1
|
Peng Y, Chen B. Role of cell membrane homeostasis in the pathogenicity of pathogenic filamentous fungi. Virulence 2024; 15:2299183. [PMID: 38156783 PMCID: PMC10761126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2299183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane forms a fundamental part of all living cells and participates in a variety of physiological processes, such as material exchange, stress response, cell recognition, signal transduction, cellular immunity, apoptosis, and pathogenicity. Here, we review the mechanisms and functions of the membrane structure (lipid components of the membrane and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids), membrane proteins (transmembrane proteins and proteins contributing to membrane curvature), transcriptional regulation, and cell wall components that influence the virulence and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Peng
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Yunnan State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu Z, Zhu Q, Bai Y, Zhao X, Wang H, Peng X, Luo Z, Zhang Y. A fungal pathogen secretes a cell wall-associated β-N-acetylhexosaminidase that is co-expressed with chitinases to contribute to infection of insects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38771009 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are widely distributed in fungi and involved in cell wall chitin metabolism and utilization of chitin-containing substrates. However, details of the fungal pathogens-derived HEXs in the interaction with their hosts remain limited. RESULTS An insect nutrients-induced β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, BbHex1, was identified from the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, which was involved in cell wall modification and degradation of insect cuticle. BbHex1 was localized to cell wall and secreted, and displayed enzyme activity to degrade the chitinase-hydrolyzed product (GlcNAc)2. Disruption of BbHex1 resulted in a significant decrease in the level of cell wall chitin in the presence of insect nutrients and during infection of insects, with impaired ability to penetrate insect cuticle, accompanying downregulated cell wall metabolism-involved and cuticle-degrading chitinase genes. However, the opposite phenotypes were examined in the gene overexpression strain. Distinctly altered cell wall structures caused by BbHex1 mutation and overexpression led to the easy activation and evasion (respectively) of insect immune response during fungal infection. As a result, BbHex1 contributed to fungal virulence. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that promoters of some co-expressed chitinase genes with the BbHex1 promoter shared conserved transcription factors Skn7, Msn2 and Ste12, and CreA-binding motifs, implying co-regulation of those genes with BbHex1. CONCLUSION These data support a mechanism that the fungal pathogen specifically expresses BbHex1, which is co-expressed with chitinases to modify cell wall for evasion of insect immune recognition and to degrade insect cuticle, and contributes to the fungal virulence against insects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiankuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kan Y, He Z, Keyhani NO, Li N, Huang S, Zhao X, Liu P, Zeng F, Li M, Luo Z, Zhang Y. A network of transcription factors in complex with a regulating cell cycle cyclin orchestrates fungal oxidative stress responses. BMC Biol 2024; 22:81. [PMID: 38609978 PMCID: PMC11015564 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Response to oxidative stress is universal in almost all organisms and the mitochondrial membrane protein, BbOhmm, negatively affects oxidative stress responses and virulence in the insect fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. Nothing further, however, is known concerning how BbOhmm and this phenomenon is regulated. RESULTS Three oxidative stress response regulating Zn2Cys6 transcription factors (BbOsrR1, 2, and 3) were identified and verified via chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR analysis as binding to the BbOhmm promoter region, with BbOsrR2 showing the strongest binding. Targeted gene knockout of BbOsrR1 or BbOsrR3 led to decreased BbOhmm expression and consequently increased tolerances to free radical generating compounds (H2O2 and menadione), whereas the ΔBbOsrR2 strain showed increased BbOhmm expression with concomitant decreased tolerances to these compounds. RNA and ChIP sequencing analysis revealed that BbOsrR1 directly regulated a wide range of antioxidation and transcription-associated genes, negatively affecting the expression of the BbClp1 cyclin and BbOsrR2. BbClp1 was shown to localize to the cell nucleus and negatively mediate oxidative stress responses. BbOsrR2 and BbOsrR3 were shown to feed into the Fus3-MAPK pathway in addition to regulating antioxidation and detoxification genes. Binding motifs for the three transcription factors were found to partially overlap in the promoter region of BbOhmm and other target genes. Whereas BbOsrR1 appeared to function independently, co-immunoprecipitation revealed complex formation between BbClp1, BbOsrR2, and BbOsrR3, with BbClp1 partially regulating BbOsrR2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a regulatory network mediated by BbOsrR1 and the formation of a BbClp1-BbOsrR2-BbOsrR3 complex that orchestrates fungal oxidative stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanze Kan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangjiang He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Biochemical Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 50025, People's Republic of China
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanqin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Beibei Culture Collection of Chongqing Agricultural Microbiology, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoang CQ, Duong GHT, Tran MH, Vu TX, Tran TB, Pham HTN. Molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic degeneration in Cordyceps militaris: insights from transcriptome reanalysis and osmotic stress studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2231. [PMID: 38278834 PMCID: PMC10817986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic degeneration in Cordyceps militaris poses a significant concern for producers, yet the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. To address this concern, we isolated two strains that differ in their abilities to form fruiting bodies. Our observations revealed that the degenerated strain lost the capacity to develop fruiting bodies, exhibited limited radial expansion, increased spore density, and elevated intracellular glycerol levels. Transcriptome reanalysis uncovered dysregulation of genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathway in the degenerate strain. Our RT-qPCR results demonstrated reduced expression of sexual development genes, along with upregulation of genes involved in asexual sporulation, glycerol synthesis, and MAPK regulation, when compared to the wild-type strain. Additionally, we discovered that osmotic stress reduced radial growth but increased conidia sporulation and glycerol accumulation in all strains. Furthermore, hyperosmotic stress inhibited fruiting body formation in all neutralized strains. These findings indicate dysregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway, the possibility of the activation of the high-osmolarity glycerol and spore formation modules, as well as the downregulation of the pheromone response and filamentous growth cascades in the degenerate strain. Overall, our study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying Cordyceps militaris degeneration and identifies potential targets for improving cultivation practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinh Q Hoang
