1
|
Mirchandani C, Wang P, Jacobs J, Genetti M, Pepper-Tunick E, Sullivan WT, Corbett-Detig R, Russell SL. Mixed Wolbachia infections resolve rapidly during in vitro evolution. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.27.586911. [PMID: 38585949 PMCID: PMC10996604 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.27.586911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular symbiont Wolbachia pipientis evolved after the divergence of arthropods and nematodes, but it reached high prevalence in many of these taxa through its abilities to infect new hosts and their germlines. Some strains exhibit long-term patterns of co-evolution with their hosts, while other strains are capable of switching hosts. This makes strain selection an important factor in symbiont-based biological control. However, little is known about the ecological and evolutionary interactions that occur when a promiscuous strain colonizes an infected host. Here, we study what occurs when two strains come into contact in host cells following horizontal transmission and infection. We focus on the faithful wMel strain from Drosophila melanogaster and the promiscuous wRi strain from Drosophila simulans using an in vitro cell culture system with multiple host cell types and combinatorial infection states. Mixing D. melanogaster cell lines stably infected with wMel and wRi revealed that wMel outcompetes wRi quickly and reproducibly. Furthermore, wMel was able to competitively exclude wRi even from minuscule starting quantities, indicating that this is a nearly deterministic outcome, independent of the starting infection frequency. This competitive advantage was not exclusive to wMel's native D. melanogaster cell background, as wMel also outgrew wRi in D. simulans cells. Overall, wRi is less adept at in vitro growth and survival than wMel and its in vivo state, revealing differences between cellular and humoral regulation. These attributes may underlie the observed low rate of mixed infections in nature and the relatively rare rate of host-switching in most strains. Our in vitro experimental framework for estimating cellular growth dynamics of Wolbachia strains in different host species, tissues, and cell types provides the first strategy for parameterizing endosymbiont and host cell biology at high resolution. This toolset will be crucial to our application of these bacteria as biological control agents in novel hosts and ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cade Mirchandani
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Pingting Wang
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Jodie Jacobs
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Maximilian Genetti
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Evan Pepper-Tunick
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William T Sullivan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Russ Corbett-Detig
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Shelbi L Russell
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
- Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Towett-Kirui S, Morrow JL, Close S, Royer JE, Riegler M. Bacterial Communities Are Less Diverse in a Strepsipteran Endoparasitoid than in Its Fruit Fly Hosts and Dominated by Wolbachia. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2120-2132. [PMID: 37103495 PMCID: PMC10497669 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbiomes play vital roles in insect fitness and health and can be influenced by interactions between insects and their parasites. Many studies investigate the microbiome of free-living insects, whereas microbiomes of endoparasitoids and their interactions with parasitised insects are less explored. Due to their development in the constrained environment within a host, endoparasitoids are expected to have less diverse yet distinct microbiomes. We used high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterise the bacterial communities of Dipterophagus daci (Strepsiptera) and seven of its tephritid fruit fly host species. Bacterial communities of D. daci were less diverse and contained fewer taxa relative to the bacterial communities of the tephritid hosts. The strepsipteran's microbiome was dominated by Pseudomonadota (formerly Proteobacteria) (> 96%), mainly attributed to the presence of Wolbachia, with few other bacterial community members, indicative of an overall less diverse microbiome in D. daci. In contrast, a dominance of Wolbachia was not found in flies parasitised by early stages of D. daci nor unparasitised flies. Yet, early stages of D. daci parasitisation resulted in structural changes in the bacterial communities of parasitised flies. Furthermore, parasitisation with early stages of D. daci with Wolbachia was associated with a change in the relative abundance of some bacterial taxa relative to parasitisation with early stages of D. daci lacking Wolbachia. Our study is a first comprehensive characterisation of bacterial communities in a Strepsiptera species together with the more diverse bacterial communities of its hosts and reveals effects of concealed stages of parasitisation on host bacterial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Towett-Kirui
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Shannon Close
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jane E Royer
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Morrow JL, Sharpe SR, Tilden G, Wyatt P, Oczkowicz S, Riegler M. Transmission modes and efficiency of iflavirus and cripavirus in Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107874. [PMID: 36574813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infections of insects with insect-specific RNA viruses are common and can affect host fitness and health. Previously, persistent RNA virus infections were detected in tephritid fruit flies, including the Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni), Australia's most significant horticultural pest. Their transmission modes and efficiency are unclear yet may influence virus epidemiology in field and laboratory populations. Using standard RT-PCR and RT-qPCR we detected iflavirus, cripavirus and sigmavirus in five laboratory populations recently established with field-collected B.tryoni. Virus absence in some individuals suggested that virus transmission is incomplete. Random virus segregation in an isofemale experiment resulted in the establishment of isofemale lines with and without iflavirus and cripavirus. In infected lines, viral loads normalised against host gene transcripts were variable, but did not differ between pupae and adults. Iflavirus and cripavirus were transmitted horizontally, with viruses detected (including at low viral loads) in many previously uninfected individuals after four days, and in most after 12 days cohabitation with infected flies. Iflavirus, but not cripavirus, was transmitted vertically, and surface-sterilised embryos contained high loads. Furthermore, high iflavirus loads in individual females resulted in high loads in their offspring. We demonstrated that viruses are highly prevalent in laboratory populations and that it is possible to establish and maintain uninfected fly lines for the assessment of virus transmission and host effects. This is important for pest management strategies such as the sterile insect technique which requires the mass-rearing of flies, as their fitness and performance may be affected by covert virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Stephen R Sharpe
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Geraldine Tilden
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Pauline Wyatt
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sybilla Oczkowicz
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Queensland, Redden Street Research Facility, 21-23 Redden Street, Portsmith, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martoni F, Bulman SR, Piper AM, Pitman A, Taylor GS, Armstrong KF. Insect phylogeny structures the bacterial communities in the microbiome of psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in Aotearoa New Zealand. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285587. [PMID: 37186593 PMCID: PMC10184942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial microbiome of psyllids has been studied for decades, with a strong focus on the primary and secondary endosymbionts capable of providing essential amino acids for the insects' diet and therefore playing a key role in the insects' ability to radiate on novel plant hosts. Here, we combine metabarcoding analysis of the bacterial communities hosted by psyllids with a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of the insect hosts to determine what factors influence the bacterial diversity of the psyllids' microbiomes, especially in the context of the dispersal and evolutionary radiation of these insects in Aotearoa New Zealand. Using multi-gene phylogenetics with COI, 18S and EF-1α sequences from 102 psyllid species, we confirmed for the first time monophyly for all the six genera of native/endemic Aotearoa New Zealand psyllids, with indications that they derive from at least six dispersal events to the country. This also revealed that, after its ancestral arrival, the genus Powellia has radiated onto a larger and more diverse range of plants than either Psylla or Ctenarytaina, which is uncommon amongst monophyletic psyllids globally. DNA metabarcoding of the bacterial 16S gene here represents the largest dataset analysed to date from psyllids, including 246 individuals from 73 species. This provides novel evidence that bacterial diversity across psyllid species is strongly associated with psyllid phylogenetic structure, and to a lesser degree to their host plant association and geographic distribution. Furthermore, while the strongest co-phylogenetic signals were derived from the primary and secondary symbionts, a signal of phylosymbiosis was still retained among the remaining taxa of the bacterial microbiome, suggesting potential vertical transmission of bacterial lineages previously unknown to have symbiotic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martoni
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon R Bulman
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew Pitman
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, New Zealand
- Foundation of Arable Research, Hornby, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gary S Taylor
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Karen F Armstrong
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Better Border Biosecurity (B3), Lincoln, New Zealand
- Agricultural and Life Sciences Faculty, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernandez Goya L, Lanteri AA, Confalonieri VA, Rodriguero MS. New host-parasitoid interactions in Naupactus cervinus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) raise the question of Wolbachia horizontal transmission. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Towett-Kirui S, Morrow JL, Riegler M. Substantial rearrangements, single nucleotide frameshift deletion and low diversity in mitogenome of Wolbachia-infected strepsipteran endoparasitoid in comparison to its tephritid hosts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:477. [PMID: 35013476 PMCID: PMC8748643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect mitogenome organisation is highly conserved, yet, some insects, especially with parasitic life cycles, have rearranged mitogenomes. Furthermore, intraspecific mitochondrial diversity can be reduced by fitness-affecting bacterial endosymbionts like Wolbachia due to their maternal coinheritance with mitochondria. We have sequenced mitogenomes of the Wolbachia-infected endoparasitoid Dipterophagus daci (Strepsiptera: Halictophagidae) and four of its 22 known tephritid fruit fly host species using total genomic extracts of parasitised flies collected across > 700 km in Australia. This halictophagid mitogenome revealed extensive rearrangements relative to the four fly mitogenomes which exhibited the ancestral insect mitogenome pattern. Compared to the only four available other strepsipteran mitogenomes, the D. daci mitogenome had additional transpositions of one rRNA and two tRNA genes, and a single nucleotide frameshift deletion in nad5 requiring translational frameshifting or, alternatively, resulting in a large protein truncation. Dipterophagus daci displays an almost completely endoparasitic life cycle when compared to Strepsiptera that have maintained the ancestral state of free-living adults. Our results support the hypothesis that the transition to extreme endoparasitism evolved together with increased levels of mitogenome changes. Furthermore, intraspecific mitogenome diversity was substantially smaller in D. daci than the parasitised flies suggesting Wolbachia reduced mitochondrial diversity because of a role in D. daci fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Towett-Kirui
