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Eleje GU, Okoh EE, Igbodike EP, Akinsolu FT, Nwaokorie FO, Lusher JM, Tantawi ME, Salako AO, Ezechi OC, Foláyan MNO. Prevalence and associated risk factors for noma in Nigerian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:685. [PMID: 38867180 PMCID: PMC11170919 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence, case-fatality rate, and associated risk-factors of Noma in children in Nigeria. METHODS Search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases. Data were extraction using a double-blind approach. Discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 statistics. Random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis and subgroup analysis was conducted. The study quality was evaluated using standard Critical-Appraisal-Checklist. RESULTS Of the 1652 articles identified, 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria included 871 cases of Noma. Two studies had high-risk of bias and were excluded in the meta-analysis. Pooled prevalence of Noma was 2.95% (95%CI:2.19-3.71; Z = 7.60; p < 0.00001, I2:100.0). Case fatality was reported in one study. Sex-distribution had a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1. Malnutrition (88.42%, 95%CI:52.84-124.00; I2:100.0), measles (40.60%; 95% CI:31.56-49.65; I2:100.0) and malaria (30.75%; 95% CI:30.06-31.45; I2:100.0) were the most notable associated risk-factors. Prevalence of Noma was non-significantly lower in southern (1.96%,95%CI:1.49-2.44;6 studies) than in northern (4.43%; 95%CI:-0.98-9.83; 4 studies) Nigeria. One study reported the prevalence of Noma in children younger than 5 years. CONCLUSIONS About every 3 in 100 children in Nigeria had Noma and the prevalence was non-significantly higher in northern than southern Nigeria. Malnutrition, measles, and malaria were major associated risk-factors. Case-fatality rate and prevalence based on different age-groups were inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Uchenna Eleje
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nnewi, Nigeria.
- Effective Care Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka (Nnewi Campus), P.M.B. 5001, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria.
| | - Emeka Emmanuel Okoh
- Department of Community Medicine and Primary Healthcare, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Philip Igbodike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Havana Specialist Hospital, Surulere Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Advanced Minimal Access Surgical Hospital, Kelina Hospital, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Folahanmi Tomiwa Akinsolu
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Francisca Obiageri Nwaokorie
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Joanne Marie Lusher
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Provost's Group, Regent's University London, London, UK
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21527, Egypt
| | - Abideen Olurotimi Salako
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oliver Chukwujekwu Ezechi
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Morẹ Nikẹ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan
- Oral Health Initiative, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Onumah EE, Ketadzo B, Adaku AA, Onumah JA, Addey Owusu P. COVID-19 and its impact on the profit of mango value chain actors. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299572. [PMID: 38568889 PMCID: PMC10990191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented impact of the pandemic on both activities and profit of actors draws out the various areas of the value chain that need to be strengthened to ensure resilience in the face of global shock. This study fills the gap by assessing the extent at which COVID-19 impacted the profit of mango value chain actors in southern Ghana. It also analyzed the governance structure and the existing linkages in the dissemination of market information in relation to the profit of the actors. A two-year panel survey on 240 respondents was conducted in 2020 through a multi-stage sampling technique in Greater Accra, Eastern and Volta regions of Ghana. Net Farm Income, Social Network Analysis and Difference-in-Difference models were used in analyzing the data. Findings revealed that mango processors have more bargaining power and make the most profit while producers receive more information than other actors. Farmer-based organizations were found to be the prominent node and influential in the dissemination of market information within the value chain. The outbreak of COVID-19 negatively impacted the profit of mango producers and distributors; however, processors had a positive impact on their profit. The study therefore demonstrated that producers and distributors were vulnerable to the effect of the COVID-19 shock, whilst processors were robust to the shocks. Thus, reformed policies by all stakeholders for emergency preparedness should be targeted especially at those vulnerable actors in the chain. Additionally, FBOs, retailers and other key stakeholders should be considered in policy development to enhance market information dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ebo Onumah
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright Ketadzo
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abigail Ampomah Adaku
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Justina Adwoa Onumah