- Center of Experimental Biology, National Center for Technical Progress, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Giang H T Duong
- Center of Experimental Biology, National Center for Technical Progress, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of New Technology, Academy of Military Science and Technology, 17 Hoang Sam, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mai H Tran
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, and GeneStory JSC, 458 Minh Khai, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
- GeneStory JSC, 458 Minh Khai, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tao X Vu
- Center of Experimental Biology, National Center for Technical Progress, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tram B Tran
- Center of Experimental Biology, National Center for Technical Progress, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hang T N Pham
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Essadik I, Boucher C, Bobée C, Cabet É, Gautier V, Lalucque H, Silar P, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G. Mutations in Podospora anserina MCM1 and VelC Trigger Spontaneous Development of Barren Fruiting Bodies. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:79. [PMID: 38276025 PMCID: PMC10819945 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete Podospora anserina is a heterothallic filamentous fungus found mainly on herbivore dung. It is commonly used in laboratories as a model system, and its complete life cycle lasting eight days is well mastered in vitro. The main objective of our team is to understand better the global process of fruiting body development, named perithecia, induced normally in this species by fertilization. Three allelic mutants, named pfd3, pfd9, and pfd23 (for "promoting fruiting body development") obtained by UV mutagenesis, were selected in view of their abilities to promote barren perithecium development without fertilization. By complete genome sequencing of pfd3 and pfd9, and mutant complementation, we identified point mutations in the mcm1 gene as responsible for spontaneous perithecium development. MCM1 proteins are MADS box transcription factors that control diverse developmental processes in plants, metazoans, and fungi. We also identified using the same methods a mutation in the VelC gene as responsible for spontaneous perithecium development in the vacua mutant. The VelC protein belongs to the velvet family of regulators involved in the control of development and secondary metabolite production. A key role of MCM1 and VelC in coordinating the development of P. anserina perithecia with gamete formation and fertilization is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Silar
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236—LIED, F-75013 Paris, France (C.B.); (É.C.); (V.G.); (H.L.); (F.C.-L.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao X, He Z, Gao Y, Kan Y, Jiao Y, Liu Y, Huang S, Luo Z, Zhang Y. Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein, BbSre1, Controls Oxidative Stress Response, Peroxisome Division, and Lipid Homeostasis in an Insect Fungal Pathogen. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12250-12263. [PMID: 37493643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein, Sre1, regulates sterol biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, hypoxia adaptation, and virulence in some fungi, even though its roles are varied in fungal species. However, few studies report its other functions in fungi. Here, we report novel roles of Sre1 homolog, BbSre1, in the insect fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, that regulates oxidative stress response, peroxisome division, and redox homeostasis. The gene disruption stain showed increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, which was in line with oxidative stress-induced-BbSre1 nuclear import and control of antioxidant and detoxification-involved genes. The gene mutation also inhibited peroxisome division, affected redox homeostasis, and impaired lipid/fatty acid metabolism and sterol biosynthesis, which was verified by downregulation of their associated genes. These data broaden our understanding of role of Sre1, which regulates peroxisome division, antioxidant, and detoxification-involved genes for control of redox homeostasis and oxidative stress response that links to lipid/fatty acid metabolism and sterol biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhangjiang He
- Biochemical Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 50025, China
| | - Yifei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yanze Kan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun ZB, Yu SF, Sun MH, Li SD, Hu YF, Song HJ. Transcriptomic Response of Clonostachys rosea Mycoparasitizing Rhizoctonia solani. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:818. [PMID: 37623589 PMCID: PMC10455738 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is an important mycoparasitism biocontrol agent that exhibits excellent control efficacy against numerous fungal plant pathogens. Transcriptomic sequencing may be used to preliminarily screen mycoparasitism-related genes of C. rosea against fungal pathogens. The present study sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of C. rosea mycoparasitizing a Basidiomycota (phylum) fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani, under three touch stages: the pre-touch stage, touch stage and after-touch stage. The results showed that a number of genes were differentially expressed during C. rosea mycoparasitization of R. solani. At the pre-touch stage, 154 and 315 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively. At the touch stage, the numbers of up- and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 163 and 188, respectively. The after-touch stage obtained the highest number of DEGs, with 412 and 326 DEGs being up- and down-regulated, respectively. Among these DEGs, ABC transporter-, glucanase- and chitinase-encoding genes were selected as potential mycoparasitic genes according to a phylogenetic analysis. A comparative transcriptomic analysis between C. rosea mycoparasitizing R. solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum showed that several DEGs, including the tartrate transporter, SDR family oxidoreductase, metallophosphoesterase, gluconate 5-dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase, were uniquely expressed in C. rosea mycoparasitizing R. solani. These results significantly expand our knowledge of mycoparasitism-related genes in C. rosea and elucidate the mycoparasitism mechanism of C. rosea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bin Sun
