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Assadi F, Mazaheri M, Sadeghi‐Bodj S. Randomized controlled trial to compare safety and efficacy of mycophenolate vs. cyclosporine after rituximab in children with steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 42:690-696. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnak Assadi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Mojgan Mazaheri
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics Semnan University of Medical Science Semnan Iran
| | - Simin Sadeghi‐Bodj
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics Zahedan University of Medical Sciences Zahedan Iran
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PARMAKSIZ G. Tedavisi zor nefrotik sendromlu çocuklarda rituksimab tedavisi. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1038641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaç: Rituksimab (RTX), tedavisi zor nefrotik sendromlu (sık tekrarlayan, steroide bağımlı ve steroide dirençli) hastalar için kurtarma tedavisi olarak önerilmektedir. Amacımız zor nefrotik sendromlu çocuklarda RTX tedavisinin etkinliğini ve uzun dönem sonuçlarını değerlendirmek ve deneyimlerimizi paylaşmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: RTX ile tedavi edilen zor nefrotik sendromlu çocukların tıbbi kayıtları geriye dönük olarak değerlendirildi. Oniki ayda nükssüz sağkalım oranı ve B hücre deplesyonun izlemi değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya 8'i steroide bağımlı (SBNS), 6'sı sık tekrarlayan (STNS) ve 6'sı steroide dirençli nefrotik sendromlu (SDNS) 20 çocuk dahil edildi. RTX tedavisi alan STNS/SBNS hastalarının tedavi öncesi ve sonrası 1 yıllık ortalama nüks sayısı karşılaştırıldı. Ortalama nüks sayısı 2 (1-4)’den 0 (0-1) kez/yıla geriledi. RTX tedavisi sonrası ortalama takip süresi 23 ay (12-59) ve 8 hastada nüks gelişti. RTX tedavisi sonrası nüks eden 5 hastaya, tekrarlayan dozlarda RTX uygulandı. Bu hastalarda, CD19+B hücreleri remisyon sırasında yeniden ortaya çıkarken, hafıza B hücrelerinin deplesyonu devam etti.
Sonuç: RTX tedavisi, STNS/SBNS hastalarında remisyon süresini uzattı, ancak SDNS hastalarında etkisiz kaldı. Bu hastalarda remisyonun idamesi için RTX dozunun tekrarlanabileceği ve tekrarlama dozlarının zamanlamasında en iyi hafıza B hücre sayısının yardımcı olabileceği saptandı.
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Guzmán Morais B, Ordóñez Álvarez FÁ, Santos Rodríguez F, Martín Ramos S, Fernández Novo G. Rituximab treatment in pediatric patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: A tertiary hospital. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022; 96:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Guo HL, Li L, Xu ZY, Jing X, Xia Y, Qiu JC, Ji X, Chen F, Xu J, Zhao F. Steroid-resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children: A Mini-review on Genetic Mechanisms, Predictive Biomarkers and Pharmacotherapy Strategies. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:319-329. [PMID: 33138756 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201102104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) constitutes the second most frequent cause of chronic kidney disease in childhood. The etiology of SRNS remains largely unknown and no standardized treatment exists. Recent advances in genomics have helped to build understanding of the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis of the disease. The genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins which are involved in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glucocorticoids (GCs) partially account for the different responses between patients with nephrotic syndrome. More importantly, single-gene causation in podocytes-associated proteins was found in approximately 30% of SRNS patients. Some potential biomarkers have been tested for their abilities to discriminate against pediatric patients who are sensitive to GCs treatment and patients who are resistant to the same therapy. This article reviews the recent findings on genetic mechanisms, predictive biomarkers and current therapies for SRNS with the goal to improve the management of children with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze-Yue Xu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jin-Chun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Guzmán Morais B, Ordóñez Álvarez FÁ, Santos Rodríguez F, Martín Ramos S, Fernández Novo G. [Rituximab treatment in pediatric patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: a tertiary hospital]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2021; 96:S1695-4033(20)30529-4. [PMID: 33518484 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroids have had a central role in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. The management of these patients who become dependent to steroids is complex, involving different immunosuppressive drugs patterns. The monoclonal antibody anti CD20, Rituximab, is likely to have beneficial effects in cases of steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome patients with no easy resolution, even when we cannot make a statement about the specific role in the impact. We bring our personal experience in pediatric patients treated with this medication during the last years, to provide a thorough overview and useful information about the role of Rituximab in this pathology. METHODS Retrospective study in patients with steroid-dependent idiopathic nephrotic syndrome controlled in the division of Pediatric Nephrology of a spanish tertiary hospital in those patients who had received at least one treatment cycle of Rituximab, at any moment along the evolution of the disease. RESULTS The study involved 8 patients. All of them previously received immunosuppressive therapy. The Rituximab were administered as an intravenous infusion, in a dose of 375 mg/m2, and all doses were administered in a period during which