USA
| | - Andrew A. Shantz
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania16803USA
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30
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Gaynor ML, Walters LJ, Hoffman EA. Ensuring effective restoration efforts with salt marsh grass populations by assessing genetic diversity. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Gaynor
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central Florida Orlando FL 32817 U.S.A
| | - Linda J. Walters
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central Florida Orlando FL 32817 U.S.A
| | - Eric A. Hoffman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central Florida Orlando FL 32817 U.S.A
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31
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Dittberner H, Becker C, Jiao WB, Schneeberger K, Hölzel N, Tellier A, de Meaux J. Strengths and potential pitfalls of hay transfer for ecological restoration revealed by RAD-seq analysis in floodplain Arabis species. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3887-3901. [PMID: 31338892 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Achieving high intraspecific genetic diversity is a critical goal in ecological restoration as it increases the adaptive potential and long-term resilience of populations. Thus, we investigated genetic diversity within and between pristine sites in a fossil floodplain and compared it to sites restored by hay transfer between 1997 and 2014. RAD-seq genotyping revealed that the stenoecious floodplain species Arabis nemorensis is co-occurring with individuals that, based on ploidy, ITS-sequencing and morphology, probably belong to the close relative Arabis sagittata, which has a documented preference for dry calcareous grasslands but has not been reported in floodplain meadows. We show that hay transfer maintains genetic diversity for both species. Additionally, in A. sagittata, transfer from multiple genetically isolated pristine sites resulted in restored sites with increased diversity and admixed local genotypes. In A. nemorensis, transfer did not create novel admixture dynamics because genetic diversity between pristine sites was less differentiated. Thus, the effects of hay transfer on genetic diversity also depend on the genetic make-up of the donor communities of each species, especially when local material is mixed. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of hay transfer for habitat restoration and emphasize the importance of prerestoration characterization of microgeographic patterns of intraspecific diversity of the community to guarantee that restoration practices reach their goal, that is maximize the adaptive potential of the entire restored plant community. Overlooking these patterns may alter the balance between species in the community. Additionally, our comparison of summary statistics obtained from de novo- and reference-based RAD-seq pipelines shows that the genomic impact of restoration can be reliably monitored in species lacking prior genomic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Becker
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wen-Biao Jiao
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Aurélien Tellier
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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32
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Flint SA, Olofson D, Jordan NR, Shaw RG. Population source affects competitive response and effect in a C
4
grass (
Panicum virgatum
). Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby A. Flint
- University of Minnesota, Conservation Biology Graduate Program, 135B Skok Hall, 2003 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Dana Olofson
- University of Minnesota, University Honors Program, 390 Northrop, 84 Church Street SE Minneapolis MN 55455 U.S.A
- Mayo Clinic, Translational Research, Innovation, and Test Development Office, 200 First Street Southwest Rochester MN 55905 U.S.A
| | - Nicholas R. Jordan
- Department of Agronomy and Plant GeneticsUniversity of Minnesota, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
| | - Ruth G. Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 U.S.A
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33
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Solomon JKQ. Characterization of Adult Functional Traits of Local Populations and Cultivars of Sandberg Bluegrass and Bottlebrush Squirreltail Perennial Bunchgrasses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E166. [PMID: 31212616 PMCID: PMC6631798 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant functional traits offer an understanding of the plant's ability to cope with varying environmental impositions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the above and belowground adult morphological and chemical composition traits of local populations of Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda J. Presl) and Bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey) collected in Nevada and their cultivated varieties. A total of six replications (one seedling each) from each population and cultivar of the two native perennial bunchgrasses were used in a randomized complete block design experiment. Each of the six seedlings from each sourced population was transplanted into individual tree pots (28 cm diameter × 61 cm height) containing 20.4 kg of air-dried Orr gravelly sandy loam soil in mid-November, 2015 and remained in the pots for the duration of the study (23 June, 2016). Traits evaluated were, plant height, leaf length, inflorescence length, shoot biomass, forage nutritive value, root morphological traits, and root carbon and nitrogen content. Traits means were considered different at P < 0.05. For Sandberg bluegrass, the cultivar 'Mountain Home' and the population from Panther Valley tended to have greater biomass than the population from Button Point but overall, the average of the two cultivars (10.8 g/plant) did not differ in shoot biomass relative to the local populations (7.6 g/plant). For squirreltail, plant height for the George St. Sonoma and Grass Valley populations (71.3 cm) was greater than the cultivars 'Toe Jam Creek' and 'Vale' (40.5 cm) but cultivars had greater biomass (12.6 g/plant) than the local populations (5.8 g/plant). Total root length and root diameter were not different among the Sanberg bluegrass and squirreltail populations. The results from traits expounded on in this study indicate the closeness of these populations for both species at their adult stage and provide insights for building a unified framework approach among the different agencies and restoration practitioners to aid in plant assemblages for restoration success in the Great Basin and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan K Q Solomon
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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34