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sanaei E, Lin YP, Cook LG, Engelstädter J. Wolbachia in scale insects: a distinct pattern of infection frequencies and potential transfer routes via ant associates. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1326-1339. [PMID: 34792280 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia is one of the most successful endosymbiotic bacteria of arthropods. Known as the 'master of manipulation', Wolbachia can induce a wide range of phenotypes in its host that can have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences and may be exploited for disease and pest control. However, our knowledge of Wolbachia's distribution and the infection rate is unevenly distributed across arthropod groups such as scale insects. We fitted a distribution of within-species prevalence of Wolbachia to our data and compared it to distributions fitted to an up-to-date dataset compiled from surveys across all arthropods. The estimated distribution parameters indicate a Wolbachia infection frequency of 43.6% (at a 10% prevalence threshold) in scale insects. Prevalence of Wolbachia in scale insects follows a distribution similar to exponential decline (most species are predicted to have low prevalence infections), in contrast to the U-shaped distribution estimated for other taxa (most species have a very low or very high prevalence). We observed no significant associations between Wolbachia infection and scale insect traits. Finally, we screened for Wolbachia in scale insect's ecological associates. We found a positive correlation between Wolbachia infection in scale insects and their ant associates, pointing to a possible route of horizontal transfer of Wolbachia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sanaei
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Po Lin
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Lyn G Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cruz LNPD, Carvalho-Costa LF, Rebêlo JMM. Molecular Evidence Suggests That Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) is Widely Associated With South American Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2186-2195. [PMID: 34448004 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia pipientis (Hertig) is an endosymbiotic microorganism widespread among arthropods and other invertebrate hosts, and employed in strategies to reduce the incidence of arthropod-borne diseases. Here, we used a PCR-based approach for 16S RNA and wsp genes to investigate the prevalence, geographical distribution, and strains of Wolbachia in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), the main vectors of the causative agents of leishmaniasis, from three biomes in Brazil: Amazon, Cerrado, and Caatinga. We found that: 1) Wolbachia DNA is present in most (66.7%) of the sampled sand fly species, including vectors of Leishmania spp. (Ross, Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), 2) the prevalence of Wolbachia DNA varies among species and populations, 3) some strains of Wolbachia may have wider geographical and host range in South America, and 4) two phylogenetic distinct wsp sequences might represent two novel strains for Wolbachia in South America sand flies. Those findings increase the basic knowledge about Wolbachia in South American sand flies and might foster further researches on its use to reduce the transmission of sand fly-borne parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léo Nava Piorsky Dominici Cruz
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Genética Animal (Geneal), Departamento de Biologia (DEBio), Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores (LEV), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Carvalho-Costa
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Genética Animal (Geneal), Departamento de Biologia (DEBio), Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores (LEV), Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta M, Kaur R, Gupta A, Raychoudhury R. Are ecological communities the seat of endosymbiont horizontal transfer and diversification? A case study with soil arthropod community. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14490-14508. [PMID: 34765121 PMCID: PMC8571607 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternally inherited endosymbionts of arthropods are one of the most abundant and diverse group of bacteria. These bacterial endosymbionts also show extensive horizontal transfer to taxonomically unrelated hosts and widespread recombination in their genomes. Such horizontal transfers can be enhanced when different arthropod hosts come in contact like in an ecological community. Higher rates of horizontal transfer can also increase the probability of recombination between endosymbionts, as they now share the same host cytoplasm. However, reports of community-wide endosymbiont data are rare as most studies choose few host taxa and specific ecological interactions among the hosts. To better understand endosymbiont spread within host populations, we investigated the incidence, diversity, extent of horizontal transfer, and recombination of three endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Arsenophonus) in a specific soil arthropod community. Wolbachia strains were characterized with MLST genes whereas 16S rRNA gene was used for Cardinium and Arsenophonus. Among 3,509 individual host arthropods, belonging to 390 morphospecies, 12.05% were infected with Wolbachia, 2.82% with Cardinium and 2.05% with Arsenophonus. Phylogenetic incongruence between host and endosymbiont indicated extensive horizontal transfer of endosymbionts within this community. Three cases of recombination between Wolbachia supergroups and eight incidences of within-supergroup recombination were also found. Statistical tests of similarity indicated supergroup A Wolbachia and Cardinium show a pattern consistent with extensive horizontal transfer within the community but not for supergroup B Wolbachia and Arsenophonus. We highlight the importance of extensive community-wide studies for a better understanding of the spread of endosymbionts across global arthropod communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Gupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and ResearchMohali (IISER‐Mohali)ManauliIndia
| | - Rajbir Kaur
- Indian Institute of Science Education and ResearchMohali (IISER‐Mohali)ManauliIndia
- Indian Institute of ScienceBengaluruIndia
| | - Ankita Gupta
- ICAR‐ National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR)BengaluruIndia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bruzzese DJ, Schuler H, Wolfe TM, Glover MM, Mastroni JV, Doellman MM, Tait C, Yee WL, Rull J, Aluja M, Hood GR, Goughnour RB, Stauffer C, Nosil P, Feder JL. Testing the potential contribution of Wolbachia to speciation when cytoplasmic incompatibility becomes associated with host-related reproductive isolation. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:2935-2950. [PMID: 34455644 PMCID: PMC9290789 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endosymbiont‐induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) may play an important role in arthropod speciation. However, whether CI consistently becomes associated or coupled with other host‐related forms of reproductive isolation (RI) to impede the transfer of endosymbionts between hybridizing populations and further the divergence process remains an open question. Here, we show that varying degrees of pre‐ and postmating RI exist among allopatric populations of two interbreeding cherry‐infesting tephritid fruit flies (Rhagoletis cingulata and R. indifferens) across North America. These flies display allochronic and sexual isolation among populations, as well as unidirectional reductions in egg hatch in hybrid crosses involving southwestern USA males. All populations are infected by a Wolbachia strain, wCin2, whereas a second strain, wCin3, only co‐infects flies from the southwest USA and Mexico. Strain wCin3 is associated with a unique mitochondrial DNA haplotype and unidirectional postmating RI, implicating the strain as the cause of CI. When coupled with nonendosymbiont RI barriers, we estimate the strength of CI associated with wCin3 would not prevent the strain from introgressing from infected southwestern to uninfected populations elsewhere in the USA if populations were to come into secondary contact and hybridize. In contrast, cytoplasmic–nuclear coupling may impede the transfer of wCin3 if Mexican and USA populations were to come into contact. We discuss our results in the context of the general paucity of examples demonstrating stable Wolbachia hybrid zones and whether the spread of Wolbachia among taxa can be constrained in natural hybrid zones long enough for the endosymbiont to participate in speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Bruzzese
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy.,Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Thomas M Wolfe
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mary M Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Joseph V Mastroni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Cheyenne Tait
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Wee L Yee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Temperate Tree Fruit & Vegetable Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Wapato, WA, USA
| | - Juan Rull
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, México.,LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas, PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Glen Ray Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrik Nosil
- CEFE, University Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.,Department of Biology, Utah State University, UT, USA
| | - Jeffery L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Towett-Kirui S, Morrow JL, Close S, Royer JE, Riegler M. Host-endoparasitoid-endosymbiont relationships: concealed Strepsiptera provide new twist to Wolbachia in Australian tephritid fruit flies. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5587-5604. [PMID: 34390609 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia are widespread endosymbionts that affect arthropod reproduction and fitness. Mostly maternally inherited, Wolbachia are occasionally transferred horizontally. Previously, two Wolbachia strains were reported at low prevalence and titres across seven Australian tephritid species, possibly indicative of frequent horizontal transfer. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of field-caught Wolbachia-positive flies. Unexpectedly, we found complete mitogenomes of an endoparasitic strepsipteran, Dipterophagus daci, suggesting that Wolbachia in the flies are linked to concealed parasitization. We performed the first genetic characterization of D. daci and detected D. daci in Wolbachia-positive flies not visibly parasitized, and most but not all Wolbachia-negative flies were D. daci-negative, presumably reflecting polymorphism for the Wolbachia infections in D. daci. We dissected D. daci from stylopized flies and confirmed that Wolbachia infects D. daci, but also found Wolbachia in stylopized fly tissues, likely somatic, horizontally transferred, non-heritable infections. Furthermore, no Wolbachia cif and wmk genes were detected and very low mitogenomic variation in D. daci across its distribution. Therefore, Wolbachia may influence host fitness without reproductive manipulation. Our study of 13 tephritid species highlights that concealed early stages of strepsipteran parasitization led to the previous incorrect assignment of Wolbachia co-infections to tephritid species, obscuring ecological studies of this common endosymbiont and its horizontal transmission by parasitoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Towett-Kirui