the disease was in remission. The depletion of lymphocytes B (CD 19%) were confirmed after the first dose of Rituximab except for one, with a lymphocyte count of 1%. The period of depletion lasts 10.3 months (median; range 6.5-16 months), and only one of the patients registered a relapse of the disease in this period. A reduction of relapses suffered by patients has been shown after the treatment began (3.6 relapses/year in the previous year to the start of the treatment vs. 0.1 relapses/year during the first year post-rituximab). The relapse-free survival in the first year reached 83.3% in patients who suffered more than one relapse (75% of patients), and without a relapse after the treatment began in 2 cases. One or more drugs could be removed in 87.5% of patients after the first cycle of rituximab. After the rituximab treatment, we reached a 96.5% decrease in the corticosteroids doses administered (28.5 mg/m2/day during the 3 months pre-treatment vs. 1 mg/m2/day in the last 3 months of patient monitoring). Not a significant observed adverse effect attributed to the drug after the post-rituximab monitoring period (median 46.5 months, range 5-97 months). CONCLUSION The favorable results reported after rituximab treatment in our patients seems to confirm the effectiveness of this drug in the steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, making that therapeutic option into consideration and legitimating the use of the drug in complex cases involving pediatric patients. Even so, it seems recommendable to design pertinent studies to clarify, among others, the optimum regimen of the treatment (dose, interval and cycles), clinical repercussion and potential adverse effects in long terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Guzmán Morais
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, España.
| | | | - Fernando Santos Rodríguez
- Servicio de Nefrología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - Silvia Martín Ramos
- Servicio de Nefrología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
| | - Gema Fernández Novo
- Servicio de Nefrología Infantil, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, España
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Trautmann A, Vivarelli M, Samuel S, Gipson D, Sinha A, Schaefer F, Hui NK, Boyer O, Saleem MA, Feltran L, Müller-Deile J, Becker JU, Cano F, Xu H, Lim YN, Smoyer W, Anochie I, Nakanishi K, Hodson E, Haffner D. IPNA clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:1529-1561. [PMID: 32382828 PMCID: PMC7316686 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome newly affects 1-3 per 100,000 children per year. Approximately 85% of cases show complete remission of proteinuria following glucocorticoid treatment. Patients who do not achieve complete remission within 4-6 weeks of glucocorticoid treatment have steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). In 10-30% of steroid-resistant patients, mutations in podocyte-associated genes can be detected, whereas an undefined circulating factor of immune origin is assumed in the remaining ones. Diagnosis and management of SRNS is a great challenge due to its heterogeneous etiology, frequent lack of remission by further immunosuppressive treatment, and severe complications including the development of end-stage kidney disease and recurrence after renal transplantation. A team of experts including pediatric nephrologists and renal geneticists from the International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA), a renal pathologist, and an adult nephrologist have now developed comprehensive clinical practice recommendations on the diagnosis and management of SRNS in children. The team performed a systematic literature review on 9 clinically relevant PICO (Patient or Population covered, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) questions, formulated recommendations and formally graded them at a consensus meeting, with input from patient representatives and a dietician acting as external advisors and a voting panel of pediatric nephrologists. Research recommendations are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Trautmann
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Vivarelli
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital and Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Susan Samuel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Debbie Gipson
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aditi Sinha
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ng Kar Hui
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olivia Boyer
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Imagine Institute, INSERM U1163, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Reference Center for Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Children and Adults, Necker Hospital, APHP, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Luciana Feltran
- Hospital Samaritano and HRim/UNIFESP, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jan Ulrich Becker
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Francisco Cano
- Department of Nephrology, Luis Calvo Mackenna Children's Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yam Ngo Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Court Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - William Smoyer
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ifeoma Anochie
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Koichi Nakanishi
- Department of Child Health and Welfare (Pediatrics), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Elisabeth Hodson
- Cochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School Children's Hospital, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Paediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Paediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Rare Diseases, Hannover Medical School Children's Hospital, Hannover, Germany.
