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Bullock JM, Jarvis SG, Fincham WNW, Risser H, Schultz C, Spurgeon DJ, Redhead JW, Storkey J, Pywell RF. Mapping the ratio of agricultural inputs to yields reveals areas with potentially less sustainable farming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168491. [PMID: 37952662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Fertilisers and pesticides are major sources of the environmental harm that results from farming, yet it remains difficult to target reductions in their impacts without compromising food production. We suggest that calculating the ratio of agrochemical inputs to yield can provide an indication of the potential sustainability of farmland, with those areas that have high input relative to yield being considered as less sustainable. Here we design an approach to characterise such Input to Yield Ratios (IYR) for four inputs that can be plausibly linked to environmental impacts: the cumulative risk resulting from pesticide exposure for honeybees and for earthworms, and the amount of nitrogen or phosphorus fertiliser applied per unit area. We capitalise on novel national-scale data to assess IYR for wheat farming across all of England. High-resolution spatial patterns of IYR differed among the four inputs, but hotspots, where all four IYRs were high, were in key agricultural regions not usually characterised as having low suitability for cropping. By scaling the magnitude of each input against crop yield, the IYR does not penalise areas of high yield with higher inputs (important for food production), or areas with low yields but which are achieved with low inputs (important as low impact areas). Instead, the IYR provides a globally applicable framework for evaluating the broad patterns of trade-offs between production and environmental risk, as an indicator of the potential for harm, over large scales. Its use can thus inform targeting to improve agricultural sustainability, or where one might switch to other land uses such as ecosystem restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan G Jarvis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Hannah Risser
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK
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2
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Madin MB, Nelson KS. Effects of landscape simplicity on crop yield: A reanalysis of a global database. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289799. [PMID: 38096199 PMCID: PMC10721009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological theory on diversity suggests that agriculture requires sufficient biodiversity, ecological function, and critical ecosystem services to remain sustainable and resilient. As such, research related to the effect of ecosystem services and diversity on crop yields has increased significantly in the past decade. One such study by Dainese and colleagues that presented a global synthesis of a compiled database of 1,475 crop experiments related to pollination and pest control ecosystem services and crop yields quickly garnered attention in the literature with more than 540 citations since its publication in 2019. Given the strong influence of this study on the research on diversity and agricultural production, we conduct a reanalysis on the publicly available dataset from the global synthesis study to test the robustness of findings to modeling approach and assumptions. In our reanalysis we apply ordinary least squares regression methods rather than Bayesian path analysis to the same data to examine the robustness of observed field-scale landscape diversity-ecosystem services-crop yield relationships. The result of our reanalysis supports the findings of Dainese and colleagues, illustrating the robustness of findings that suggest that increasing landscape simplicity is associated with lower rates of pollination and pest control ecosystem service provisioning and lower crop yields. However, our analyses also suggest that provisioning of pollination and pest control services account for only a small fraction of the total effect of landscape simplicity on crop yields. Furthermore, we find that management and soil health may mediate the effects of landscape simplicity on ecosystem services and crop yields. While our results complement previous findings for landscape simplicity and ecosystem services, they also indicate that above and below ground ecosystem services are not mutually exclusive but concurrently contribute to support crop production in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Biwalib Madin
- Department of Geography and Geospatial Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Katherine S. Nelson
- Department of Geography and Geospatial Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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3
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Mancini F, Cooke R, Woodcock BA, Greenop A, Johnson AC, Isaac NJB. Invertebrate biodiversity continues to decline in cropland. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230897. [PMID: 37282535 PMCID: PMC10244961 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern agriculture has drastically changed global landscapes and introduced pressures on wildlife populations. Policy and management of agricultural systems has changed over the last 30 years, a period characterized not only by intensive agricultural practices but also by an increasing push towards sustainability. It is crucial that we understand the long-term consequences of agriculture on beneficial invertebrates and assess if policy and management approaches recently introduced are supporting their recovery. In this study, we use large citizen science datasets to derive trends in invertebrate occupancy in Great Britain between 1990 and 2019. We compare these trends between regions of no- (0%), low- (greater than 0-50%) and high-cropland (greater than 50%) cover, which includes arable and horticultural crops. Although we detect general declines, invertebrate groups are declining most strongly in high-cropland cover regions. This suggests that even in the light of improved policy and management over the last 30 years, the way we are managing cropland is failing to conserve and restore invertebrate communities. New policy-based drivers and incentives are required to support the resilience and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. Post-Brexit changes in UK agricultural policy and reforms under the Environment Act offer opportunities to improve agricultural landscapes for the benefit of biodiversity and society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rob Cooke