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Shannon Close
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jane E Royer
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morrow JL, Schneider DI, Klasson L, Janitz C, Miller WJ, Riegler M. Parallel Sequencing of Wolbachia wCer2 from Donor and Novel Hosts Reveals Multiple Incompatibility Factors and Genome Stability after Host Transfers. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:720-735. [PMID: 32163151 PMCID: PMC7259677 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of Wolbachia in insect pest and vector control requires the establishment of genotypically stable host associations. The cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) inducing Wolbachia strain wCer2 naturally occurs in the cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi as co-infection with other strains and was transferred to other fruit fly species by embryonic microinjections. We obtained wCer2 genome data from its native and three novel hosts, Drosophila simulans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Ceratitis capitata and assessed its genome stability, characteristics, and CI factor (cif) genes. De novo assembly was successful from Wolbachia cell-enriched singly infected D. simulans embryos, with minimal host and other bacterial genome traces. The low yield of Wolbachia sequence reads from total genomic extracts of one multiply infected R. cerasi pupa and one singly infected C. capitata adult limited de novo assemblies but was sufficient for comparative analyses. Across hosts wCer2 was stable in genome synteny and content. Polymorphic nucleotide sites were found in wCer2 of each host; however, only one nucleotide was different between R. cerasi and C. capitata, and none between replicated D. simulans lines. The wCer2 genome is highly similar to wAu (D. simulans), wMel (D. melanogaster), and wRec (Drosophila recens). In contrast to wMel and wRec (each with one cif gene pair) and wAu (without any cif genes), wCer2 has three pairs of Type I cif genes, and one Type V cifB gene without a cifA complement. This may explain previously reported CI patterns of wCer2, including incomplete rescue of its own CI modification in three novel host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniela I Schneider
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lisa Klasson
- Molecular Evolution, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Caroline Janitz
- Next Generation Sequencing Facility, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pilgrim J, Thongprem P, Davison HR, Siozios S, Baylis M, Zakharov EV, Ratnasingham S, deWaard JR, Macadam CR, Smith MA, Hurst GDD. Torix Rickettsia are widespread in arthropods and reflect a neglected symbiosis. Gigascience 2021; 10:6187866. [PMID: 33764469 PMCID: PMC7992394 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rickettsia are intracellular bacteria best known as the causative agents of human and animal diseases. Although these medically important Rickettsia are often transmitted via haematophagous arthropods, other Rickettsia, such as those in the Torix group, appear to reside exclusively in invertebrates and protists with no secondary vertebrate host. Importantly, little is known about the diversity or host range of Torix group Rickettsia. Results This study describes the serendipitous discovery of Rickettsia amplicons in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD), a sequence database specifically designed for the curation of mitochondrial DNA barcodes. Of 184,585 barcode sequences analysed, Rickettsia is observed in ∼0.41% of barcode submissions and is more likely to be found than Wolbachia (0.17%). The Torix group of Rickettsia are shown to account for 95% of all unintended amplifications from the genus. A further targeted PCR screen of 1,612 individuals from 169 terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate species identified mostly Torix strains and supports the “aquatic hot spot” hypothesis for Torix infection. Furthermore, the analysis of 1,341 SRA deposits indicates that Torix infections represent a significant proportion of all Rickettsia symbioses found in arthropod genome projects. Conclusions This study supports a previous hypothesis that suggests that Torix Rickettsia are overrepresented in aquatic insects. In addition, multiple methods reveal further putative hot spots of Torix Rickettsia infection, including in phloem-feeding bugs, parasitoid wasps, spiders, and vectors of disease. The unknown host effects and transmission strategies of these endosymbionts make these newly discovered associations important to inform future directions of investigation involving the understudied Torix Rickettsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Pilgrim
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Panupong Thongprem
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Helen R Davison
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Stefanos Siozios
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.,Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Evgeny V Zakharov
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Sujeevan Ratnasingham
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jeremy R deWaard
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Craig R Macadam
- Buglife - The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Balallan House, 24 Allan Park, Stirling FK8 2QG, UK
| | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Summerlee Science Complex, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sharpe SR, Morrow JL, Brettell LE, Shearman DC, Gilchrist S, Cook JM, Riegler M. Tephritid fruit flies have a large diversity of co-occurring RNA viruses. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 186:107569. [PMID: 33727045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tephritid fruit flies are amongst the most devastating pests of horticulture, and Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) programs have been developed for their control. Their interactions with viruses are still mostly unexplored, yet, viruses may negatively affect tephritid health and performance in SIT programs, and, conversely, constitute potential biological control agents. Here we analysed ten transcriptome libraries obtained from laboratory populations of nine tephritid species from Australia (six species of Bactrocera, and Zeugodacus cucumis), Asia (Bactrocera dorsalis) and Europe (Ceratitis capitata). We detected new viral diversity, including near-complete (>99%) and partially complete (>80%) genomes of 34 putative viruses belonging to eight RNA virus families. On average, transcriptome libraries included 3.7 viruses, ranging from 0 (Z. cucumis) to 9 (B. dorsalis). Most viruses belonged to the Picornavirales, represented by fourteen Dicistroviridae (DV), nine Iflaviridae (IV) and two picorna-like viruses. Others were a virus from Rhabdoviridae (RV), one from Xinmoviridae (both Mononegavirales), several unclassified Negev- and toti-like viruses, and one from Metaviridae (Ortervirales). Using diagnostic PCR primers for four viruses found in the transcriptome of the Bactrocera tryoni strain bent wings (BtDV1, BtDV2, BtIV1, and BtRV1), we tested nine Australian laboratory populations of five species (B. tryoni, Bactrocera neohumeralis, Bactrocera jarvisi, Bactrocera cacuminata, C. capitata), and one field population each of B. tryoni, B. cacuminata and Dirioxa pornia. Viruses were present in most laboratory and field populations yet their incidence differed for each virus. Prevalence and co-occurrence of viruses in B. tryoni and B. cacuminata were higher in laboratory than field populations. This raises concerns about the potential accumulation of viruses and their potential health effects in laboratory and mass-rearing environments which might affect flies used in research and control programs such as SIT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Sharpe
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Laura E Brettell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Deborah C Shearman
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Stuart Gilchrist
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cardoso A, Gómez-Zurita J. Food Resource Sharing of Alder Leaf Beetle Specialists (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as Potential Insect-Plant Interface for Horizontal Transmission of Endosymbionts. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1402-1414. [PMID: 33315074 PMCID: PMC7734963 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that endosymbionts of herbivore insects can be horizontally transferred to other herbivores feeding on the same host plants, whereby the plant acts as an intermediate stage in the chain of transmission. If this mechanism operates, it is also expected that insect communities sharing the same host plant will have higher chances to share their endosymbionts. In this study, we use a high-throughput 16S rRNA metabarcoding approach to investigate the presence, diversity, and potential sharing of endosymbionts in several species of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of a local community specialized on an alder diet in North America. Rickettsia and Wolbachia were predominant in the sample, with strong evidence for each species having their own dominant infection, of either or both types of bacteria. However, all species shared a much lower proportion of a particular Wolbachia type, compatible with the same strain dominant in one of the species of leaf beetles. Crucially, the same 16S rRNA haplotype of Wolbachia was found on alder leaf extracts. The combined evidence and the absence of this strain in a syntopic species of leaf beetle feeding on a different host plant support the hypothesis that at least the initial stages of the mechanism that would allow horizontal transmission of endosymbionts across species feeding on the same plant is possible. The accessibility and characteristics of endosymbiont associations of this system make it suitable for deeper analyses of their diversity and transmission in natural conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Cardoso
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-University Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez-Zurita
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-University Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sanaei E, Charlat S, Engelstädter J. Wolbachia
host shifts: routes, mechanisms, constraints and evolutionary consequences. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:433-453. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sanaei
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Saint Lucia Brisbane QLD 4067 Australia
| | - Sylvain Charlat
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69622 France
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Saint Lucia Brisbane QLD 4067 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mateos M, Martinez Montoya H, Lanzavecchia SB, Conte C, Guillén K, Morán-Aceves BM, Toledo J, Liedo P, Asimakis ED, Doudoumis V, Kyritsis GA, Papadopoulos NT, Augustinos AA, Segura DF, Tsiamis G. Wolbachia pipientis Associated With Tephritid Fruit Fly Pests: From Basic Research to Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1080. [PMID: 32582067 PMCID: PMC7283806 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the true fruit flies (family Tephritidae) are among the most serious agricultural pests worldwide, whose control and management demands large and costly international efforts. The need for cost-effective and environmentally friendly integrated pest management (IPM) has led to the development and implementation of autocidal control strategies. These approaches include the widely used sterile insect technique and the incompatible insect technique (IIT). IIT relies on maternally transmitted bacteria (namely Wolbachia) to cause a conditional sterility in crosses between released mass-reared Wolbachia-infected males and wild females, which are either uninfected or infected with a different Wolbachia strain (i.e., cytoplasmic incompatibility; CI). Herein, we review the current state of knowledge on Wolbachia-tephritid interactions including infection prevalence in wild populations, phenotypic consequences, and their impact on life history traits. Numerous pest tephritid species are reported to harbor Wolbachia infections, with a subset exhibiting high prevalence. The phenotypic effects of Wolbachia have been assessed in very few tephritid species, due in part to the difficulty of manipulating Wolbachia infection (removal or transinfection). Based on recent methodological advances (high-throughput DNA sequencing) and breakthroughs concerning the mechanistic basis of CI, we suggest research avenues that could accelerate generation of necessary knowledge for the potential use of Wolbachia-based IIT in area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) strategies for the population control of tephritid pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mateos