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shu-Fan Yu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shi-Dong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Feng Hu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Han-Jian Song
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang H, Lu Z, Keyhani NO, Deng J, Zhao X, Huang S, Luo Z, Jin K, Zhang Y. Insect fungal pathogens secrete a cell wall-associated glucanase that acts to help avoid recognition by the host immune system. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011578. [PMID: 37556475 PMCID: PMC10441804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal insect pathogens have evolved diverse mechanisms to evade host immune recognition and defense responses. However, identification of fungal factors involved in host immune evasion during cuticular penetration and subsequent hemocoel colonization remains limited. Here, we report that the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana expresses an endo-β-1,3-glucanase (BbEng1) that functions in helping cells evade insect immune recognition/ responses. BbEng1 was specifically expressed during infection, in response to host cuticle and hemolymph, and in the presence of osmotic or oxidative stress. BbEng1 was localized to the fungal cell surface/ cell wall, where it acts to remodel the cell wall pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that can trigger host defenses, thus facilitating fungal cell evasion of host immune defenses. BbEng1 was secreted where it could bind to fungal cells. Cell wall β-1,3-glucan levels were unchanged in ΔBbEng1 cells derived from in vitro growth media, but was elevated in hyphal bodies, whereas glucan levels were reduced in most cell types derived from the BbEng1 overexpressing strain (BbEng1OE). The BbEng1OE strain proliferated more rapidly in the host hemocoel and displayed higher virulence as compared to the wild type parent. Overexpression of their respective Eng1 homologs or of BbEng1 in the insect fungal pathogens, Metarhizium robertsii and M. acridum also resulted in increased virulence. Our data support a mechanism by which BbEng1 helps the fungal pathogen to evade host immune surveillance by decreasing cell wall glucan PAMPs, promoting successful fungal mycosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Juan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Jin
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao X, Jiang Y, Wang H, Lu Z, Huang S, Luo Z, Zhang L, Lv T, Tang X, Zhang Y. Fus3/Kss1-MAP kinase and Ste12-like control distinct biocontrol-traits besides regulation of insect cuticle penetration via phosphorylation cascade in a filamentous fungal pathogen. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2611-2624. [PMID: 36890107 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homolog of the yeast Fus3/Kss1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and its target transcription factor, Ste12-like, are involved in penetration of host cuticle/pathogenicity in many ascomycete pathogens. However, details of their interaction during fungal infection, as well as their controlled other virulence-associated traits, are unclear. RESULTS Ste12-like (BbSte12) and Fus3/Kss1 MAPK homolog (Bbmpk1) interacted in nucleus, and phosphorylation of BbSte12 by Bbmpk1 was essential for penetration of insect cuticle in an insect fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. However, some distinct biocontrol-traits were found to be mediated by Ste12 and Bbmpk1. In contrast to ΔBbmpk1 colony that grew more rapid than wild-type strain, inactivation of BbSte12 resulted in the opposite phenotype, which was consistent with their different proliferation rates in insect hemocoel after direct injection of conidia bypass the cuticle. Reduced conidial yield with decreased hydrophobicity was examined in both mutants, however they displayed distinct conidiogenesis, accompanying with differently altered cell cycle, distinct hyphal branching and septum formation. Moreover, ΔBbmpk1 showed increased tolerance to oxidative agent, whereas the opposite phenotype was seen for ΔBbSte12 strain. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that Bbmpk1 controlled 356 genes depending on BbSte12 during cuticle penetration, but 1077 and 584 genes were independently controlled by Bbmpk1 and BbSte12. CONCLUSION BbSte12 and Bbmpk1 separately participate in additional pathways for control of conidiation, growth and hyphal differentiation, as well as oxidative stress response besides regulating cuticle penetration via phosphorylation cascade. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Jiang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyue Lu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ting Lv
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan Tang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yue Y, Deng J, Wang H, Lv T, Dou W, Jiao Y, Peng X, Zhang Y. Two Secretory T2 RNases Act as Cytotoxic Factors Contributing to the Virulence of an Insect Fungal Pathogen. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7069-7081. [PMID: 37122240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
RNase T2 members are secreted by several pathogens or parasites during infection, playing various roles in pathogen-host interaction. However, functions of those members in biocontrol microbes targeting their hosts are still unknown. Here, we report that an insect fungal pathogen, Beauveria bassiana, produces two secretory RNase T2 members that act as cytotoxic factors, which were examined by insect bioassays using the targeted gene(s) disruption and overexpression strains. Overexpression strains displayed dramatically increased virulence, which was concurrent with few fungal cells and hemocytes in hemocoel, suggesting a cytotoxicity of the overexpressed gene products. In vitro assays using yeast-expressed proteins verified the cytotoxicity of the two members against insect cells, to which the cytotoxic effect was dependent on their RNases enzyme activities and glycosylation modification. Moreover, the excessive humoral immune responses triggered by the two ribonucleases were examined. These results suggested prospects of these two T2 ribonucleases for improvement of biocontrol agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deng J, Lu Z, Wang H, Li N, Song G, Zhu Q, Sun J, Zhang Y. A secretory phospholipase A2 of a fungal pathogen contributes to lipid droplet homeostasis, assimilation of insect-derived lipids, and repression of host immune responses. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1685-1702. [PMID: 35276754 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2s (sPLA2s) are found in a wide range of organisms from bacteria to higher plants and animals and are involved in varied and cellular processes. However, roles of these enzymes in microbial pathogens remain unclear. Here, an sPLA2 (BbPLA2) was characterized in the filamentous insect pathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. BbPLA2 was exclusively expressed in insect hemolymph-derived cells (hyphal bodies), and its expression was induced by insect-derived nutrients and lipids, and nutrient starvation. High levels of secretion of BbPLA2 were observed as well as its distribution in hyphal body lipid drops (LDs). Overexpression of BbPLA2 increased the ability of B. bassiana to utilize insect-derived nutrients and lipids, and promoted LD accumulation, indicating functions for BbPLA2 in mediating LD homeostasis and assimilation of insect-derived lipids. Strains overexpressing BbPLA2 showed moderately increased virulence, including more efficient penetration of the insect cuticle and evasion of host immune responses as compared to the wild type strain. In addition, B. bassiana-activated host immune genes were downregulated in the BbPLA2 overexpression strain, but upregulated by infections with a ΔBbPLA2 strain. These data demonstrate that BbPLA2 contributes to LD homeostasis, assimilation of insect-derived lipids, and repression of host immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Deng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuoyue Lu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guimei Song
