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Tasker SJL, Foggo A, Scheers K, van der Loop J, Giordano S, Bilton DT. Nuanced impacts of the invasive aquatic plant Crassula helmsii on Northwest European freshwater macroinvertebrate assemblages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169667. [PMID: 38163603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Invasive alien species are considered one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity, and are particularly problematic in aquatic systems. Given the foundational role of macrophytes in most freshwaters, alien aquatic plant invasions may drive strong bottom-up impacts on recipient biota. Crassula helmsii (New Zealand pygmyweed) is an Australasian macrophyte, now widespread in northwest Europe. Crassula helmsii rapidly invades small lentic waterbodies, where it is generally considered a serious threat to native biodiversity. The precise ecological impacts of this invasion remain poorly understood, however, particularly with respect to macroinvertebrates, which comprise the bulk of freshwater faunal biodiversity. We conducted a field study of ponds, ditches and small lakes across the core of C. helmsii's invasive range (United Kingdom, Belgium and the Netherlands), finding that invaded sites had higher macroinvertebrate taxon richness than uninvaded sites, and that many infrequent and rare macroinvertebrates co-occurred with C. helmsii. Alien macroinvertebrates were more abundant in C. helmsii sites, however, particularly the North American amphipod Crangonyx pseudogracilis. At the order level, water beetle (Coleoptera) richness and abundance were higher in C. helmsii sites, whereas true fly (Diptera) abundance was higher in uninvaded sites. Taxonomic and functional assemblage composition were both impacted by invasion, largely in relation to taxa and traits associated with detritivory, suggesting that the impacts of C. helmsii on macroinvertebrates are partly mediated by the availability and palatability of its detritus. The nuanced effects of C. helmsii on macroinvertebrates found here should encourage further quantitative research on the impacts of this invasive plant, and perhaps prompt a more balanced re-evaluation of its effects on native aquatic macrofauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J L Tasker
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL3 4LL, Devon, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Foggo
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL3 4LL, Devon, United Kingdom.
| | - Kevin Scheers
- Freshwater Habitats Team, Institute for Nature and Forest Research (INBO), Havenlaan 88, Box 73, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Janneke van der Loop
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Stichting Bargerveen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Netherlands Centre of Expertise on Exotic Species (NEC-E), Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Salvatore Giordano
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL3 4LL, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - David T Bilton
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL3 4LL, Devon, United Kingdom; Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Mathers KL, Armitage PD, Hill M, McKenzie M, Pardo I, Wood PJ. Seasonal variability of lotic macroinvertebrate communities at the habitat scale demonstrates the value of discriminating fine sediment fractions in ecological assessments. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10564. [PMID: 37780081 PMCID: PMC10541294 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite lotic systems demonstrating high levels of seasonal and spatial variability, most research and biomonitoring practices do not consider seasonality when interpreting results and are typically focused at the meso-scale (combined pool/riffle samples) rather than considering habitat patch dynamics. We therefore sought to determine if the sampling season (spring, summer and autumn) influenced observed macroinvertebrate biodiversity, structure and function at the habitat unit scale (determined by substrate composition), and if this in turn influenced the assessment of fine sediment (sand and silt) pressures. We found that biodiversity supported at the habitat level was not seasonally consistent with the contribution of nestedness and turnover in structuring communities varying seasonally. Habitat differences in community composition were evident for taxonomic communities regardless of the season but were not seasonally consistent for functional communities, and, notably, season explained a greater amount of variance in functional community composition than the habitat unit. Macroinvertebrate biodiversity supported by silt habitats demonstrated strong seasonal differences and communities were functionally comparable to sand habitats in spring and to gravel habitats in autumn. Sand communities were impoverished compared to other habitats regardless of the season. Silt habitats demonstrated a strong increase in Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa and functional richness from spring into autumn, while vegetation habitats displayed a peak in EPT abundance in summer. Only silt and sand habitats demonstrated temporal variability in functional evenness suggesting that these habitats are different in terms of their resource partitioning and productivity over time compared to other habitats. Gravel and vegetation habitats appeared to be more stable over time with functional richness and evenness remaining consistent. To accurately evaluate the influence of fine sediment on lotic ecosystems, it is imperative that routine biomonitoring and scientific research discriminate between sand and silt fractions, given they support different biodiversity, particularly during summer and autumn months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Mathers
- Geography and EnvironmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | | | - Matthew Hill
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyBournemouth UniversityPooleUK
| | | | - Isabel Pardo
- Department of Ecology and Animal BiologyUniversity of VigoVigoSpain
| | - Paul J. Wood