- Departments of Ecology and Conservation Biology, and Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Humberto Martinez Montoya
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Comparativa, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa Aztlan, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - Silvia B Lanzavecchia
- Instituto de Genética 'Ewald A. Favret' - GV IABIMO (INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Conte
- Instituto de Genética 'Ewald A. Favret' - GV IABIMO (INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Jorge Toledo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Pablo Liedo
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula, Mexico
| | - Elias D Asimakis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Vangelis Doudoumis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Georgios A Kyritsis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikos T Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Antonios A Augustinos
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DEMETER, Patras, Greece
| | - Diego F Segura
- Instituto de Genética 'Ewald A. Favret' - GV IABIMO (INTA-CONICET) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dionysopoulou NK, Papanastasiou SA, Kyritsis GA, Papadopoulos NT. Effect of host fruit, temperature and Wolbachia infection on survival and development of Ceratitis capitata immature stages. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229727. [PMID: 32191724 PMCID: PMC7082022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), holds an impressive record of successful invasions promoted by the growth and development of international fruit trade. Hence, survival of immatures within infested fruit that are subjected to various conditions during transportation seems to be a crucial feature that promotes invasion success. Wolbachia pipientis is a common endosymbiont of insects and other arthropods generating several biological effects on its hosts. Existing information report the influence of Wolbachia on the fitness traits of insect host species, including the Mediterranean fruit fly. However, little is known regarding effects of Wolbachia infection on immature development in different host fruits and temperatures. This study was conducted to determine the development and survival of immature stages of four different Mediterranean fruit fly populations, either infected or uninfected with Wolbachia, in two hosts (apples, bitter oranges) under three constant temperatures (15, 25 and 30°C), constant relative humidity (45-55 ± 5%), and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. Our findings demonstrate both differential response of two fruit fly lines to Wolbachia infection and differential effects of the two Wolbachia strains on the same Mediterranean fruit fly line. Larva-to-pupa and larva-to-adult survival followed similar patterns and varied a lot among the four medfly populations, the two host fruits and the different temperatures. Pupation rates and larval developmental time were higher for larvae implanted in apples compared to bitter oranges. The survival rates of wildish medflies were higher than those of the laboratory adapted ones, particularly in bitter oranges. The Wolbachia infected medflies, expressed lower survival rates and higher developmental times, especially the wCer4 infected line. High temperatures constrained immature development and were lethal for the Wolbachia infected wCer4 medfly line. Lower temperatures inferred longer developmental times to immature stages of all medfly populations tested, in both host fruits. Implications on the ecology and survival of the fly in nature are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niki K. Dionysopoulou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Stella A. Papanastasiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Georgios A. Kyritsis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Nikos T. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wolbachia and Cardinium infection found in threatened unionid species: a new concern for conservation of freshwater mussels? CONSERV GENET 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEndosymbiotic bacterial species that manipulate host biology, reproduction and mitochondrial genetic diversity have been identified in many metazoans, especially terrestrial arthropods. Until now, the hypothesis that Wolbachia or other bacterial endosymbiont might be absent in mollusks has remained unexplored. We present here preliminary data on bacterial communities in a freshwater mussel Unio crassus—species with doubly uniparental inheritance of mtDNA (DUI). Next generation sequencing of 16S rRNA bacterial gene fragment allowed to identify endosymbiotic Cardinium and sequences that were classified to the order Rickettsiales. Finally, we discovered Wolbachia and confirmed Cardinium infection of Unio crassus using bacterial species-specific primers. Discovering Wolbachia and Cardinium infections in Unio crassus opens new opportunities of further investigations in the second largest animal phylum on Earth, very diversified phylogenetically, widespread geographically and inhabiting many environs, including freshwater, inhabited by the most threatened molluscan species. Considering the problems caused by endosymbionts identified in arthropods, the presence of endosymbiotic factor implies possibility of their influence on taxonomy of threatened unionids, on the results of studies of genetic diversity and proper conservation planning.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gichuhi J, Khamis FM, Van den Berg J, Ekesi S, Herren JK. Unexpected Diversity of Wolbachia Associated with Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa. INSECTS 2019; 10:E155. [PMID: 31159272 PMCID: PMC6627279 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is an important pest of fruit-bearing plants in many countries worldwide. In Africa, this pest has spread rapidly and has become widely established since the first invasion report in 2003. Wolbachia is a vertically transmitted endosymbiont that can significantly influence aspects of the biology and, in particular, the reproduction of its host. In this study, we screened B. dorsalis specimens collected from several locations in Africa between 2005 and 2017 for Wolbachia using a PCR-based assay to target the Wolbachia surface protein wsp. Of the 357 individuals tested, 10 were positive for Wolbachia using the wsp assay. We identified four strains of Wolbachia infecting two B. dorsalis mitochondrial haplotypes. We found no strict association between the infecting strain and host haplotype, with one strain being present in two different host haplotypes. All the detected strains belonged to Super Group B Wolbachia and did not match any strains reported previously in B. dorsalis in Asia. These findings indicate that diverse Wolbachia infections are present in invasive populations of B. dorsalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Gichuhi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kasarani, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kasarani, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Johnnie Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kasarani, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Jeremy K Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Kasarani, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Henry Wellcome Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li Q, Fan J, Sun J, Wang MQ, Chen J. Plant-Mediated Horizontal Transmission of Hamiltonella defensa in the Wheat Aphid Sitobion miscanthi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13367-13377. [PMID: 30516997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hamiltonella defensa is mainly vertically transmitted, but evidence suggests that horizontal transmission may occur. Here, the first case of plant-mediated horizontal transmission of H. defensa between wheat aphids, Sitobion miscanthi, was reported. H. defensa was harbored in sheath cells, secondary bacteriocytes, and hemolymph. After Hamiltonella-infected aphids fed on wheat leaves, H. defensa was observed in aphid stylets and plant phloem. H. defensa persisted in wheat leaves for at least 10 days. Most Hamiltonella-uninfected aphids became infected with H. defensa after sustained feeding on infected plant leaves and showed almost 100% stable vertical transmission over the next five generations. These horizontal transmission experiments were replicated using two other plants, rice and corn, and two different wheat aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi and Schizaphis graminum. Surprisingly, aphid feeding induced plant infection only locally rather than systemically in leaves. Our findings indicate that plants may act as horizontal transmission intermediaries, contributing to the ubiquity of the otherwise maternally inherited H. defensa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , People's Republic of China
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li XY, Wang YH, Yang J, Cui WY, He PJ, Munir S, He PF, Wu YX, He YQ. Acaricidal Activity of Cyclodipeptides from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W1 against Tetranychus urticae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10163-10168. [PMID: 30200767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the supernatant of the biocontrol strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W1 led to the isolation of eight acaricidal cyclodipeptides from the active fractions by column chromatography separation and HPLC purification. The chemical structures of these compounds were identified as cyclo-(Gly-l-Phe), 2, cyclo-(l-Phe- trans-4-OH-l-Pro), 3, cyclo-(Gly-l-Tyr), 4, cyclo-(l-Ala-l-Pro), 5, cyclo-(l-Pro- trans-4-OH-l-Pro), 6, cyclo-(Gly-l-Pro), 7, cyclo-(l-Pro-l-Pro), 8, and cyclo-(l-Tyr- trans-4-OH-l-Pro), 9. Those cyclodipeptides displayed significant acaricidal activities with LC50 values of 13.85-98.24 μM. Cyclo-(l-Tyr- trans-4-OH-l-Pro) (LC50 13.85 μM) was five times more effective than the positive control abamectin (LC50 72.06 μM). The results indicated that the hydroxyl group is an important component. This is the first report on the acaricidal capabilities of cyclodipeptides against Tetranychus urticae. The results revealed that the acaricidal activity of the biocontrol strain B. amyloliquefaciens W1 was dependent on its constituent cyclodipeptides, which have the potential to be safe and environmentally friendly acaricides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Li
- Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineer Research Center of Yunnan , Kunming 650217 , China
| | - Yue-Hu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Wen-Yan Cui
- Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Peng-Jie He
- Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Shahzad Munir
- Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Peng-Fei He
- Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineer Research Center of Yunnan , Kunming 650217 , China
| | - Yi-Xin Wu
- Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineer Research Center of Yunnan , Kunming 650217 , China
| | - Yue-Qiu He
- Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming 650201 , China