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiankuan Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingxin Sun
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu X, Zhu F, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zhou H, Chen S, Ruan J. Transcriptome profiling of transcription factors in Ganoderma lucidum in response to methyl jasmonate. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1052377. [PMID: 36504766 PMCID: PMC9730249 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1052377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional Chinese medicine and its major active ingredients are ganoderma triterpenoids (GTs). To screen for transcription factors (TFs) that involved in the biosynthetic pathway of GTs in G. lucidum, the chemical composition in mycelia, primordium and fruiting body were analyzed, and the transcriptomes of mycelia induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were analyzed. In addition, the expression level data of MeJA-responsive TFs in mycelia, primordia and fruiting body were downloaded from the database, and the correlation analysis was carried out between their expression profiles and the content of total triterpenoids. The results showed that a total of 89 components were identified, and the content of total triterpenoids was the highest in primordium, followed by fruiting body and mycelia. There were 103 differentially expressed TFs that response to MeJA-induction including 95 upregulated and 8 downregulated genes. These TFs were classified into 22 families including C2H2 (15), TFII-related (12), HTH (9), fungal (8), bZIP (6), HMG (5), DADS (2), etc. Correlation analysis showed that the expression level of GL23559 (MADS), GL26472 (HTH), and GL31187 (HMG) showed a positive correlation with the GTs content, respectively. While the expression level of GL25628 (fungal) and GL26980 (PHD) showed a negative correlation with the GTs content, respectively. Furthermore, the over expression of the Glmhr1 gene (GL25628) in Pichia pastoris GS115 indicated that it might be a negative regulator of GT biosynthesis through decreasing the production of lanosterol. This study provided useful information for a better understanding of the regulation of TFs involved in GT biosynthesis and fungal growth in G. lucidum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Xu
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fengli Zhu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yujie Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Shilin Chen,
| | - Junshan Ruan
- Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China,Junshan Ruan,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu W, Han L, Chen J, Liang X, Wang B, Gleason ML, Zhang R, Sun G. The CfMcm1 Regulates Pathogenicity, Conidium Germination, and Sexual Development in Colletotrichum fructicola. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2159-2173. [PMID: 35502927 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0090-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, is a severe disease worldwide on apple, causing defoliation, leaf and fruit spot, and substantial yield loss. However, little is known about its molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. Previous transcriptome analysis revealed that a transcription factor, CfMcm1, was induced during leaf infection. In the present work, expression pattern analysis verified that the CfMcm1 gene was strongly expressed in conidia and early infection. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the gene deletion mutant ΔCfMcm1 lost pathogenicity to apple leaves by inhibiting conidial germination and appressorium formation. In addition to appressorium-mediated pathogenicity, ΔCfMcm1 colonization and hyphal extension in wounded apple fruit was also reduced, and conidial germination mode and conidial color were altered. ΔCfMcm1 displayed impairment of cell wall integrity and response to stress caused by oxidation, osmosis, and an acid environment. Furthermore, the deletion mutant produced fewer and smaller perithecia and no ascospores. In contrast, melanin deposition in mycelia of ΔCfMcm1 was strengthened. Further comparative transcriptome and quantitative PCR analysis revealed that CfMcm1 modulated expression of genes related to conidial development (CfERG5A, CfERG5B, CfHik5, and CfAbaA), appressorium formation (CfCBP1 and CfCHS7), pectin degradation (CfPelA and CfPelB), sexual development (CfMYB, CfFork, CfHMG, and CfMAT1-2-1), and melanin biosynthesis (CfCmr1, CfPKS1, CfT4HR1, CfTHR1, and CfSCD1). Our results demonstrated that CfMcm1 is a pivotal regulator possessing multiple functions in pathogenicity, asexual and sexual reproduction, and melanin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Lu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Jinzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Xiaofei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Mark L Gleason
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
cAMP Signalling Pathway in Biocontrol Fungi. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2622-2634. [PMID: 35735620 PMCID: PMC9221721 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol is a complex process, in which a variety of physiological and biochemical characteristics are altered. The cAMP signalling pathway is an important signal transduction pathway in biocontrol fungi and consists of several key components. The G-protein system contains G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), heterotrimeric G-proteins, adenylate cyclase (AC), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and downstream transcription factors (TFs). The cAMP signalling pathway can regulate fungal growth, development, differentiation, sporulation, morphology, secondary metabolite production, environmental stress tolerance, and the biocontrol of pathogens. However, few reviews of the cAMP signalling pathway in comprehensive biocontrol processes have been reported. This work reviews and discusses the functions and applications of genes encoding each component in the cAMP signalling pathway from biocontrol fungi, including the G-protein system components, AC, PKA, and TFs, in biocontrol behaviour. Finally, future suggestions are provided for constructing a complete cAMP signalling pathway in biocontrol fungi containing all the components and downstream effectors involved in biocontrol behavior. This review provides useful information for the understanding the biocontrol mechanism of biocontrol fungi by utilising the cAMP signalling pathway.