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Mason AE, Sen ES, Bierzynska A, Colby E, Afzal M, Dorval G, Koziell AB, Williams M, Boyer O, Welsh GI, Saleem MA. Response to First Course of Intensified Immunosuppression in Genetically Stratified Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:983-994. [PMID: 32317330 PMCID: PMC7341765 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.13371019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Intensified immunosuppression in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome is broadly applied, with disparate outcomes. This review of patients from the United Kingdom National Study of Nephrotic Syndrome cohort aimed to improve disease stratification by determining, in comprehensively genetically screened patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, if there is an association between response to initial intensified immunosuppression and disease progression and/or post-transplant recurrence. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Pediatric patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome were recruited via the UK National Registry of Rare Kidney Diseases. All patients were whole-genome sequenced, whole-exome sequenced, or steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome gene-panel sequenced. Complete response or partial response within 6 months of starting intensified immunosuppression was ascertained using laboratory data. Response to intensified immunosuppression and outcomes were analyzed according to genetic testing results, pattern of steroid resistance, and first biopsy findings. RESULTS Of 271 patients, 178 (92 males, median onset age 4.7 years) received intensified immunosuppression with response available. A total of 4% of patients with monogenic disease showed complete response, compared with 25% of genetic-testing-negative patients (P=0.02). None of the former recurred post-transplantation. In genetic-testing-negative patients, 97% with complete response to first intensified immunosuppression did not progress, whereas 44% of nonresponders developed kidney failure with 73% recurrence post-transplant. Secondary steroid resistance had a higher complete response rate than primary/presumed resistance (43% versus 23%; P=0.001). The highest complete response rate in secondary steroid resistance was to rituximab (64%). Biopsy results showed no correlation with intensified immunosuppression response or outcome. CONCLUSIONS Patients with monogenic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome had a poor therapeutic response and no post-transplant recurrence. In genetic-testing-negative patients, there was an association between response to first intensified immunosuppression and long-term outcome. Patients with complete response rarely progressed to kidney failure, whereas nonresponders had poor kidney survival and a high post-transplant recurrence rate. Patients with secondary steroid resistance were more likely to respond, particularly to rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Mason
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ethan S. Sen
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Bierzynska
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Colby
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Afzal
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Dorval
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Reference Center for Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ania B. Koziell
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Department of Experimental Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maggie Williams
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Pathology Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Boyer
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Reference Center for Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gavin I. Welsh
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Moin A. Saleem
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - on behalf of the UK RaDaR/NephroS Study
- Bristol Renal, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Reference Center for Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Department of Experimental Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Pathology Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Jin Q, Wei X, Qin XJ, Gao F, Zhu PF, Yuan HL, Njateng GSS, Dai Z, Liu YP, Luo XD. Racemic immunosuppressive seco-aporphine derivatives from Thalictrum wangii. Fitoterapia 2020; 140:104445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kallash M, Smoyer WE, Mahan JD. Rituximab Use in the Management of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:178. [PMID: 31134169 PMCID: PMC6524616 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood nephrotic syndrome is a challenging and often persistent renal disorder, and its incidence varies between different ethnicities and regions. Corticosteroids have been the main treatment for decades and are effective in most children with idiopathic NS, although 10-15% of these children become steroid resistant. Furthermore, some initially steroid sensitive children follow a steroid dependent or frequently relapsing course and are therefore at increased risk for developing steroid toxicity. In such children, alternative immunosuppressive medications are used to induce and/or maintain remission of NS. One such drug, rituximab, is a monoclonal antibody directed against the B lymphocyte CD20 marker which induces depletion of B cells, and has shown promising results in the management of NS in children. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the efficacy and safety of rituximab in the different types of childhood nephrotic syndrome, the known and potential mechanisms of action of rituximab, its possible complications and side effects, and the available and potential biomarkers of rituximab activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kallash
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - William E Smoyer
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John D Mahan
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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