- Science and Technology Policy Research Institute, The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Cantonments, Ghana
| | - Prince Addey Owusu
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Wemakor A, Bukari M, Atariba R. Household food insecurity, low maternal social support and maternal common mental disorders in East Mamprusi Municipality, Ghana. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1255. [PMID: 37380991 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both household food insecurity and maternal common mental disorders are public health concerns in Ghana but studies on them, and their interrelatedness are scarce. Social support is an independent determinant of mental health but can also moderate the link between risk factors and mental illness. Identifying the risk factors of mental illness may provide opportunities for intervention and help reduce disease burden and impact. This study examined the association between household food insecurity or low maternal social support and maternal common mental disorders in East Mamprusi Municipality, Ghana. METHODS This was a community-based, cross-sectional study involving 400 mothers with children 6-23 months selected using multi-stage sampling. Summary scores for household food insecurity, maternal social support, and maternal common mental disorders were measured using Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), Medical Outcome Study Social Support Scale (SSS), and WHO Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 items (SRQ-20) respectively in personal interviews. Poisson regression models were fitted to determine the association of household food insecurity or low maternal social support with maternal common mental disorders, controlling for selected socio-demographic variables. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 26.7 (± 6.68) years, and the mean FIES, SSS, and SRQ-20 scores were 5.62 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.29-5.96] out of 8, 43.12 (95% CI: 41.34-44.90) out of 100, and 7.91 (95% CI: 7.38-8.45) out of 19 respectively. About two-thirds of the households (71.9%), and 72.7% and 49.5% of the women had food insecurity, low social support and probable common mental disorder respectively. In the adjusted analyses, a unit increase in FIES score was associated to a 4% increment in the predicted SRQ-20 score [Incident Risk Ratio (IRR) 1.04; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02, 1.06; p = 0.001], and the predicted SRQ-20 score of the women belonging to low social support category was 38% higher compared to that of women of high social support category (IRR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.66; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION The prevalence of household food insecurity and common mental disorders among mothers are high, and both household food insecurity and low social support are significantly related to common mental disorders in women. Interventions to reduce both household food insecurity, and common mental disorders in women are warranted, and should include social support for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wemakor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana.
| | - Mohammed Bukari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Raymond Atariba
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1883, Tamale, Ghana
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Shillie PN, Balgah RA, Ngwa BM, Akumbom P. COVID-19 and food security risk in Nkambe Cameroon: perceptions, drivers and household response measures. SN SOCIAL SCIENCES 2023; 3:98. [PMID: 37304321 PMCID: PMC10245349 DOI: 10.1007/s43545-023-00683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on COVID-19 and food security risk, capturing perceptions, drivers and household response measures. Using a mixed research design, the researchers investigated food security risk in Nkambe Cameroon during peak periods of COVID-19. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to 400 respondents and key informant interviews, and it was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed significant differences in the food security dynamics among COVID-19-infected and non-infected households (19% and 33%, respectively, p = 0.002), with non-infected households being more food secure than COVID-19-infected ones. Significant positive effects between variables, like age of respondent, household size, level of education and food security of affected households were identified. The regression model explains 82.8% of the food security determinants in the midst of COVID-19's peak period. Both COVID-19-infected and non-infected households responded to food insecurity through food rationing and consumption frequency rationing, instead of reducing food consumption frequency. The researchers recommend increasing the efficacy of safety nets and other social assistance programmes in the face of shocks by targeting households most vulnerable to COVID-19-induced food insecurity. Expanding this research agenda to other study sites with a gender lense can provide insights for food security policies post COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beldwin Muma Ngwa
- University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
- Higher Institute of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bamenda University of Science and Technology, Bamenda, Cameroon