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Baughman OW, Agneray AC, Forister ML, Kilkenny FF, Espeland EK, Fiegener R, Horning ME, Johnson RC, Kaye TN, Ott J, St. Clair JB, Leger EA. Strong patterns of intraspecific variation and local adaptation in Great Basin plants revealed through a review of 75 years of experiments. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6259-6275. [PMID: 31236219 PMCID: PMC6580289 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in natural selection across heterogeneous landscapes often produces (a) among-population differences in phenotypic traits, (b) trait-by-environment associations, and (c) higher fitness of local populations. Using a broad literature review of common garden studies published between 1941 and 2017, we documented the commonness of these three signatures in plants native to North America's Great Basin, an area of extensive restoration and revegetation efforts, and asked which traits and environmental variables were involved. We also asked, independent of geographic distance, whether populations from more similar environments had more similar traits. From 327 experiments testing 121 taxa in 170 studies, we found 95.1% of 305 experiments reported among-population differences, and 81.4% of 161 experiments reported trait-by-environment associations. Locals showed greater survival in 67% of 24 reciprocal experiments that reported survival, and higher fitness in 90% of 10 reciprocal experiments that reported reproductive output. A meta-analysis on a subset of studies found that variation in eight commonly measured traits was associated with mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature at the source location, with notably strong relationships for flowering phenology, leaf size, and survival, among others. Although the Great Basin is sometimes perceived as a region of homogeneous ecosystems, our results demonstrate widespread habitat-related population differentiation and local adaptation. Locally sourced plants likely harbor adaptations at rates and magnitudes that are immediately relevant to restoration success, and our results suggest that certain key traits and environmental variables should be prioritized in future assessments of plants in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen W. Baughman
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevada
- Present address:
The Nature ConservancyBurnsOregon
| | - Alison C. Agneray
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevada
| | | | | | - Erin K. Espeland
- Pest Management Research UnitUSDA‐Agricultural Research Service Northern Plains Agricultural LaboratorySidneyMontana
| | | | - Matthew E. Horning
- Deschutes National ForestUSDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest RegionBendOregon
| | | | | | - Jeff Ott
- Rocky Mountain Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceBoiseIdaho
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevada
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Nagel R, Durka W, Bossdorf O, Bucharova A. Rapid evolution in native plants cultivated for ecological restoration: not a general pattern. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:551-558. [PMID: 30120869 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of restoration projects worldwide increases the demand for seed material of native species. To meet this demand, seeds are often produced through large-scale cultivation on specialised farms, using wild-collected seeds as the original sources. However, during cultivation, plants experience novel environmental conditions compared to those in natural populations, and there is a danger that the plants in cultivation are subject to unintended selection and lose their adaptation to natural habitats. Although the propagation methods are usually designed to maintain as much natural genetic diversity as possible, the effectiveness of these measures have never been tested. We obtained seed of five common grassland species from one of the largest native seed producers in Germany. For each species, the seeds were from multiple generations of seed production. We used AFLP markers and a common garden experiment to test for genetic and phenotypic changes during cultivation of these plants. The molecular markers detected significant evolutionary changes in three out of the five species and we found significant phenotypic changes in two species. The only species that showed substantial genetic and phenotypic changes was the short-lived and predominantly selfing Medicago lupulina, while in the other, mostly perennial and outcrossing species, the observed changes were mostly minor. Agricultural propagation of native seed material for restoration can cause evolutionary changes, at least in some species. We recommend caution, particularly in selfing and short-lived species, where evolution may be more rapid and effects may thus be more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagel
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution & Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - W Durka
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - O Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution & Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Bucharova
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution & Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Nature Conservation and landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Kaulfuß F, Reisch C. Restoration of grasslands using commercially produced seed mixtures: genetic variation within and among natural and restored populations of three common grassland species. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-01138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Leger EA, Atwater DZ, James JJ. Seed and seedling traits have strong impacts on establishment of a perennial bunchgrass in invaded semi‐arid systems. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeremy J. James
- University of California Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center Browns Valley California
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Bucharova A, Bossdorf O, Hölzel N, Kollmann J, Prasse R, Durka W. Mix and match: regional admixture provenancing strikes a balance among different seed-sourcing strategies for ecological restoration. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ensslin A, Van de Vyver A, Vanderborght T, Godefroid S. Ex situ cultivation entails high risk of seed dormancy loss on short-lived wild plant species. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierry Vanderborght
- Botanic Garden Meise; Meise Belgium
- Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles; Service général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique; Brussels Belgium
| | - Sandrine Godefroid
- Botanic Garden Meise; Meise Belgium
- Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles; Service général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique; Brussels Belgium
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Espeland EK, Johnson RC, Horning ME. Plasticity in native perennial grass populations: Implications for restoration. Evol Appl 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eva.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard C. Johnson
- Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research Unit; USDA-ARS; Pullman WA USA
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