- Microorganism Fermentation Engineer Research Center of Yunnan , Kunming 650217 , China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Klopfstein S, van Der Schyff G, Tierney S, Austin AD. Wolbachia infections in Australian ichneumonid parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): evidence for adherence to the global equilibrium hypothesis. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Klopfstein
- Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Bern, Switzerland
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Gwen van Der Schyff
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Simon Tierney
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew D Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gualtieri L, Nugnes F, Nappo AG, Gebiola M, Bernardo U. Life inside a gall: closeness does not favour horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between a gall wasp and its parasitoid. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:3934658. [PMID: 28854679 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of horizontal transmission as a route for spreading symbiont infections is still being debated, but a common view is that horizontal transfers require intimate between-species relationships. Here we study a system that meets ideal requirements for horizontal transmission: the gall wasp Leptocybe invasa and its parasitoid Quadrastichus mendeli (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). These wasps belong to the same subfamily, spend most of their lives inside the same minute gall and are both infected by Rickettsia, a maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that infects several arthropods, sometimes manipulating their reproduction, like inducing thelytokous parthenogenesis in L. invasa. Despite intimate contact, close phylogenetic relationship and the parasitoid's host specificity, we show that host and parasitoid do not share the same Rickettsia. We provide indirect evidence that Rickettsia infecting Q. mendeli may be inducing thelytokous parthenogenesis, as the symbiont is densely present in the reproductive apparatus and is vertically transmitted. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S and gltA placed this symbiont in the leech group. The confirmed and presumed parthenogenesis-inducing Rickettsia discovered so far only infect eulophid wasps, and belong to three different groups, suggesting multiple independent evolution of the parthenogenesis inducing phenotype. We also show some degree of cospeciation between Rickettsia and their eulophid hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liberata Gualtieri
- CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, SS of Portici, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy. Tel: +39-081-7753658-19; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yong HS, Song SL, Chua KO, Lim PE. Predominance of Wolbachia endosymbiont in the microbiota across life stages of Bactrocera latifrons (Insecta: Tephritidae). Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
26
|
Chrostek E, Pelz-Stelinski K, Hurst GDD, Hughes GL. Horizontal Transmission of Intracellular Insect Symbionts via Plants. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2237. [PMID: 29234308 PMCID: PMC5712413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence is accumulating that endosymbionts of phytophagous insects may transmit horizontally via plants. Intracellular symbionts known for manipulating insect reproduction and altering fitness (Rickettsia, Cardinium, Wolbachia, and bacterial parasite of the leafhopper Euscelidius variegatus) have been found to travel from infected insects into plants. Other insects, either of the same or different species can acquire the symbiont from the plant through feeding, and in some cases transfer it to their progeny. These reports prompt many questions regarding how intracellular insect symbionts are delivered to plants and how they affect them. Are symbionts passively transported along the insect-plant-insect path, or do they actively participate in the process? How widespread are these interactions? How does symbiont presence influence the plant? And what conditions are required for the new infection to establish in an insect? From an ecological, evolutionary, and applied perspective, this mode of horizontal transmission could have profound implications if occurring frequently enough or if new stable symbiont infections are established. Transmission of symbionts through plants likely represents an underappreciated means of infection, both in terms of symbiont epidemiology and the movement of symbionts to new host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Chrostek
- Department of Vector Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Pelz-Stelinski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gregory D. D. Hurst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Grant L. Hughes
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kageyama D, Wang CH, Hatakeyama M. Wolbachia infections of the butterfly Eurema mandarina interfere with embryonic development of the sawfly Athalia rosae. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 150:76-81. [PMID: 28789848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although maternally transmitted microorganisms such as Wolbachia are well known to have a variety of effects on the reproduction of diverse insect species, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of actions. Artificial transfer of Wolbachia between taxonomically distant host species may provide insights into Wolbachia-induced manipulations of hosts. Here we performed a cross-order transfer of feminizing Wolbachia derived from a butterfly, Eurema mandarina. The Wolbachia were propagated in the Eurema hecabe cell line, called NTU-YB, and then used to inject prepupal/pupal females of a Wolbachia-free hymenopteran sawfly, Athalia rosae. The 14 females that emerged as adults looked morphologically and behaviorally healthy, and ovarian development appeared normal on dissection. However, in contrast to the control, none of the 333 eggs harbored by the seven Wolbachia-injected females developed successfully. Similarly, none of the 140 eggs laid on host plant by the four Wolbachia-injected females, which were mated with males, showed any signs of development. Wolbachia infection was detected from whole-body samples of the inoculated individuals, but not from the eggs they produced. Disruption of embryonic development despite the absence of Wolbachia in the egg cytoplasm may represent a new phenotype involving maternal effects that result in female sterility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kageyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Chung-Hsiung Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Masatsugu Hatakeyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Morrow JL, Hall AAG, Riegler M. Symbionts in waiting: the dynamics of incipient endosymbiont complementation and replacement in minimal bacterial communities of psyllids. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:58. [PMID: 28587661 PMCID: PMC5461708 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obligate bacterial primary (P-) endosymbionts that are maternally inherited and codiverge with hosts are widespread across insect lineages with nutritionally restricted diets. Secondary (S-) endosymbionts are mostly facultative, but in some hosts, they complement P-endosymbiont function and therefore become obligate. Phylogenetic evidence exists for host switching and replacement of S-endosymbionts. The community dynamics that precede endosymbiont replacement and complementation have been little studied across host species, yet they are fundamental to the evolution of endosymbiosis. RESULTS We performed bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of 25 psyllid species (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) across different developmental stages and ecological niches by focusing on the characterisation of the bacteria other than the universally present P-endosymbiont Carsonella (Gammaproteobacteria). Most species harboured only one dominant representative of diverse gammaproteobacterial S-endosymbionts that was consistently detected across all host individuals and populations (Arsenophonus in eight species, Sodalis or Sodalis-like bacteria in four species, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae in eight species). The identity of this dominant obligate S-endosymbiont varied across closely related host species. Unexpectedly, five psyllid species had two or three co-occurring endosymbiont species other than Carsonella within all host individuals, including a Rickettsiella-like bacterium (Gammaproteobacteria) in one psyllid species. Based on standard and quantitative PCR, all psyllids carried Carsonella, at higher titres than their dominant S-endosymbionts. Some psyllids also had Alphaproteobacteria (Lariskella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia) at varying prevalence. Incidence of other bacteria, including known plant pathogens, was low. Ecological niche of gall-forming, lerp-forming and free-living psyllid species did not impact endosymbiont communities. Two flush-feeding psyllid species had population-specific differences, and this was attributable to the higher endosymbiont diversity in native ranges and the absence of some endosymbionts in invasive ranges. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis of strict vertical transmission of minimal core communities of bacteria in psyllids. We also found evidence for S-endosymbiont replacement across closely related psyllid species. Multiple dominant S-endosymbionts present in some host species, including at low titre, constitute potential examples of incipient endosymbiont complementation or replacement. Our multiple comparisons of deep-sequenced minimal insect bacterial communities exposed the dynamics involved in shaping insect endosymbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Aidan A. G. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
- Current address: Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 1 Crewe Place, Rosebery, NSW 2018 Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mechanisms of Horizontal Cell-to-Cell Transfer of Wolbachia spp. in Drosophila melanogaster. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.03425-16. [PMID: 28087534 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03425-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is an intracellular endosymbiont present in most arthropod and filarial nematode species. Transmission between hosts is primarily vertical, taking place exclusively through the female germ line, although horizontal transmission has also been documented. The results of several studies indicate that Wolbachia spp. can undergo transfer between somatic and germ line cells during nematode development and in adult flies. However, the mechanisms underlying horizontal cell-to-cell transfer remain largely unexplored. Here, we establish a tractable system for probing horizontal transfer of Wolbachia cells between Drosophila melanogaster cells in culture using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). First, we show that horizontal transfer is independent of cell-to-cell contact and can efficiently take place through the culture medium within hours. Further, we demonstrate that efficient transfer utilizes host cell phagocytic and clathrin/dynamin-dependent endocytic machinery. Lastly, we provide evidence that this process is conserved between species, showing that horizontal transfer from mosquito to Drosophila cells takes place in a similar fashion. Altogether, our results indicate that Wolbachia utilizes host internalization machinery during infection, and this mechanism is conserved across insect species.IMPORTANCE Our work has broad implications for the control and treatment of tropical diseases. Wolbachia can confer resistance against a variety of human pathogens in mosquito vectors. Elucidating the mechanisms of horizontal transfer will be useful for efforts to more efficiently infect nonnatural insect hosts with Wolbachia as a biological control agent. Further, as Wolbachia is essential for the survival of filarial nematodes, understanding horizontal transfer might provide new approaches to treating human infections by targeting Wolbachia Finally, this work provides a key first step toward the genetic manipulation of Wolbachia.