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Bakare AA, Uchendu OC, Omotayo OE, King C. FEEDING PRACTICES AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN A PERI-URBAN SETTING IN IBADAN, SOUTHWEST NIGERIA: A COMPARATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2023; 21:52-62. [PMID: 37528822 PMCID: PMC10388425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Existing literature suggests inequalities in nutritional and feeding practices for children in rural communities compared to their urban counterparts. However, with increasing urbanization and changing social norms, re-assessment of rural-urban differences in feeding practices for under-five children is essential. This study therefore aimed to assess the feeding practices and nutritional status of children in a peri-urban setting in Ibadan. Methods We conducted a community-based cross-sectional comparative study in peri-urban LGA (Lagelu) in Ibadan. Participants were 617 caregivers of underfive children identified, from wards typical of rural and urban settings, through a multistage sampling technique. Caregivers' sociodemographic details, 24-hour dietary recall of the child's feeding, and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Results Nearly half of the children were 2 years or older (rural: n=142, 47.2%; urban: n=147, 46.2%). There was significant difference between settings in terms of maternal age and education, father's education, caregiver's occupation and socioeconomic status. In total, 611 children (99.0%) were breastfed. Of those breastfed, 45% and 39% in rural and urban settings respectively were initiated within an hour of delivery. Children in rural setting had longer duration of breast feeding. However, they are less likely to be exclusively breast fed for 6 - months compared with children whose caregivers are urban dwellers. Dietary diversity was similar in both settings but higher among males. (20.3% male, 11.7% female in rural; 17.3% male and 15.5% female in urban). Overall, 108 (22.3%), 107 (21.9%), 152 (30.6%) and 34 (7.0%) of children aged 6-59 months were cachetic, underweight, stunted, and overweight respectively but commoner among children in rural settings. Conclusion Feeding and nutrition programmes need to apply a gender lens if sustained behavioural interventions on child nutrition are to reach equitable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bakare
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - O C Uchendu
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
| | - O E Omotayo
- Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
| | - C King
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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Bakare AA, Uchendu OC, Omotayo OE, King C. FEEDING PRACTICES AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN IN A PERI-URBAN SETTING IN IBADAN, SOUTHWEST NIGERIA: A COMPARATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2023; 21:50-62. [PMID: 37528813 PMCID: PMC10388426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Existing literature suggests inequalities in nutritional and feeding practices for children in rural communities compared to their urban counterparts. However, with increasing urbanization and changing social norms, re-assessment of rural-urban differences in feeding practices for under-five children is essential. This study therefore aimed to assess the feeding practices and nutritional status of children in a peri-urban setting in Ibadan. Methods We conducted a community-based cross-sectional comparative study in peri-urban LGA (Lagelu) in Ibadan. Participants were 617 caregivers of underfive children identified, from wards typical of rural and urban settings, through a multistage sampling technique. Caregivers' sociodemographic details, 24-hour dietary recall of the child's feeding, and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Results Nearly half of the children were 2 years or older (rural: n=142, 47.2%; urban: n=147, 46.2%). There was significant difference between settings in terms of maternal age and education, father's education, caregiver's occupation and socioeconomic status. In total, 611 children (99.0%) were breastfed. Of those breastfed, 45% and 39% in rural and urban settings respectively were initiated within an hour of delivery. Children in rural setting had longer duration of breast feeding. However, they are less likely to be exclusively breast fed for 6 - months compared with children whose caregivers are urban dwellers. Dietary diversity was similar in both settings but higher among males. (20.3% male, 11.7% female in rural; 17.3% male and 15.5% female in urban). Overall, 108 (22.3%), 107 (21.9%), 152 (30.6%) and 34 (7.0%) of children aged 6-59 months were cachetic, underweight, stunted, and overweight respectively but commoner among children in rural settings. Conclusion Feeding and nutrition programmes need to apply a gender lens if sustained behavioural interventions on child nutrition are to reach equitable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Bakare
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - O C Uchendu
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
| | - O E Omotayo
- Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan Oyo State Nigeria
| | - C King