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Ben A. Woodcock
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Arran Greenop
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
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4
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Nelson KS, Burchfield EK. Defining features of diverse and productive agricultural systems: An archetype analysis of U.S. agricultural counties. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research suggests that greater spatial diversity in crops and land use is associated with higher crop yields and improved ecosystem function. However, what leads to the emergence of agricultural systems that meet both productivity and ecological health goals remains an open question. Understanding the factors that differentiate these places from other agricultural systems is key to understanding the mechanisms, pathways, consequences, and constraints to employing diversification as a tool for increasing agricultural sustainability. In this study, we employ archetype analysis to examine the factors uniquely associated with the conjoint existence of high crop diversity and high crop productivity. We identify five agricultural system classes that represent a range of diversity and productivity combinations using k-means cluster analysis then use random forests analysis to identify factors that strongly explain the differences between the classes—describing different agricultural production regimes. Our exploratory analysis of the difference in agricultural system factors across classes suggests (1) crop diversity and its preconditions are associated with the highest yields, (2) biophysical conditions bound diversity-productivity realities, (3) productivity comes at a petrochemical cost, and that (4) crop rotations are a key diversification strategy. Overall, our results suggest that despite clear biophysical constraints on transitions to high diversity—high productivity systems the role of actionable factors on crop production regimes is stronger, providing reason to be hopeful about transitions to agricultural production regimes fit for new climate realities.
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5
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Wyckhuys KA, Zhang W, Colmenarez YC, Simelton E, Sander BO, Lu Y. Tritrophic defenses as a central pivot of low-emission, pest-suppressive farming systems. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 58:101208. [PMID: 36320406 PMCID: PMC9611972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2022.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spotlighted the intricate connections between human and planetary health. Given that pesticide-centered crop protection degrades ecological resilience and (in-)directly harms human health, the adoption of ecologically sound, biodiversity-driven alternatives is imperative. In this Synthesis paper, we illuminate how ecological forces can be manipulated to bolster 'tritrophic defenses' against crop pests, pathogens, and weeds. Three distinct, yet mutually compatible approaches (habitat-mediated, breeding-dependent, and epigenetic tactics) can be deployed at different organizational levels, that is, from an individual seed to entire farming landscapes. Biodiversity can be harnessed for crop protection through ecological infrastructures, diversification tactics, and reconstituted soil health. Crop diversification is ideally guided by interorganismal interplay and plant-soil feedbacks, entailing resistant cultivars, rotation schemes, or multicrop arrangements. Rewarding opportunities also exist to prime plants for enhanced immunity or indirect defenses. As tritrophic defenses spawn multiple societal cobenefits, they could become core features of healthy, climate-resilient, and low-carbon food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Ag Wyckhuys
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Chrysalis Consulting, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Wei Zhang
- International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI-CGIAR), Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - Bjorn O Sander
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI-CGIAR), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Wyckhuys KAG, Zou Y, Wanger TC, Zhou W, Gc YD, Lu Y. Agro-ecology science relates to economic development but not global pesticide pollution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 307:114529. [PMID: 35065383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic pesticides are core features of input-intensive agriculture and act as major pollutants driving environmental change. Agroecological science has unveiled the benefits of biodiversity for pest control, but research implementation at the farm-level is still difficult. Here we address this implementation gap by using a bibliometric approach, quantifying how countries' scientific progress in agro-ecology relates to pesticide application regimes. Among 153 countries, economic development does spur scientific innovation but irregularly bears reductions in pesticide use. Some emerging economies bend the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) - the observed environmental pollution by a country's wealth - for pesticides and few high-income countries exhibit a weak agro-ecology 'technique effect'. Our findings support recent calls for large-scale investments in nature-positive agriculture, underlining how agro-ecology can mend the ecological resilience, carbon footprint, and human health impacts of intensive agriculture. Yet, in order to effectively translate science into practice, scientific progress needs to be paralleled by policy-change, farmer education and broader awareness-raising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris A G Wyckhuys