Collapse
|
30
|
Nguyen DT, Morrow JL, Spooner-Hart RN, Riegler M. Independent cytoplasmic incompatibility induced byCardiniumandWolbachiamaintains endosymbiont coinfections in haplodiploid thrips populations. Evolution 2017; 71:995-1008. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duong T. Nguyen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Robert N. Spooner-Hart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
- School of Science and Health; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schuler H, Kern P, Arthofer W, Vogt H, Fischer M, Stauffer C, Riegler M. Wolbachia in Parasitoids Attacking Native European and Introduced Eastern Cherry Fruit Flies in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1424-1431. [PMID: 28028089 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The eastern cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an economically important pest of cherries in North America. In 1983 it was first reported in Europe where it shares its ecological niche with the native European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Their coexistence in Europe led to the recent horizontal transmission of the Wolbachia strain wCer1 from R. cerasi to R. cingulata Horizontal Wolbachia transmission is mediated by either sharing of ecological niches or by interacting species such as parasitoids. Here we describe for the first time that two braconid wasps, Psyttalia rhagoleticola Sachtleben (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Utetes magnus Fischer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), naturally parasitizing R. cerasi, use the invasive R. cingulata in Europe as a new host. In contrast, no parasitoids that parasitize R. cingulata in its native American range were detected in the introduced European range. Diagnostic Wolbachia PCR screening and sequence analyses demonstrated that all P. rhagoleticola individuals were infected with the newly described Wolbachia strain wRha while all U. magnus individuals were uninfected. wRha is different from wCer1 but had an Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene sequence that was identical to wCer2 of R. cerasi and wCin2 of R. cingulata. However, multi locus sequence typing revealed differences in all loci between wRha and the tephritid's strains. The horizontal transmission of wCer1 between the two tephritid species did not result in fixed heritable infections in the parasitoids. However, the parasitoids may have acted as a transient wCer1 vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schuler
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria (; )
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Universitätsplatz 5, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Building, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Peter Kern
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria (; )
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia (; )
| | - Wolfgang Arthofer
- Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heidrun Vogt
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimerstrasse 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fischer
- 2nd Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1014 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria (; )
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia (; )
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wolbachia strains in cryptic species of the Anastrepha fraterculus complex (Diptera, Tephritidae) along the Neotropical Region. Syst Appl Microbiol 2016; 40:59-67. [PMID: 27914738 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection by Wolbachia was described previously in eleven species of Anastrepha fruit flies some of which are important pests of fruticulture. One such species is the nominal Anastrepha fraterculus, the South American fruit fly, which actually comprises a complex of cryptic species. The suggestions of using Wolbachia for the control of these pest species, make imperative a more precise characterization of the existing strains of the bacteria. In this study, population samples of the A. fraterculus complex from Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala and Mexico were analyzed for Wolbachia infection. The bacteria were genotyped by the MLST and WSP Typing methodologies. All samples were infected with Wolbachia of supergroup "A". For each of the five MLST genes, unique as well as already known alleles were detected. Nineteen sequence types for the concatenated sequences of the five MLST genes, and twenty wsp alleles were found in the samples. Host-specific haplotypes, shared strains among distinct hosts, and more than one strain of Wolbachia were found in some population samples. Recombination among the MLST genes and intragenic recombination between wsp haplotypes was rare. Phylogenetic analysis showed a great similarity among the Wolbachia strains in the A. fraterculus complex. However, some strains of Wolbachia are found throughout the Neotropical Region and there are specific strains in determined geographical areas.
Collapse
|
33
|
Fromont C, Riegler M, Cook JM. Phylogeographic analyses of bacterial endosymbionts in fig homotomids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) reveal codiversification of both primary and secondary endosymbionts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw205. [PMID: 27702765 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While obligate primary (P-) endosymbionts usually cospeciate with their insect hosts, less is known about codiversification of secondary (S-) endosymbionts that are generally considered facultative. Typically, insects of the superfamily Psylloidea harbour one P- (Carsonella) and at least one S-endosymbiont, thought to compensate for Carsonella genome reduction. Most codiversification studies have used phylogenies of psyllids and their endosymbionts across and within host families or genera, but few have explored patterns within species. We focussed on P- and S-endosymbionts of three Mycopsylla (Homotomidae) species to explore whether they have congruent phylogenies and within-species geographic structures. The P-endosymbiont Carsonella, a S-endosymbiont and Wolbachia all had 100% prevalence, while Arsenophonus was only found in one species at low prevalence. Congruent phylogenies of Mycopsylla and P-endosymbionts across populations and species support strict cospeciation. S-endosymbiont phylogenies were also congruent across host species but low genetic variation in the S-endosymbiont was not correlated with host phylogeography, possibly due to a shorter evolutionary association. Between species, Wolbachia and Mycopsylla phylogenies were incongruent, probably due to horizontal transmission events. Our study is the first to explore endosymbionts of Mycopsylla and further supports the codivergence of Psylloidea hosts and P-endosymbionts, with obligate host interactions for both P- and S-endosymbionts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fromont
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mascarenhas RO, Prezotto LF, Perondini ALP, Marino CL, Selivon D. Wolbachia in guilds of Anastrepha fruit flies (Tephritidae) and parasitoid wasps (Braconidae). Genet Mol Biol 2016; 39:600-610. [PMID: 27648768 PMCID: PMC5127160 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiont Wolbachia is efficiently transmitted from females
to their progenies, but horizontal transmission between different taxa is also known
to occur. Aiming to determine if horizontal transmission might have occurred between
Anastrepha fruit flies and associated braconid wasps, infection
by Wolbachia was screened by amplification of a fragment of the
wsp gene. Eight species of the genus Anastrepha
were analyzed, from which six species of associated parasitoid wasps were recovered.