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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Akalu LS, Wang H. Does the female-headed household suffer more than the male-headed from Covid-19 impact on food security? Evidence from Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH 2023; 12:100563. [PMID: 37016627 PMCID: PMC10041883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic and accompanying policy measures affected women's economic and social lives differently from men. However, its effect on the food security situation of women and men remains unclear. This study investigated whether female-headed households suffer more from covid 19 impact on food security than male-headed households in Ethiopia using the World Bank High Frequency Phone Survey data. Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) is applied to measure food insecurity and multilevel-mixed effect random intercept linear model is used to analyze the determinants. The survey data show that, during the pandemic in 2020, nearly 27% of households face moderate or severe food insecurity and close to 6% face severe food insecurity. Regression results revealed that the pandemic and accompanying policy measures affected food security of female-headed households differently from male-headed households. The likelihood of female-headed households experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity is significantly higher by 5.7% points than male-headed households. Education level of the household head is the critical determinant of women's food insecurity. Every additional year of education of female heads has a significantly higher impact in reducing the likelihood of experiencing food insecurity than that of male-headed households. It is also found that having access to basic food items reduces the likelihood of facing moderate or severe food insecurity by 7.4% points. Besides, education level of the household head, income change and family size are critical determinants for food insecurity of the sample households. It is recommended that stakeholders and policy makers focus in the gender aspect while designing policy measures to control pandemics and fucus on improving accessibility of basic needs such as food items to all.
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Sawadogo N, Ouoba Y. COVID-19, food coping strategies and households resilience: the case of informal sector in Burkina Faso. Food Secur 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37362056 PMCID: PMC10192782 DOI: 10.1007/s12571-023-01371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The closure of markets in the city of Ouagadougou due to COVID-19 pandemic has had consequences on the food security status of households, in particular households of informal sector. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of COVID-19 on households' likelihood to resort to food coping strategies taking into account their resilience capacities. A survey was carried out among 503 households of small traders in five markets in the city of Ouagadougou. This survey identified seven mutually inclusive food coping strategies which are endogenous and exogenous to households. Thus, the multivariate probit model was used to identify the factors explaining the adoption of these strategies. The results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on households' likelihood to use certain food coping strategies. Furthermore, the results show that assets and access to basic services is the main pillar of household resilience that reduces how likely a household resort to coping strategies due to COVID-19. Therefore, strengthening adaptive capacity and improving social security of households of informal sector are relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youmanli Ouoba
- Center for Economic and Social Studies, Documentation and Research (CEDRES), University of Thomas Sankara, Saaba, Burkina Faso
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Bwala DG, Otekunrin OA, Adebowale OO, Fasina MM, Odetokun IA, Fasina FO. COVID-19 Pandemic Impacted Food Security and Caused Psychosocial Stress in Selected States of Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054016. [PMID: 36901025 PMCID: PMC10001712 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 disease has infected many countries, causing generalized impacts on different income categories. We carried out a survey among households (n = 412) representing different income groups in Nigeria. We used validated food insecurity experience and socio-psychologic tools. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The earning capacities of the respondents ranged from 145 USD/month for low-income earners to 1945 USD/month for high-income earners. A total of 173 households (42%) ran out of food during the COVID-19 pandemic. All categories of households experienced increasing dependency on the general public and a perception of increasing insecurity, with the high-income earners experiencing the greatest shift. In addition, increasing levels of anger and irritation were experienced among all categories. Of the socio-demographic variables, only gender, educational level of the household head, work hours per day, and family income based on society class were associated (p < 0.05) with food security and hunger due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although psychological stress was observed to be greater in the low-income earning group, household heads with medium and high family income were more likely to have satisfactory experiences regarding food security and hunger. It is recommended that socio-economic groups should be mapped and support systems should target each group to provide the needed support in terms of health, social, economic, and mental wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauda G. Bwala