Collapse
|
15
|
Qiu L, Song JZ, Li J, Zhang TS, Li Z, Hu SJ, Liu JH, Dong JC, Cheng W, Wang JJ. The transcription factor Ron1 is required for chitin metabolism, asexual development and pathogenicity in Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:875-885. [PMID: 35278517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ndt80-like transcription factor Ron1 is best known for its essential role in the regulation of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catabolism. Ron1 was again found to be essential for sensing GlcNAc in Beauveria bassiana. Importantly, our study revealed that Ron1 is involved in the metabolic processes of chitin and asexual development. To further investigate the novel functions of Ron1 in B. bassiana, extracellular chitinase activity in the ΔRon1 mutant was found to decrease by 84.73% compared with wild type. The deletion of Ron1 made it difficult for the fungus to accumulate intracellular GlcNAc. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that Ron1 exerted a significant effect on global transcription and positively regulated genes encoding chitin metabolism in respond to chitin nutrition. Yeast one-hybrid assay confirmed that Ron1 could bind to specific cis-acting elements in the promoters of chitinase and hexokinase. In addition, ΔRon1 displayed an impaired chitin component of the cell wall, with a chitin synthetase (ChsVII) predicted to function downstream of Ron1. Finally, the virulence of ΔRon1 mutant was significantly reduced in the Galleria mellonella insect model through cuticle infection or cuticle bypassing infection. These data functionally characterize Ron1 in B. bassiana and expand our understanding of how the transcription factor Ron1 works in pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Zheng Song
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China; Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Tong-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jia-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Chong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The N-mannosyltransferase gene BbAlg9 contributes to cell wall integrity, fungal development and the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:776-784. [PMID: 34537173 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mannosyltransferase Alg9 plays a vital role in N-linked protein glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but its function in most filamentous fungi is not clear. The present study characterized BbAlg9 (an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Alg9) in Beauveria bassiana to determine the roles of N-mannosyltransferase in biological control potential of the filamentous entomopathogenic fungus. The disruption of BbAlg9 led to slower fungal growth in media with various nutrition compositions. The conidiation of ΔBbAlg9 was less than that of the wild type from the third to the fifth day but showed no significant difference on the sixth day, suggesting that BbAlg9 affects the development of conidia rather than conidial yield of late stage. ΔBbAlg9 showed defects in conidial germination, multiple stress tolerances and the yield of blastospores, with altered size and density, and virulence in hosts infected via the immersion and injection methods. The deletion of BbAlg9 resulted in defects in cell wall integrity, including increased mannoprotein and glucan content and decreased chitin content, which were accompanied by transcriptional activation or suppression of genes related to cell wall component biosynthesis. Notably, deletion of the N-mannosyltransferase BbAlg9 altered the transcription levels of O-mannosyltransferase genes (Pmt and Ktr family). These data show that BbAlg9 is involved in the fungal development, conidial stress tolerance, cell wall integrity and virulence of B. bassiana.