The endosymbiont was found in seven Anastrepha species and in five
species of braconids. The WSP Typing methodology detected eight wsp
alleles belonging to Wolbachia supergroup A. Three were already
known and five were new ones, among which four were found to be putative recombinant
haplotypes. Two samples of Anastrepha obliqua and one sample of
Doryctobracon brasiliensis showed multiple infection. Single
infection by Wolbachia was found in the majority of samples. The
distribution of Wolbachia harboring distinct alleles differed
significantly between fruit flies and wasps. However, in nine samples of fruit flies
and associated wasps, Wolbachia harbored the same
wsp allele. These congruences suggest that horizontal transfer of
Wolbachia might have occurred in the communities of fruit flies
and their braconid parasitoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo O Mascarenhas
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Prezotto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - André Luiz P Perondini
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Celso Luiz Marino
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Selivon
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pietri JE, DeBruhl H, Sullivan W. The rich somatic life of Wolbachia. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:923-936. [PMID: 27461737 PMCID: PMC5221451 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is an intracellular endosymbiont infecting most arthropod and some filarial nematode species that is vertically transmitted through the maternal lineage. Due to this primary mechanism of transmission, most studies have focused on Wolbachia interactions with the host germline. However, over the last decade many studies have emerged highlighting the prominence of Wolbachia in somatic tissues, implicating somatic tissue tropism as an important aspect of the life history of this endosymbiont. Here, we review our current understanding of Wolbachia-host interactions at both the cellular and organismal level, with a focus on Wolbachia in somatic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Pietri
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Heather DeBruhl
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
| | - William Sullivan
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hall AAG, Morrow JL, Fromont C, Steinbauer MJ, Taylor GS, Johnson SN, Cook JM, Riegler M. Codivergence of the primary bacterial endosymbiont of psyllids versus host switches and replacement of their secondary bacterial endosymbionts. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:2591-603. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aidan A. G. Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Caroline Fromont
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Martin J. Steinbauer
- Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution; La Trobe University; Melbourne VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Gary S. Taylor
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - James M. Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schuler H, Köppler K, Daxböck-Horvath S, Rasool B, Krumböck S, Schwarz D, Hoffmeister TS, Schlick-Steiner BC, Steiner FM, Telschow A, Stauffer C, Arthofer W, Riegler M. The hitchhiker's guide to Europe: the infection dynamics of an ongoing Wolbachia invasion and mitochondrial selective sweep in Rhagoletis cerasi. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1595-609. [PMID: 26846713 PMCID: PMC4950298 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia is a maternally inherited and ubiquitous endosymbiont of insects. It can hijack host reproduction by manipulations such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) to enhance vertical transmission. Horizontal transmission of Wolbachia can also result in the colonization of new mitochondrial lineages. In this study, we present a 15‐year‐long survey of Wolbachia in the cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi across Europe and the spatiotemporal distribution of two prevalent strains, wCer1 and wCer2, and associated mitochondrial haplotypes in Germany. Across most of Europe, populations consisted of either 100% singly (wCer1) infected individuals with haplotype HT1, or 100% doubly (wCer1&2) infected individuals with haplotype HT2, differentiated only by a single nucleotide polymorphism. In central Germany, singly infected populations were surrounded by transitional populations, consisting of both singly and doubly infected individuals, sandwiched between populations fixed for wCer1&2. Populations with fixed infection status showed perfect association of infection and mitochondria, suggesting a recent CI‐driven selective sweep of wCer2 linked with HT2. Spatial analysis revealed a range expansion for wCer2 and a large transition zone in which wCer2 splashes appeared to coalesce into doubly infected populations. Unexpectedly, the transition zone contained a large proportion (22%) of wCer1&2 individuals with HT1, suggesting frequent intraspecific horizontal transmission. However, this horizontal transmission did not break the strict association between infection types and haplotypes in populations outside the transition zone, suggesting that this horizontally acquired Wolbachia infection may be transient. Our study provides new insights into the rarely studied Wolbachia invasion dynamics in field populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schuler
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstr. 38, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Universitätsplatz 1, 39100, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Kirsten Köppler
- Center for Agricultural Technology Augustenberg, Nesslerstr. 23-31, 76227, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine Daxböck-Horvath
- Department of Crop Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bilal Rasool
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstr. 38, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Susanne Krumböck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstr. 38, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, 510 High Street, MS 9160, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA
| | - Thomas S Hoffmeister
- Institute of Ecology, Faculty Biology/Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2, B4040, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Florian M Steiner
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arndt Telschow
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Hüfferstr. 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstr. 38, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Arthofer
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Faria VG, Paulo TF, Sucena É. Testing cannibalism as a mechanism for horizontal transmission of Wolbachia in Drosophila. Symbiosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-015-0354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
39
|
Nguyen DT, Spooner-Hart RN, Riegler M. Loss of Wolbachia but not Cardinium in the invasive range of the Australian thrips species, Pezothrips kellyanus. Biol Invasions 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-1002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
Mosaic composition of ribA and wspB genes flanking the virB8-D4 operon in the Wolbachia supergroup B-strain, wStr. Arch Microbiol 2015; 198:53-69. [PMID: 26400107 PMCID: PMC4705124 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium, Wolbachia pipientis (Rickettsiales), is a widespread, vertically transmitted endosymbiont of filarial nematodes and arthropods. In insects, Wolbachia modifies reproduction, and in mosquitoes, infection interferes with replication of arboviruses, bacteria and plasmodia. Development of Wolbachia as a tool to control pest insects will be facilitated by an understanding of molecular events that underlie genetic exchange between Wolbachia strains. Here, we used nucleotide sequence, transcriptional and proteomic analyses to evaluate expression levels and establish the mosaic nature of genes flanking the T4SS virB8-D4 operon from wStr, a supergroup B-strain from a planthopper (Hemiptera) that maintains a robust, persistent infection in an Aedes albopictus mosquito cell line. Based on protein abundance, ribA, which contains promoter elements at the 5′-end of the operon, is weakly expressed. The 3′-end of the operon encodes an intact wspB, which encodes an outer membrane protein and is co-transcribed with the vir genes. WspB and vir proteins are expressed at similar, above average abundance levels. In wStr, both ribA and wspB are mosaics of conserved sequence motifs from Wolbachia supergroup A- and B-strains, and wspB is nearly identical to its homolog from wCobU4-2, an A-strain from weevils (Coleoptera). We describe conserved repeated sequence elements that map within or near pseudogene lesions and transitions between A- and B-strain motifs. These studies contribute to ongoing efforts to explore interactions between Wolbachia and its host cell in an in vitro system.
Collapse
|
41
|
Morrow JL, Frommer M, Royer JE, Shearman DCA, Riegler M. Wolbachia pseudogenes and low prevalence infections in tropical but not temperate Australian tephritid fruit flies: manifestations of lateral gene transfer and endosymbiont spillover? BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:202. [PMID: 26385192 PMCID: PMC4575488 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternally inherited Wolbachia bacteria infect many insect species. They can also be transferred horizontally into uninfected host lineages. A Wolbachia spillover from an infected source population must occur prior to the establishment of heritable infections, but this spillover may be transient. In a previous study of tephritid fruit fly species of tropical Australia we detected a high incidence of identical Wolbachia strains in several species as well as Wolbachia pseudogenes. Here, we have investigated this further by analysing field specimens of 24 species collected along a 3,000 km climate gradient of eastern Australia. Results Wolbachia sequences were detected in individuals of nine of the 24 (37 %) species. Seven (29 %) species displayed four distinct Wolbachia strains based on characterisation of full multi locus sequencing (MLST) profiles; the strains occurred as single and double infections in a small number of individuals (2–17 %). For the two remaining species all individuals had incomplete MLST profiles and Wolbachia pseudogenes that may be indicative of lateral gene transfer into host genomes. The detection of Wolbachia was restricted to northern Australia, including in five species that only occur in the tropics. Within the more widely distributed Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis, Wolbachia also only occurred in the north, and was not linked to any particular mitochondrial haplotypes. Conclusions The presence of Wolbachia pseudogenes at high prevalence in two species in absence of complete MLST profiles may represent footprints of historic infections that have been lost. The detection of identical low prevalence strains in a small number of individuals of seven species may question their role as reproductive manipulator and their vertical inheritance. Instead, the findings may be indicative of transient infections that result from spillover events from a yet unknown source. These spillover events appear to be restricted to northern Australia, without proliferation in host lineages further south. Our study highlights that tropical fruit fly communities contain Wolbachia pseudogenes and may be exposed to frequent horizontal Wolbachia transfer. It also emphasises that global estimates of Wolbachia frequencies may need to consider lateral gene transfer and Wolbachia spillover that may be regionally restricted, transient and not inherited. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0474-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Marianne Frommer
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jane E Royer
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, EcoSciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Deborah C A Shearman