- Virology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom 930101, Nigeria
| | - Olutosin A. Otekunrin
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria
| | - Oluwawemimo O. Adebowale
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 110124, Nigeria
| | - Modupe M. Fasina
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ismail A. Odetokun
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240272, Nigeria
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi 00601, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +254-111-323270
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Traoré O, Combary OS, Zina YD. Households' basic needs satisfaction during the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic in Burkina Faso. HEALTH POLICY OPEN 2022; 3:100060. [PMID: 34877532 PMCID: PMC8639480 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpopen.2021.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has profoundly affected economic and health systems around the world. This paper aims to assess household access to basic foods and health care and food security attainment during the COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso. We use the COVID-19 High-Frequency Phone Survey 2020 panel data supported by the World Bank and conducted by Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (INSD). The pooled multinomial logistic, the panel logistic, and the panel ordered logistic regressions are used to analyse the access to basic foods, the access to health care and the food security of the households, respectively. The results show that during COVID-19, female-headed households, poor households and farm households remain the most vulnerable in terms of access to basic foods, health services and food insecurity. Furthermore, the results indicate that households living outside the capital, particularly in the other urbans, experience fewer difficulties obtaining basic foods than those residing in the capital and are also unlikely to experience food insecurity. For more effective policy responses to the COVID-19 or similar shocks, the interventions should focus on household socioeconomic conditions and distinguish between urban and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousmane Traoré
- Department of Economics (UFR/SEG), Université Thomas Sankara (UTS), 12 P.O. BOX 417 Ouagadougou 12, Burkina Faso,Corresponding author
| | - Omer S. Combary
- Department of Economics (UFR/SEG), Université Thomas Sankara, Burkina Faso
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Wudil AH, Usman M, Rosak-Szyrocka J, Pilař L, Boye M. Reversing Years for Global Food Security: A Review of the Food Security Situation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192214836. [PMID: 36429555 PMCID: PMC9690952 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
All around the world, inequalities persist in the complex web of social, economic, and ecological factors that mediate food security outcomes at different human and institutional scales. There have been rapid and continuous improvements in agricultural productivity and better food security in many regions of the world during the past 50 years due to an expansion in crop area, irrigation, and supportive policy and institutional initiatives. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, the situation is inverted. Statistics show that food insecurity has risen since 2015 in Sub-Saharan African countries, and the situation has worsened owing to the Ukraine conflict and the ongoing implications of the COVID-19 threat. This review looks into multidimensional challenges to achieving the SDG2 goal of "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture" in Sub-Saharan Africa and the prosper policy recommendations for action. Findings indicate that weak economic growth, gender inequality, high inflation, low crop productivity, low investment in irrigated agriculture and research, climate change, high population growth, poor policy frameworks, weak infrastructural development, and corruption are the major hurdles in the sustaining food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Promoting investments in agricultural infrastructure and extension services together with implementing policies targeted at enhancing the households' purchasing power, especially those in rural regions, appear to be essential drivers for improving both food availability and food access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulazeez Hudu Wudil
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Federal University Dutse, Dutse 720101, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Institute of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Joanna Rosak-Szyrocka
- Department of Production Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Management, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Ladislav Pilař
- Department of Management, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mortala Boye
- School of Agriculture and Environment Sciences, University of the Gambia, Kanifing P.O. Box 3530, The Gambia
