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Gao HR, Wu ZJ, Wu SB, Gao HY, Wang J, Zhang JL, Zhou MQ. Roles of central orexinergic system on cardiovascular function and acupuncture on intervention of cardiovascular risk: Orexinergic system mediate the role of acupuncture? Neuropeptides 2021; 87:102132. [PMID: 33636511 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Central orexinergic system contributes to the regulation of cardiovascular function. Orexinergic neurons receiving projections of nerve fibers from multiple structures of brain which involved in control and regulation of cardiovascular function locate in hypothalamus, and their axon terminals widely project to various central structures where orexins receptors are expressed. Here, we summarize the present knowledge that describes the influence of central orexinergic system on cardiovascular activity, the relevance of dysfunction in central orexinergic system with hypertension and psychological stress induced cardiovascular reactivity which are serious risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular death. We propose that central orexinergic system may be potentially important targets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular death, and different orexinergic system involved neuronal circuits may be involved in distinct cardiovascular functions. Acupuncture having bidirectional regulatory ability and a much lower incidence of side effects can prevent disease. We review the improvement of acupuncture on hypertension and psychological stress induced cardiovascular reactivity. We think that acupuncture intervenes hypertension and psychological stress induced cardiovascular reactivity to prevent cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular death. We also summarize relation between acupuncture and central orexinergic system. We propose a hypothesis that acupuncture improve hypertension and psychological stress induced cardiovascular reactivity through regulating central orexinergic system. The knowledge is beneficial for the development of potential therapeutic targets and methods to prevent cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ren Gao
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Foundation and Technology of Anhui Province, Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.
| | - Zi-Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Foundation and Technology of Anhui Province, Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng-Bing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Foundation and Technology of Anhui Province, Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - He-Yuan Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Foundation and Technology of Anhui Province, Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Li Zhang
- Anhui Vocational College of Grain Engineering, Hefei, China
| | - Mei-Qi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Foundation and Technology of Anhui Province, Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China; Bozhou Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Bozhou, China.
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Abreu AR, Molosh AI, Johnson PL, Shekhar A. Role of medial hypothalamic orexin system in panic, phobia and hypertension. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145942. [PMID: 30205108 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orexin has been implicated in a number of physiological functions, including arousal, regulation of sleep, energy metabolism, appetitive behaviors, stress, anxiety, fear, panic, and cardiovascular control. In this review, we will highlight research focused on orexin system in the medial hypothalamic regions of perifornical (PeF) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and describe the role of this hypothalamic neuropeptide in the behavioral expression of panic and consequent fear and avoidance responses, as well as sympathetic regulation and possible development of chronic hypertension. We will also outline recent data highlighting the clinical potential of single and dual orexin receptor antagonists for neuropsychiatric conditions including panic, phobia, and cardiovascular conditions, such as in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R Abreu
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrei I Molosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Philip L Johnson
- Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Bonaventure P, Dugovic C, Shireman B, Preville C, Yun S, Lord B, Nepomuceno D, Wennerholm M, Lovenberg T, Carruthers N, Fitz SD, Shekhar A, Johnson PL. Evaluation of JNJ-54717793 a Novel Brain Penetrant Selective Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonist in Two Rat Models of Panic Attack Provocation. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:357. [PMID: 28649201 PMCID: PMC5465257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin neurons originating in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamic area are highly reactive to anxiogenic stimuli and have strong projections to anxiety and panic-associated circuitry. Recent studies support a role for the orexin system and in particular the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) in coordinating an integrative stress response. However, no selective OX1R antagonist has been systematically tested in two preclinical models of using panicogenic stimuli that induce panic attack in the majority of people with panic disorder, namely an acute hypercapnia-panic provocation model and a model involving chronic inhibition of GABA synthesis in the perifornical hypothalamic area followed by intravenous sodium lactate infusion. Here we report on a novel brain penetrant, selective and high affinity OX1R antagonist JNJ-54717793 (1S,2R,4R)-7-([(3-fluoro-2-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)carbonyl]-N-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine). JNJ-54717793 is a high affinity/potent OX1R antagonist and has an excellent selectivity profile including 50 fold versus the OX2R. Ex vivo receptor binding studies demonstrated that after oral administration JNJ-54717793 crossed the blood brain barrier and occupied OX1Rs in the rat brain. While JNJ-54717793 had minimal effect on spontaneous sleep in rats and in wild-type mice, its administration in OX2R knockout mice, selectively promoted rapid eye movement sleep, demonstrating target engagement and specific OX1R blockade. JNJ-54717793 attenuated CO2 and sodium lactate induced panic-like behaviors and cardiovascular responses without altering baseline locomotor or autonomic activity. These data confirm that selective OX1R antagonism may represent a novel approach of treating anxiety disorders, with no apparent sedative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brock Shireman