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Chrysalis Consulting, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Yi Zou
- Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Thomas C Wanger
- Westlake University, Hangzhou, China; University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubak Dhoj Gc
- United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Su Y. Response of Ecosystem Health to Land Use Changes and Landscape Patterns in the Karst Mountainous Regions of Southwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063273. [PMID: 35328960 PMCID: PMC8955466 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative assessment of ecosystem health is important for interpreting the ecological effects of land use changes and formulating effective measures of sustainable ecological development by policymakers. This study investigated the response of ecosystem health to land use changes and landscape patterns in the karst mountainous regions of southwest China by taking Guiyang City as a case study area and assessing the spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem health from 2008 to 2017 using the vigor–organization–resilience model; it analyzed the influence of land use changes and landscape patterns on ecosystem health using spatial overlay analysis, the Dunnett’s T3 test, and the Spearman correlation analysis. The results show that the land use structure dramatically changed, with a trend of a sharp decrement of farmland and rapid increment of forestland and construction land due to rapid urbanization and ecologization. The overall ecosystem health was at a relatively strong level, with the average value greater than 0.6. The deterioration of ecosystem health was attributed to the expansion of construction land and farmland and the degradation of forestland, while the increment of forestland was the major contributor to the improvement of ecosystem health. The ecosystem health of the forestland + farmland landscape was significantly superior to that of forestland + construction land and construction land + farmland landscapes. Moreover, each landscape configurations had a significant positive or negative correlation with the ecosystem health. This study provides a valuable reference for formulating sustainable environmental management strategies in karst mountainous regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology & Agro-Bioengineering, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yixin Li
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuan Su
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Tran DX, Pearson D, Palmer A, Lowry J, Gray D, Dominati EJ. Quantifying spatial non-stationarity in the relationship between landscape structure and the provision of ecosystem services: An example in the New Zealand hill country. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152126. [PMID: 34863745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Knowing how landscape structure affects the provision of ecosystem services (ES) is an important first step toward better landscape planning. Because landscape structure is often heterogenous across space, modelling the relationship between landscape structure and the provision of ES must account for spatial non-stationarity. This paper examines the relationship between landscape structure and the provision of ES using a hill country and steep-land case farm in New Zealand. Indicators derived from land cover and topographical data such as Largest Patch Index (LPI), Contrast Class Edge (CCE), Edge Density (ED), and Terrain slope (SLOPE) were used to examine the landscape's structure and pattern. Measures of pasture productivity, soil erosion control, and water supply were derived with InVEST tools and spatial analysis in a GIS. Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) was used to evaluate the relationship between indicators of landscape structure and the provisioning of ES. Other regression models, including Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), were carried out to evaluate the performance of MGWR. Results showed that landscape patterns significantly affect the supply of all mapped ES, and this varies across the landscape, dependent on the pattern of topographical features and land cover pattern and structure. MWGR outperformed other OLS and GWR in terms of explanatory power of the ES determinants and had a better ability to deal with the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Spatially and quantitatively detailed variations of the relationship between landscape structure and the provision of ES provide a scientific basis to inform the design of sustainable multifunctional landscapes. Information derived from this analysis can be used for spatial planning of farmed landscapes to promote multiple ES which meet multiple sustainable development objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy X Tran
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Diane Pearson
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Alan Palmer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - John Lowry
- School of People, Environment and Planning, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - David Gray
- School of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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9