- Geography and EnvironmentLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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Takahashi M, Saccò M, Kestel JH, Nester G, Campbell MA, van der Heyde M, Heydenrych MJ, Juszkiewicz DJ, Nevill P, Dawkins KL, Bessey C, Fernandes K, Miller H, Power M, Mousavi-Derazmahalleh M, Newton JP, White NE, Richards ZT, Allentoft ME. Aquatic environmental DNA: A review of the macro-organismal biomonitoring revolution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162322. [PMID: 36801404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is the fastest growing biomonitoring tool fuelled by two key features: time efficiency and sensitivity. Technological advancements allow rapid biodiversity detection at both species and community levels with increasing accuracy. Concurrently, there has been a global demand to standardise eDNA methods, but this is only possible with an in-depth overview of the technological advancements and a discussion of the pros and cons of available methods. We therefore conducted a systematic literature review of 407 peer-reviewed papers on aquatic eDNA published between 2012 and 2021. We observed a gradual increase in the annual number of publications from four (2012) to 28 (2018), followed by a rapid growth to 124 publications in 2021. This was mirrored by a tremendous diversification of methods in all aspects of the eDNA workflow. For example, in 2012 only freezing was applied to preserve filter samples, whereas we recorded 12 different preservation methods in the 2021 literature. Despite an ongoing standardisation debate in the eDNA community, the field is seemingly moving fast in the opposite direction and we discuss the reasons and implications. Moreover, by compiling the largest PCR-primer database to date, we provide information on 522 and 141 published species-specific and metabarcoding primers targeting a wide range of aquatic organisms. This works as a user-friendly 'distillation' of primer information that was hitherto scattered across hundreds of papers, but the list also reflects which taxa are commonly studied with eDNA technology in aquatic environments such as fish and amphibians, and reveals that groups such as corals, plankton and algae are under-studied. Efforts to improve sampling and extraction methods, primer specificity and reference databases are crucial to capture these ecologically important taxa in future eDNA biomonitoring surveys. In a rapidly diversifying field, this review synthetises aquatic eDNA procedures and can guide eDNA users towards best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Takahashi
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, Environomics Future Science Platform, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Mattia Saccò
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Joshua H Kestel
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Georgia Nester
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Matthew A Campbell
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Mieke van der Heyde
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Matthew J Heydenrych
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Jarman Laboratory, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - David J Juszkiewicz
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Paul Nevill
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Dawkins
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Cindy Bessey
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, Oceans and Atmosphere, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kristen Fernandes
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Haylea Miller
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Indian Oceans Marine Research Centre, Environomics Future Science Platform, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Power
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Mahsa Mousavi-Derazmahalleh
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Joshua P Newton
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Nicole E White
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Zoe T Richards
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Le Hen G, Balzani P, Haase P, Kouba A, Liu C, Nagelkerke LAJ, Theissen N, Renault D, Soto I, Haubrock PJ. Alien species and climate change drive shifts in a riverine fish community and trait compositions over 35 years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161486. [PMID: 36626991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alien fish substantially impact aquatic communities. However, their effects on trait composition remain poorly understood, especially at large spatiotemporal scales. Here, we used long-term biomonitoring data (1984-2018) from 31 fish communities of the Rhine river in Germany to investigate compositional and functional changes over time. Average total community richness increased by 49 %: it was stable until 2004, then declined until 2010, before increasing until 2018. Average abundance decreased by 9 %. Starting from 198 individuals/m2 in 1984 abundance largely declined to 23 individuals/m2 in 2010 (-88 %), and then consequently increased by 678 % up to 180 individuals/m2 until 2018. Increases in abundance and richness starting around 2010 were mainly driven by the establishment of alien species: while alien species represented 5 % of all species and 0.1 % of total individuals in 1993, it increased to 30 % (7 species) and 32 % of individuals in 2018. Concomitant to the increase in alien species, average native species richness and abundance declined by 26 % and 50 % respectively. We identified increases in temperature, precipitation, abundance and richness of alien fish driving compositional changes after 2010. To get more insights on the impacts of alien species on fish communities, we used 12 biological and 13 ecological traits to compute four trait metrics each. Ecological trait dispersion increased before 2010, probably due to diminishing ecologically similar native species. No changes in trait metrics were measured after 2010, albeit relative shares of expressed trait modalities significantly changing. The observed shift in trait modalities suggested the introduction of new species carrying similar and novel trait modalities. Our results revealed significant changes in taxonomic and trait compositions following alien fish introductions and climatic change. To conclude, our analyses show taxonomic and functional changes in the Rhine river over 35 years, likely indicative of future changes in ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendaline Le Hen
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], UMR 6553, 35000 Rennes, France; Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Gelnhausen, Germany.