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Cathy Preville
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie D. Fitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
| | - Philip L. Johnson
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
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Rani M, Kumar R, Krishan P. Implicating the potential role of orexin in hypertension. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:667-676. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Toyama S, Shimoyama N, Shimoyama M. The analgesic effect of orexin-A in a murine model of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:95-100. [PMID: 28041630 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Orexins are neuropeptides that are localized to neurons in the lateral and dorsal hypothalamus but its receptors are distributed to many different regions of the central nervous system. Orexins are implicated in a variety of physiological functions including sleep regulation, energy homeostats, and stress reactions. Furthermore, orexins administered exogenously have been shown to have analgesic effects in animal models. A type of intractable pain in patients is pain due to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Several chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of malignant diseases induce dose-limiting neuropathic pain that compromises patients' quality of life. Here, we examined the analgesic effect of orexin-A in a murine model of CIPN, and compared it with the effect of duloxetine, the only drug recommended for the treatment of CIPN pain in patients. CIPN was induced in male BALB/c mice by repeated intraperitoneal injection of oxaliplatin, a platinum chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Neuropathic mechanical allodynia was assessed by the von Frey test, and the effect on acute thermal pain was assessed by the tail flick test. Intracerebroventricularly administered orexin-A dose-dependently attenuated oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia and increased tail flick latencies. Oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia was completely reversed by orexin-A at a low dose that did not increase tail flick latency. Duloxetine only partially reversed mechanical allodynia and had no effect on tail flick latency. The analgesic effect of orexin-A on oxaliplatin-induced mechanical allodynia was completely antagonized by prior intraperitoneal injection of SB-408124 (orexin type-1 receptor antagonist), but not by prior intraperitoneal injection of TCS-OX2-29 (orexin type-2 receptor antagonist). Our findings suggest that orexin-A is more potent than duloxetine in relieving pain CIPN pain and its analgesic effect is mediated by orexin type-1 receptors. Orexin type-1 receptor agonists may have potential therapeutic roles in the treatment of CIPN pain in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Toyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba 299-0111, Japan.
| | - Naohito Shimoyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba 299-0111, Japan.
| | - Megumi Shimoyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba 299-0111, Japan.
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Carrive P, Kuwaki T. Orexin and Central Modulation of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 33:157-196. [PMID: 27909989 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexin makes an important contribution to the regulation of cardiorespiratory function. When injected centrally under anesthesia, orexin increases blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic nerve activity, and the amplitude and frequency of respiration. This is consistent with the location of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus and the distribution of orexin terminals at all levels of the central autonomic and respiratory network. These cardiorespiratory responses are components of arousal and are necessary to allow the expression of motivated behaviors. Thus, orexin contributes to the cardiorespiratory response to acute stressors, especially those of a psychogenic nature. Consequently, upregulation of orexin signaling, whether it is spontaneous or environmentally induced, can increase blood pressure and lead to hypertension, as is the case for the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the hypertensive BPH/2J Schlager mouse. Blockade of orexin receptors will reduce blood pressure in these animals, which could be a new pharmacological approach for the treatment of some forms of hypertension. Orexin can also magnify the respiratory reflex to hypercapnia in order to maintain respiratory homeostasis, and this may be in part why it is upregulated during obstructive sleep apnea. In this pathological condition, blockade of orexin receptors would make the apnea worse. To summarize, orexin is an important modulator of cardiorespiratory function. Acting on orexin signaling may help in the treatment of some cardiovascular and respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Carrive
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Tomoyuki Kuwaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Orexin, Stress and Central Cardiovascular Control. A Link with Hypertension? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 74:376-392. [PMID: 27477446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Orexin, the arousal peptide, originates from neurons located in an area of the dorsal hypothalamus well known for integrating defense responses and their cardiovascular component. Orexin neurons, which are driven in large part by the limbic forebrain, send projections to many regions in the brain, including regions involved in cardiovascular control, as far down as sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. Central injections of orexin evoke sympathetically mediated cardiovascular responses. Conversely, blockade of orexin receptors reduce the cardiovascular responses to acute stressors, preferentially of a psychological nature. More importantly, lasting upregulation of orexin signaling can lead to a hypertensive state. This can be observed in rats exposed to chronic stress as well as in strains known to display spontaneous hypertension such as the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) or the hypertensive BPH/2J Schlager mouse. Thus, there is a link between orexin, stress and hypertension, and orexin upregulation could be a factor in the development of essential hypertension. Orexin receptor antagonists have anti-hypertensive effects that could be of clinical use.
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