Collapse
|
17
|
Qiu L, Li Z, Zhang L, Zhang TS, Hu SJ, Song JZ, Liu JH, Zhang J, Wang JJ, Cheng W. The Tudor Domain-Containing Protein BbTdp1 Contributes to Fungal Cell Development, the Cell Cycle, Virulence, and Transcriptional Regulation in the Insect Pathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0056421. [PMID: 34378960 PMCID: PMC8552692 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00564-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is an insect pathogenic fungus that serves as a model system for exploring the mechanisms of fungal development and host-pathogen interactions. Clinical and experimental studies have indicated that SND1 is closely correlated with the progression and invasiveness of common cancers as a potential oncogene, but this gene has rarely been studied in fungi. Here, we characterized the contributions of an SND1 ortholog (Tdp1) by constructing a BbTdp1 deletion strain and a complemented strain of B. bassiana. Compared with the wild-type (WT) strain, the ΔBbTdp1 mutant lost conidiation capacity (∼87.7%) and blastospore (∼96.3%) yields, increased sensitivity to chemical stress (4.4 to 54.3%) and heat shock (∼44.2%), and decreased virulence following topical application (∼24.7%) and hemocoel injection (∼40.0%). Flow cytometry readings showed smaller sizes of both conidia and blastospores for ΔBbTdp1 mutants. Transcriptomic data revealed 4,094 differentially expressed genes (|log2 ratio| > 2 and a q value of <0.05) between ΔBbTdp1 mutants and the WT strain, which accounted for 41.6% of the total genes, indicating that extreme fluctuation in the global gene expression pattern had occurred. Moreover, deletion of BbTdp1 led to an abnormal cell cycle with a longer S phase and shorter G2/M and G0/G1 phases of blastospores, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed that the level of phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) in the ΔBbTdp1 strain was ∼31.5% lower than in the WT strain. In summary, our study is the first to report that BbTdp1 plays a vital role in regulating conidia and blastospore yields, fungal morphological changes, and pathogenicity in entomopathogenic fungi. IMPORTANCE In this study, we used Beauveria bassiana as a biological model to report the role of BbTdp1 in entomopathogenic fungi. Our findings indicated that BbTdp1 contributed significantly to cell development, the cell cycle, and virulence in B. bassiana. In addition, deletion of BbTdp1 led to drastic fluctuations in the transcriptional profile. BbTdp1 can be developed as a novel target for B. bassiana development and pathogenicity, which also provides a framework for the study of Tdp1 in other fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tong-Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Zheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jia-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Botwright NA, Mohamed AR, Slinger J, Lima PC, Wynne JW. Host-Parasite Interaction of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) and the Ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans in Amoebic Gill Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672700. [PMID: 34135900 PMCID: PMC8202022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are susceptible to recurrent amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Neoparamoeba perurans over the growout production cycle. The parasite elicits a highly localized response within the gill epithelium resulting in multifocal mucoid patches at the site of parasite attachment. This host-parasite response drives a complex immune reaction, which remains poorly understood. To generate a model for host-parasite interaction during pathogenesis of AGD in Atlantic salmon the local (gill) and systemic transcriptomic response in the host, and the parasite during AGD pathogenesis was explored. A dual RNA-seq approach together with differential gene expression and system-wide statistical analyses of gene and transcription factor networks was employed. A multi-tissue transcriptomic data set was generated from the gill (including both lesioned and non-lesioned tissue), head kidney and spleen tissues naïve and AGD-affected Atlantic salmon sourced from an in vivo AGD challenge trial. Differential gene expression of the salmon host indicates local and systemic upregulation of defense and immune responses. Two transcription factors, znfOZF-like and znf70-like, and their associated gene networks significantly altered with disease state. The majority of genes in these networks are candidates for mediators of the immune response, cellular proliferation and invasion. These include Aurora kinase B-like, rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 25-like and protein NDNF-like inhibited. Analysis of the N. perurans transcriptome during AGD pathology compared to in vitro cultured N. perurans trophozoites, as a proxy for wild type trophozoites, identified multiple gene candidates for virulence and indicates a potential master regulatory gene system analogous to the two-component PhoP/Q system. Candidate genes identified are associated with invasion of host tissue, evasion of host defense mechanisms and formation of the mucoid lesion. We generated a novel model for host-parasite interaction during AGD pathogenesis through integration of host and parasite functional profiles. Collectively, this dual transcriptomic study provides novel molecular insights into the pathology of AGD and provides alternative theories for future research in a step towards improved management of AGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Botwright
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Amin R Mohamed
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joel Slinger
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Woorim, QLD, Australia
| | - Paula C Lima
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- Livestock and Aquaculture, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jia SL, Chi Z, Chen L, Liu GL, Hu Z, Chi ZM. Molecular evolution and regulation of DHN melanin-related gene clusters are closely related to adaptation of different melanin-producing fungi. Genomics 2021; 113:1962-1975. [PMID: 33901575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Many genes responsible for melanin biosynthesis in fungi were physically linked together. The PKS gene clusters in most of the melanin-producing fungi were regulated by the Cmr1. It was found that a close rearrangement of the PKS gene clusters had evolved in most of the melanin-producing fungi and various functions of melanin in them were beneficial to their adaptation to the changing environments. The melanin-producing fungi had undergone at least five large-scale differentiations, making their PKS gene clusters be quickly evolved and the fungi be adapted to different harsh environments. The recent gene losses and expansion were remarkably frequent in the PKS gene clusters, leading to their rapid evolution and adaptation of their hosts to different environments. The PKS gene and the CMR1 gene in them were subject to a strong co-evolution, but the horizontal gene transfer events might have occurred in the genome-duplicated species, Aspergillus and Penicillium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lei Jia