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Balmford A. Concentrating vs. spreading our footprint: how to meet humanity's needs at least cost to nature. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Balmford
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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10
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Gardner E, Breeze TD, Clough Y, Smith HG, Baldock KCR, Campbell A, Garratt MPD, Gillespie MAK, Kunin WE, McKerchar M, Potts SG, Senapathi D, Stone GN, Wäckers F, Westbury DB, Wilby A, Oliver TH. Field boundary features can stabilise bee populations and the pollination of mass‐flowering crops in rotational systems. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Reading UK
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental Research University of Reading Reading UK
| | - Tom D. Breeze
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental Research University of Reading Reading UK
| | - Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research and Department Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Henrik G. Smith
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research and Department Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Katherine C. R. Baldock
- School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
- Cabot Institute University of Bristol Bristol UK
- Department of Geographical and Environmental Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | | | | | - Mark A. K. Gillespie
- School of Biology University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Department of Environmental Sciences Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Sogndal Norway
| | | | - Megan McKerchar
- School of Science and the Environment University of Worcester UK
| | - Simon G. Potts
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental Research University of Reading Reading UK
| | - Deepa Senapathi
- Centre for Agri‐Environmental Research University of Reading Reading UK
| | - Graham N. Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Felix Wäckers
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | | | - Andrew Wilby
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Tom H. Oliver
- School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Reading UK
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11
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Stiles S, Lundgren JG, Fenster CB, Nottebrock H. Maximizing ecosystem services to the oil crop
Brassica carinata
through landscape heterogeneity and arthropod diversity. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Stiles
- Department of Biology and Microbiology South Dakota State University 1390 College Avenue Brookings South Dakota57007USA
| | | | - Charles B. Fenster
- Department of Biology and Microbiology South Dakota State University 1390 College Avenue Brookings South Dakota57007USA
| | - Henning Nottebrock
- Department of Plant Ecology University of Bayreuth NW I, Universitätsstr. 30 Bayreuth95440Germany
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12
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Barbaro L, Assandri G, Brambilla M, Castagneyrol B, Froidevaux J, Giffard B, Pithon J, Puig‐Montserrat X, Torre I, Calatayud F, Gaüzère P, Guenser J, Macià‐Valverde F, Mary S, Raison L, Sirami C, Rusch A. Organic management and landscape heterogeneity combine to sustain multifunctional bird communities in European vineyards. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Barbaro
- Dynafor University of ToulouseINRAE Castanet‐Tolosan France
- CESCOMuseum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne‐University Paris France
| | - Giacomo Assandri
- MUSE Sezione Zoologia dei Vertebrati Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza Trento Italy
- Area per l'Avifauna Migratrice BIO‐AVMIstituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca AmbientaleISPRA Ozzano Emilia Italy
| | - Mattia Brambilla
- MUSE Sezione Zoologia dei Vertebrati Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza Trento Italy
- Fondazione Lombardia per l'AmbienteSettore Biodiversità e aree protette Seveso Italy
| | | | - Jérémy Froidevaux
- Dynafor University of ToulouseINRAE Castanet‐Tolosan France
- CESCOMuseum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne‐University Paris France
- Life Sciences Building School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Brice Giffard
- SAVE INRAE Bordeaux Sciences AgroISVV Villenave d'Ornon France
| | | | | | - Ignasi Torre
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers Granollers Spain
| | | | - Pierre Gaüzère
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine University of Grenoble AlpesCNRSUniversity of Savoie Mont BlancLECA Grenoble France
| | | | | | - Séverine Mary
- VitinnovBordeaux Sciences AgroISVV Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - Laurent Raison
- Dynafor University of ToulouseINRAE Castanet‐Tolosan France
| | - Clélia Sirami
- Dynafor University of ToulouseINRAE Castanet‐Tolosan France
| | - Adrien Rusch
- SAVE INRAE Bordeaux Sciences AgroISVV Villenave d'Ornon France
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13
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Finch T, Day BH, Massimino D, Redhead JW, Field RH, Balmford A, Green RE, Peach WJ. Evaluating spatially explicit sharing‐sparing scenarios for multiple environmental outcomes. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Finch
- RSPB Centre for Conservation ScienceRSPBThe Lodge Sandy UK
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Brett H. Day
- Department of Economics LEEP InstituteUniversity of Exeter Exeter UK
| | | | | | - Rob H. Field
- RSPB Centre for Conservation ScienceRSPBThe Lodge Sandy UK
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Rhys E. Green
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK
| | - Will J. Peach
- RSPB Centre for Conservation ScienceRSPBThe Lodge Sandy UK
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