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Santana OMMLD, Sousa LVDA, Lima Rocha HA, Correia LL, Gomes LGA, Aquino CMD, Rocha SGMO, Araújo DABS, Soares MDDA, Machado MMT, Adami F. Analyzing households' food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of public policies to mitigate it: evidence from Ceará, Brazil. Glob Health Promot 2022; 30:53-62. [PMID: 35891583 PMCID: PMC10076958 DOI: 10.1177/17579759221107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of conditional cash transfer policies to mitigate the food insecurity (FI) among families living in poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ceará, Brazil. METHODS An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out through telephone contact during the period of May-July 2021, during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ceará. Families in a situation of high social and economic vulnerability participated in this study (monthly per capita income of less than US$16.50). FI was assessed using the EBIA, a Brazilian validated questionnaire. The participation of families in government programs and public policies was also investigated. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association of the several factors assessed with food insecurity. RESULTS The prevalence of any food insecurity in this sample was 89.1% (95% Confidence interval (95% CI: 86.2 - 92.1) and of severe food insecurity, 30.3% (95% CI: 26.0 - 34.6). The Mais Infância card program, adopted as a cash transfer supplement in the state of Ceará, was significantly associated with food insecurity (OR 4.2 (95% CI: 1.7 - 10.2), with a p-value of 0.002. In addition, families affected by job losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic presented higher odds of FI. CONCLUSIONS In this study, 89% of evaluated families presented food insecurity. Conditional cash transfer programs were associated with FI. We highlight the need for policies and interventions to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity. Such policies can adopt appropriate criteria for defining the participants, as well as connect the participants to an appropriate set of broader social protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Luciano Lima Correia
- Department of Community Health, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Adami
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Data Analysis, University Health Center ABC, FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Mkupete MJ, Donath LT, Mugizi FMP. Household Resilience to Food and Nutrition Insecurity during COVID-19 in Tanzania. GEOJOURNAL 2022; 88:1721-1735. [PMID: 35911587 PMCID: PMC9306244 DOI: 10.1007/s10708-022-10705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We examine food and nutrition security and the household's ability to respond adequately to shock and stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, we assess household resilience to food insecurity and its relation to future food security. We use two survey rounds collected during the pandemic - before and after the second wave of the pandemic-from the vulnerable population living in slums in Tanzania. The findings reveal that many households have low resilience to shock. We find that COVID-19 reduced access to food in 68% of the households and left about 30% without any food to eat. We also find that micronutrient consumption significantly declined among households who reported food insecurity following the second wave of COVID-19. We also find that the probability of experiencing food insecurity reduced with the initial resilience level. High resilient households have a higher likelihood of maintaining or diversifying more their diets even when are exposed to shock. The disruption of income-generating activities was found as a leading pathway through which COVID-19 affected household food security. The findings suggest that with persisting COVID-19 pandemic and the low level of micronutrients consumption, the nutrition of children and adult household members of the vulnerable population is at stake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mkupete Jaah Mkupete
- Department of Geography and Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, Mkwawa University College of Education, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Livini Tesha Donath
- Department of Geography and Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, Mkwawa University College, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Francisco M. P. Mugizi
- Department of Geography and Economics, University of Dar es Salaam, Mkwawa Univesity College of Education, Iringa, Tanzania
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14
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Boon or Bane? Urban Food Security and Online Food Purchasing during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Nanjing, China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between the rapid growth of online food purchasing and household food security during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in China using the city of Nanjing as a case study. The paper presents the results of an online survey of 968 households in Nanjing in March 2020 focused on their food purchasing behavior and levels of food security during the early weeks of the pandemic. While online food purchasing has increased rapidly in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, little research attention has been paid to the relationship between online food purchasing and household food security. This paper provides detailed insights into this relationship in China. The medium- and longer-term food security and other consequences of the pandemic pivot to online food purchasing are a fertile area for future research in China and elsewhere.