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Guang-Lei Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266003 Qingdao, China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhen-Ming Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266003 Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang JJ, Yin YP, Song JZ, Hu SJ, Cheng W, Qiu L. A p53-like transcription factor, BbTFO1, contributes to virulence and oxidative and thermal stress tolerances in the insect pathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249350. [PMID: 33788872 PMCID: PMC8011754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53-like transcription factor (TF) NDT80 plays a vital role in the regulation of pathogenic mechanisms and meiosis in certain fungi. However, the effects of NDT80 on entomopathogenic fungi are still unknown. In this paper, the NDT80 orthologue BbTFO1 was examined in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous entomopathogenic fungus, to explore the role of an NDT80-like protein for fungal pest control potential. Disruption of BbTFO1 resulted in impaired resistance to oxidative stress (OS) in a growth assay under OS and a 50% minimum inhibitory concentration experiment. Intriguingly, the oxidation resistance changes were accompanied by transcriptional repression of the two key antioxidant enzyme genes cat2 and cat5. ΔBbTFO1 also displayed defective conidial germination, virulence and heat resistance. The specific supplementation of BbTFO1 reversed these phenotypic changes. As revealed by this work, BbTFO1 can affect the transcription of catalase genes and play vital roles in the maintenance of phenotypes associated with the biological control ability of B. bassiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (JJW); (LQ)
| | - Ya-Ping Yin
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Ji-Zheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
- * E-mail: (JJW); (LQ)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao X, Luo T, Huang S, Peng N, Yin Y, Luo Z, Zhang Y. A novel transcription factor negatively regulates antioxidant response, cell wall integrity and virulence in the fungal insect pathogen, Beauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4908-4924. [PMID: 33432709 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genomic data have identified a class of fungal specific transcription factors (FsTFs) that are thought to regulate unique aspects of fungal gene expression, although the functions of many of these proteins remain unknown. Here, a novel FsTF (BbStf1), which features a leucine zipper dimerization domain and a fungal transcription factor regulatory middle homology region, was characterized in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous insect fungal pathogen. Transcriptional activation and nuclear localization were experimentally confirmed for BbStf1. Disruption of Bbstf1 resulted in increased tolerance to oxidative stress and cell wall perturbation, accompanied by increased peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and by thickened cell wall and altered composition. Gene expression profile analysis revealed that transcription patterns of antioxidant enzyme and cell wall integrity-involved genes were altered in the ∆Bbstf1, including some BbStf1-targeted genes clarified with evidence. The ∆Bbstf1 strain displayed greater virulence to Galleria mellonella in the bioassays through both topical infection and intrahaemocoel injection due to more rapid proliferation in the haemocoel as compared to the wild-type strain. Altogether, BbStf1 acts as a negative regulator of antioxidant response, cell wall integrity and virulence in B. bassiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingying Luo
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Peng
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yin
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lu Z, Deng J, Wang H, Zhao X, Luo Z, Yu C, Zhang Y. Multifunctional role of a fungal pathogen-secreted laccase 2 in evasion of insect immune defense. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:1256-1274. [PMID: 33393158 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are widely present in bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrates and involved in a variety of physiological functions. Here, we report that Beauveria bassiana, an economic important entomopathogenic fungus, secretes a laccase 2 (BbLac2) during infection that detoxifies insect immune response-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interferes with host immune phenoloxidase (PO) activation. BbLac2 is expressed in fungal cells during proliferation in the insect haemocoel and can be found to distribute on the surface of haemolymph-derived in vivo fungal hyphal bodies or be secreted. Targeted gene-knockout of BbLac2 increased fungal sensitivity to oxidative stress, decreased virulence to insect, and increased host PO activity. Strains overexpressing BbLac2 showed increased virulence, with reduced host PO activity and lowered ROS levels in infected insects. In vitro assays revealed that BbLac2 could eliminate ROS and oxidize PO substrates (phenols), verifying the enzymatic functioning of the protein in detoxification of cytotoxic ROS and interference with the PO cascade. Moreover, BbLac2 acted as a cell surface protein that masked pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), enabling the pathogen to evade immune recognition. Our data suggest a multifunctional role for fungal pathogen-secreted laccase 2 in evasion of insect immune defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Lu
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Juan Deng
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Yu
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qiu L, Nie SX, Hu SJ, Wang SJ, Wang JJ, Guo K. Screening of Beauveria bassiana with high biocontrol potential based on ARTP mutagenesis and high-throughput FACS. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 171:104732. [PMID: 33357554 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is a promising biocontrol agent due to its entomopathogenic activities and residue-free characteristics. However, its susceptibility to abiotic stresses and naturally low virulence limit the effective application of this fungus. To effectively obtain fungal strains with high biocontrol potential, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to screen mutant libraries generated by atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP). Among about 8000 mutants obtained by ARTP mutagenesis, six candidate mutants were selected according to the forward scatter (FSC) signal readings of FACS. B6, with a 37.4% higher FSC reading than wild-type (WT), showed a 32.6% increase in virulence. It also presented a 13.5% decrease in median germinating time (GT50) and a 12.1% increase in blastospore production. Comparative analysis between insect transcriptional responses to B6 and WT infection showed that the immune response coupled with protein digestion and absorption progress was highly activated in B6-infected Galleria mellonella larvae, while fatty acid synthesis was suppressed after 3 days of infection. Our results confirmed the feasibility of sorting B. bassiana with high biocontrol potential via the combination of ARTP and FACS and facilitated the understanding of insect-pathogen interactions, highlighting a new strategy for modifying entomopathogenic fungi to improve the efficiency of biological control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Sheng-Xin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shou-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China.