| | - Paride Balzani
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Haase
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Gelnhausen, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Antonín Kouba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Chunlong Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Leopold A J Nagelkerke
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nikola Theissen
- North Rhine-Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, Hauptsitz, Leibnizstraße 10, 45659 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - David Renault
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)], UMR 6553, 35000 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Ismael Soto
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Phillip J Haubrock
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Gelnhausen, Germany; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic; CAMB, Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait
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Cancellario T, Laini A, Wood PJ, Guareschi S. Among demons and killers: current and future potential distribution of two hyper successful invasive gammarids. Biol Invasions 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-023-03000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBiological invasions represent one of the main contemporary pressures facing freshwater ecosystems, and a better understanding of invasive species potential distributions is essential to prepare for future stressors. Crustacean invaders contribute significantly to global invasions with the Ponto-Caspian region being one of the primary donor areas for the Palearctic. The amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, popularly known as “killer” and “demon” shrimps, are emblematic of successful Ponto-Caspian invaders of European freshwaters. However, the geographical areas in which the abiotic environment is potentially suitable for them have not been investigated. To address this gap, current and future potential distributions were studied for the European Western Palearctic considering two scenarios and time periods (2050 and 2070) as well as the association between anthropogenic activities and individual species habitat suitability. Results show large areas of central-western Europe are currently suitable for both species and indicate some potential for range expansion within colder European areas. In particular, D. haemobaphes has the potential to expand its range further west and within southern parts of Europe. Scenarios of future climate change don’t provide evidence for further range expansion compared to the current conditions and suggest a reduction of range overlap within the most suitable areas. Results reveal lowland areas are at greatest risk of colonisation as well as a significant association with anthropogenic activities for both amphipods. The outcomes of the research could be used by resource managers for preparing and managing future changes of both species distributions and facilitate decision-making for monitoring and control.
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Wang L, Yang T, Hei P, Zhang J, Yang J, Luo T, Zhou G, Liu C, Wang R, Chen F. Internal phosphorus cycling in macrophyte-dominated eutrophic lakes and its implications. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 306:114424. [PMID: 35007792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrophyte-dominated eutrophication (MDE) generally exhibits different characteristics from phytoplankton-dominated eutrophication (PDE). However, the significance of P cycling on eco-environmental management of MDE lakes is still not fully recognized. In this study, P-cycling mechanism was studied in a typical MDE lake (Wuliangsu Lake, China) based on a Before-After-Control-Impact design, taking advantage of the contrasting states between its 13 sub-lakes (with/without macrophytes and with/without external water flow). Our study demonstrated that P cycling predominantly occurs through "macrophyte ↔ sediment" in the MDE lakes, rather than "water ↔ sediment" as in PDE lakes; the biodynamics of the macrophytes acts as a primary driving force for this self-enforced P cycling. Our findings challenge the present lake eutrophication management strategies, which primarily limited to the water nutrient content, and demonstrate that successful MDE lake restoration should focus on stressors caused by the sustainable "macrophyte-sediment" P cycling. Macrophyte harvesting immediately before withering is recommended as the most sustainable technique in environment management for periodically frozen shallow MDE lakes. By this technique, sediment P can be gradually pumped up by the overgrown macrophytes each year until the advent of an alternative stable state (low sediment P, small biomass, and higher diversity), thereby forming a positive feedback loop "macrophyte harvesting → less sediment P → less macrophyte → higher diversity." Also, the catastrophic shift from MDE to PDE is no longer a concern. Furthermore, the macrophyte debris will not pose a problem as long as the macrophytes are removed during the harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pengfei Hei
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Te Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chunlan Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Administration Bureau of Urat Wetland National Nature Reserve, Bayannur, Inner Mongolia, 015000, China
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Guareschi S, Laini A, England J, Barrett J, Wood PJ. Multiple co-occurrent alien invaders constrain aquatic biodiversity in rivers. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02385. [PMID: 34128287 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A greater understanding and effective management of biological invasions is a priority for biodiversity conservation globally. Many freshwater ecosystems are experiencing the colonization and spread of multiple co-occurrent alien species. Here the implications of both the relative abundance and richness of alien invaders on aquatic macroinvertebrate taxonomic and functional richness, ecosystem quality, and functional redundancy are assessed using long-term data from rivers in England. Based on the most common aquatic invaders, results indicated that their richness, rather than abundance, was the most important factor negatively affecting aquatic macroinvertebrate biodiversity. However, the response of functional redundancy was negatively affected by invader abundance at the river basin scale. The response of communities varied as the number of invading taxa increased, with the most marked reductions following the colonization of the first few invaders. Results indicate that different facets of multiple biological invasions influence distinct aspects of aquatic biodiversity. Preventing the establishment of new invaders and limiting invader taxa richness within a community should therefore be a conservation priority. These findings will assist river scientists in understanding mechanisms driving changes in biodiversity and facilitate the testing of ecological theories while also ensuring environmental managers and regulators can prioritize conservation / management opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Guareschi
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Laini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, Parma, 43124, Italy
| | - Judy England
- Environment Agency, Red Kite House, Howbery Park, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Barrett
- Environment Agency, Red Kite House, Howbery Park, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Wood
- Geography and Environment, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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