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hoffmann AA, Ross PA, Rašić G. Wolbachia strains for disease control: ecological and evolutionary considerations. Evol Appl 2015; 8:751-68. [PMID: 26366194 PMCID: PMC4561566 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are endosymbionts found in many insects with the potential to suppress vectorborne diseases, particularly through interfering with pathogen transmission. Wolbachia strains are highly variable in their effects on hosts, raising the issue of which attributes should be selected to ensure that the best strains are developed for disease control. This depends on their ability to suppress viral transmission, invade host populations, persist without loss of viral suppression and not interfere with other control strategies. The potential to achieve these objectives is likely to involve evolutionary constraints; viral suppression may be limited by the ability of infections to spread due to deleterious host fitness effects. However, there are exceptions to these patterns in both natural infections and in novel associations generated following interspecific transfer, suggesting that pathogen blockage, deleterious fitness effects and changes to reproductive biology might be at least partly decoupled to achieve ideal infection attributes. The stability of introduced Wolbachia and its effects on viral transmission remain unclear, but rapid evolutionary changes seem unlikely. Although deliberate transfers of Wolbachia across species remain particularly challenging, the availability of strains with desirable attributes should be expanded, taking advantage of the diversity available across thousands of strains in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Perran A Ross
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Gordana Rašić
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Morrow JL, Frommer M, Shearman DCA, Riegler M. The Microbiome of Field-Caught and Laboratory-Adapted Australian Tephritid Fruit Fly Species with Different Host Plant Use and Specialisation. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:498-508. [PMID: 25666536 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tephritid fruit fly species display a diversity of host plant specialisation on a scale from monophagy to polyphagy. Furthermore, while some species prefer ripening fruit, a few are restricted to damaged or rotting fruit. Such a diversity of host plant use may be reflected in the microbial symbiont diversity of tephritids and their grade of dependency on their microbiomes. Here, we investigated the microbiome of six tephritid species from three genera, including species that are polyphagous pests (Bactrocera tryoni, Bactrocera neohumeralis, Bactrocera jarvisi, Ceratitis capitata) and a monophagous specialist (Bactrocera cacuminata). These were compared with the microbiome of a non-pestiferous but polyphagous tephritid species that is restricted to damaged or rotting fruit (Dirioxa pornia). The bacterial community associated with whole fruit flies was analysed by 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplicon pyrosequencing to detect potential drivers of taxonomic composition. Overall, the dominant bacterial families were Enterobacteriaceae and Acetobacteraceae (both Proteobacteria), and Streptococcaceae and Enterococcaceae (both Firmicutes). Comparisons across species and genera found different microbial composition in the three tephritid genera, but limited consistent differentiation between Bactrocera species. Within Bactrocera species, differentiation of microbial composition seemed to be influenced by the environment, possibly including their diets; beyond this, tephritid species identity or ecology also had an effect. The microbiome of D. pornia was most distinct from the other five species, which may be due to its ecologically different niche of rotting or damaged fruit, as opposed to ripening fruit favoured by the other species. Our study is the first amplicon pyrosequencing study to compare the microbiomes of tephritid species and thus delivers important information about the turnover of microbial diversity within and between fruit fly species and their potential application in pest management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nguyen DT, Spooner-Hart RN, Riegler M. Polyploidy versus endosymbionts in obligately thelytokous thrips. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:23. [PMID: 25880387 PMCID: PMC4349774 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thelytoky, the parthenogenetic development of females, has independently evolved in several insect orders yet the study of its mechanisms has so far mostly focussed on haplodiploid Hymenoptera, while alternative mechanisms of thelytoky such as polyploidy are far less understood. In haplodiploid insects, thelytoky can be encoded in their genomes, or induced by maternally inherited bacteria such as Wolbachia or Cardinium. Microbially facilitated thelytoky usually results in complete homozygosity due to gamete duplication and can be reverted into arrhenotoky, the parthenogenetic development of males, through treatment with antibiotics. In contrast, genetically encoded thelytoky cannot be removed and may result in conservation of heterozygosity due to gamete fusion. We have probed the obligate thelytoky of the greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché), a significant cosmopolitan pest and a model species of thelytoky in the haplodiploid insect order Thysanoptera. Earlier studies suggested terminal fusion as a mechanism for thelytoky in this species, while another study reported presence of Wolbachia; later it was speculated that Wolbachia plays a role in this thrips’ thelytokous reproduction. Results By using PCR and sequence analysis, we demonstrated that global population samples of H. haemorrhoidalis were not infected with Wolbachia, Cardinium or any other known bacterial reproductive manipulators. Antibiotic treatment of this thrips did also not result in male production. Some individuals carried two different alleles in two nuclear loci, histone 3 and elongation factor 1 alpha, suggesting heterozygosity. However, the majority of individuals had three different alleles suggesting that they were polyploid. Genetic diversity across both nuclear loci was low in all populations, and absent from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I, indicating that this species had experienced genetic bottlenecks, perhaps due to its invasion biology or a switch to thelytoky. Conclusions Geographically broad sampling and experimental manipulation revealed low genetic diversity, absence of Wolbachia but presence of three different alleles of nuclear loci in most analysed individuals of obligately thelytokous H. haemorrhoidalis. This suggests that polyploidy may be involved in the thelytokous reproduction of this thrips species, and polyploidy may be a contributing factor in the reproduction of Thysanoptera and other haplodiploid insect orders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0304-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duong T Nguyen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Robert N Spooner-Hart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia. .,School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Morrow JL, Riegler M, Frommer M, Shearman DCA. Expression patterns of sex-determination genes in single male and female embryos of two Bactrocera fruit fly species during early development. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:754-767. [PMID: 25116961 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In tephritids, the sex-determination pathway follows the sex-specific splicing of transformer (tra) mRNA, and the cooperation of tra and transformer-2 (tra-2) to effect the sex-specific splicing of doublesex (dsx), the genetic double-switch responsible for male or female somatic development. The Dominant Male Determiner (M) is the primary signal that controls this pathway. M, as yet uncharacterized, is Y-chromosome linked, expressed in the zygote and directly or indirectly diminishes active TRA protein in male embryos. Here we first demonstrated the high conservation of tra, tra-2 and dsx in two Australian tephritids, Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera jarvisi. We then used quantitative reverse transcription PCR on single, sexed embryos to examine expression of the key sex-determination genes during early embryogenesis. Individual embryos were sexed using molecular markers located on the B. jarvisi Y-chromosome that was also introgressed into a B. tryoni line. In B. jarvisi, sex-specific expression of tra transcripts occurred between 3 to 6 h after egg laying, and the dsx isoform was established by 7 h. These milestones were delayed in B. tryoni lines. The results provide a time frame for transcriptomic analyses to identify M and its direct targets, plus information on genes that may be targeted for the development of male-only lines for pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Morrow
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Raphael KA, Shearman DCA, Gilchrist AS, Sved JA, Morrow JL, Sherwin WB, Riegler M, Frommer M. Australian endemic pest tephritids: genetic, molecular and microbial tools for improved Sterile Insect Technique. BMC Genet 2014; 15 Suppl 2:S9. [PMID: 25470996 PMCID: PMC4255846 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-s2-s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Among Australian endemic tephritid fruit flies, the sibling species Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis have been serious horticultural pests since the introduction of horticulture in the nineteenth century. More recently, Bactrocera jarvisi has also been declared a pest in northern Australia. After several decades of genetic research there is now a range of classical and molecular genetic tools that can be used to develop improved Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) strains for control of these pests. Four-way crossing strategies have the potential to overcome the problem of inbreeding in mass-reared strains of B. tryoni. The ability to produce hybrids between B. tryoni and the other two species in the laboratory has proved useful for the development of genetically marked strains. The identification of Y-chromosome markers in B. jarvisi means that male and female embryos can be distinguished in any strain that carries a B. jarvisi Y chromosome. This has enabled the study of homologues of the sex-determination genes during development of B jarvisi and B. tryoni, which is necessary for the generation of genetic-sexing strains. Germ-line transformation has been established and a draft genome sequence for B. tryoni released. Transcriptomes from various species, tissues and developmental stages, to aid in identification of manipulation targets for improving SIT, have been assembled and are in the pipeline. Broad analyses of the microbiome have revealed a metagenome that is highly variable within and across species and defined by the environment. More specific analyses detected Wolbachia at low prevalence in the tropics but absent in temperate regions, suggesting a possible role for this endosymbiont in future control strategies.
Collapse
|
47
|
Avtzis DN, Doudoumis V, Bourtzis K. Wolbachia infections and mitochondrial diversity of two chestnut feeding Cydia species. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112795. [PMID: 25405506 PMCID: PMC4236127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cydia splendana and C. fagiglandana are two closely related chestnut feeding lepidopteran moth species. In this study, we surveyed the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia in these two species. Infection rates were 31% in C. splendana and 77% in C. fagiglandana. MLST analysis showed that these two species are infected with two quite diverse Wolbachia strains. C. splendana with Sequence Type (ST) 409 from the A-supergroup and C. fagiglandana with ST 150 from the B-supergroup. One individual of C. splendana was infected with ST 150, indicating horizontal transfer between these sister species. The mitochondrial DNA of the two Cydia species showed a significantly different mtDNA diversity, which was inversely proportional to their infection rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios N. Avtzis
- Laboratory of Forest Entomology, Forest Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “Demeter”, Vassilika Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Vangelis Doudoumis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|