| | - Kai Guo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shin TY, Lee MR, Park SE, Lee SJ, Kim WJ, Kim JS. Pathogenesis-related genes of entomopathogenic fungi. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21747. [PMID: 33029869 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All living things on Earth experience various diseases such as those caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Insects are no exception to this rule, and fungi that cause disease in insects are called entomopathogenic fungi. These fungi have been developed as microbial insecticides and are used to control various pests. Generally, the mode of action of entomopathogenic fungi is divided into the attachment of conidia, germination, penetration, growth, and generation of secondary infectious conidia. In each of these steps, that entomopathogenic fungi use genes in a complex manner (specific or diverse) has been shown by gene knock-out and RNA-sequencing analysis. In this review, the information mechanism of entomopathogenic fungi was divided into six steps: (1) attachment of conidia to host, (2) germination and appressorium, (3) penetration, (4) fungal growth in hemolymph, (5) conidia production on host, and (6) transmission and dispersal. The strategy used by the fungi in each step was described at the genetic level. In addition, an approach for studying the mode of action of the fungi is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - So Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Involvement of BbTpc1, an important Zn(II) 2Cys 6 transcriptional regulator, in chitin biosynthesis, fungal development and virulence of an insect mycopathogen. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1162-1172. [PMID: 33159944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the major components of the fungal cell wall and contributes to the mechanical strength and shape of the fungal cell. Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factors are unique to the fungal kingdom and have a variety of functions in some fungi. However, the mechanisms by which Zn(II)2Cys6 proteins affect entomopathogenic fungi are largely unknown. Here, we characterized the Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor BbTpc1 in the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Disruption of BbTpc1 resulted in a distinct changes in vegetative growth and septation patterns, and a significant decrease in conidia and blastospore yield. The ΔBbTpc1 mutant displayed impaired resistance to chemical stresses and heat shock and attenuated virulence in topical and intrahemocoel injection assays. Importantly, the ΔBbTpc1 mutant had an abnormal cell wall with altered wall thickness and chitin synthesis, which were accompanied by transcriptional repression of the chitin synthetase family genes. In addition, comparative transcriptomics revealed that deletion of BbTpc1 altered fungal asexual reproduction via different genetic pathways. These data revealed that BbTpc1 regulates fungal development, chitin synthesis and biological control potential in B. bassiana.
Collapse
|
26
|
Shen D, Nyawira KT, Xia A. New discoveries and applications of mosquito fungal pathogens. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 40:111-116. [PMID: 32781416 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are a major threat to human health globally because they transmit infectious diseases, such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and arboviruses. The conventional mosquito control efforts, based on synthetic insecticides, have been compromised owing to the eventual development of insecticide resistance and the adverse environmental impacts of insecticides. Alternative eco-friendly approaches using entomopathogenic fungi to alleviate vector-borne disease burden have gained an increasing interest because of their selective specificity and environmental safety. Existing literature revealed an enormous potential of microbial agents for the biocontrol of mosquitoes. With the advances in genetic recombination and transformation techniques, genetically engineered fungal biopesticides showed promising efficacy against insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. In this article, we elaborate on the important mosquito fungal and oomycota pathogens as potential biocontrol agents and infection mechanism through oral ingestion. Recent advances on the secreted effectors for suppression of host immunity and progress on the development of transgenic mosquito-killing fungi were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Karani T Nyawira
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ding Z, Xu T, Zhu W, Li L, Fu Q. A MADS-box transcription factor FoRlm1 regulates aerial hyphal growth, oxidative stress, cell wall biosynthesis and virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:183-193. [PMID: 32220379 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causes Fusarium wilt that affects banana plants. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of Foc virulence determinants have not been elucidated. In this study, we identified the MADS-box transcription factor FoRlm1 that is conserved among mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our data revealed that FoRlm1 is essential for aerial hyphal growth and virulence. Transcriptional analysis revealed that FoRlm1 deletion altered the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes, chitin synthases, fusaric acid (FA), and beauvericin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, FoRlm1 deletion promoted tolerance to Congo red and increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Transcriptome analysis of ΔFoRlm1 mutant and wild-type strain indicated that the expression of many genes associated with fungal physiology and virulence was up- or down-regulated. Overall, these results suggested that FoRlm1 plays a critical role in the regulation of hyphal growth, anti-oxidation mechanisms, cell wall biosynthesis, transcription of mycotoxin biosynthetic genes encoding FA and beauvericin, and virulence in Foc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojian Ding
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China.
| | - Tianwei Xu
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Weiju Zhu
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Lijie Li
- Department of Biology, Qiongtai Normal University, Haikou, 571127, China
| | - Qiyan Fu
- Tropical Agricultural College, Hainan College of Vocation and Technique, Haikou, 570216, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Participation of a MADS-box transcription factor, Mb1, in regulation of the biocontrol potential in an insect fungal pathogen. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 170:107335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
29
|
Weisskopf L, Newton ILG, Berry D, Webster NS. Spotlight on how microbes influence their host's behavior. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3185-3187. [PMID: 31342631 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Weisskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Irene L G Newton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - David Berry
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|