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15
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Koloma Y, Kemeze FH. COVID-19 and perceived effects on agricultural financing in Africa: Evidence and policy implications. AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW = REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT 2022; 34:S63-S79. [PMID: 35942501 PMCID: PMC9349708 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8268.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the potential effect of COVID-19 on agricultural financing by drawing lessons from past global crises and their link to agricultural financing. With significant impact in multiple sectors, COVID-19 has caused significant liquidity shortage in the banking and financial institutions sectors that led to widespread business failure. Analysis at the macro, sectoral, and farmer levels confirms the decline in the financing allotted to the agricultural sector in Africa, which could exacerbate the existing structural gap in agricultural financing. Many policy responses and stimulus packages designed to address the negative effects of the crisis are found not to be enough. At the farmer level, findings indicate that many farmers are finding it more difficult to access credit than before the COVID-19 crisis. For individual governments, a better understanding of the magnitude of the agricultural sector financing and investment needs to propose appropriate complementary responses is lacking. We suggest that, in the face of such a crisis, while in the short term the agricultural sector needs emergency funding, in the medium and long term, greater financial support is required, including long-term resources at concessional rates, guarantee funds, and more suitable insurance products combined with social safety nets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Koloma
- Macroeconomic Policy, Forecasting and Research DepartmentAfrican Development BankAbidjanCôte d'Ivoire
| | - Francis H. Kemeze
- Macroeconomic Policy, Forecasting and Research DepartmentAfrican Development BankAbidjanCôte d'Ivoire
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16
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Food Insecurity, Dietary Diversity, and Coping Strategies in Jordan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112252. [PMID: 35684052 PMCID: PMC9182708 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an emerging respiratory infection with severe impacts on the nutritional status of the worldwide population. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the food insecurity, dietary diversity, and food-related coping strategies in Jordan during the pandemic using an online, self-administered questionnaire. Among the 740 adults who completed the survey, the prevalence of food security was 84.1%, whereas 2% and 13.9% were moderately and severely food-insecure, respectively. The determinants of food insecurity were educational level, monthly income, marital status, availability of health insurance, and type of residence. In addition, food insecurity was significantly higher among the participants who consumed two or fewer meals per day (p = 0.015). Moreover, an acceptable food consumption score was shown among 76.2% of the participants, and the remaining participants were at borderline (14.1%) or had poor scores (9.7%), with a significant association between food insecurity and food consumption scores (p < 0.001). The food-related coping strategies studied were significantly associated with food insecurity at both levels (p < 0.001) and were more evident in the severely food-insecure group. These findings highlight the adverse effects of COVID-19 restrictions on nutritional status, especially among food-insecure households, which might reduce food accessibility due to economic difficulties.
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17
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Chanchangi YN, Adu F, Ghosh A, Sundaram S, Mallick TK. Nigeria's energy review: Focusing on solar energy potential and penetration. ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2022; 25:5755-5796. [PMID: 35437423 PMCID: PMC9007055 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In Nigeria, the rapid population increase and the overreliance on fossil fuel have created significant environmental, health, political, and economic consequences leading to severe socio-economic drawbacks. These factors have developed a wide gap between energy demand and supply due to insufficient local production, necessitating a clean energy supply for all. The photovoltaic device's economic and environmental merits have made it the most suitable clean energy alternative to help developing countries such as Nigeria achieve the SDG-7. However, apart from the device's low efficiency, which is undergoing intensive study globally, other factors affect the penetration of the technology in developing countries, particularly Nigeria. This report systematically reviews the literature on the country's energy crisis and renewable energy potential, leading to an overview of solar energy potential and penetration. The potential of the technology and its penetration in the country were provided. A list highlighting challenges hindering technology penetration was also provided, and a solution for each was recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf. N. Chanchangi
- Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
| | - Flossie Adu
- Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
| | - Aritra Ghosh
- Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
| | - Senthilarasu Sundaram
- Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
| | - Tapas. K. Mallick
- Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE UK
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18
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Mueller V, Grépin KA, Rabbani A, Navia B, Ngunjiri ASW, Wu N. Food insecurity and COVID-19 risk in low- and middle-income countries. APPLIED ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY 2022; 44:92-109. [PMID: 34900208 PMCID: PMC8646639 DOI: 10.1002/aepp.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted social distancing, workplace closures, and restrictions on mobility and trade that had cascading effects on economic activity, food prices, and employment in low- and middle-income countries. Using longitudinal data from Bangladesh, Kenya, and Nigeria covering a period from October 2020 to April 2021, the paper assesses whether knowledge of a person infected with COVID-19 is associated with food insecurity, job loss and business closures, and coping strategies to smooth consumption. The likelihood of households to experience food insecurity at the extensive and intensive margins increased among those who knew an infected person in Bangladesh and Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Mueller
- School of Politics and Global StudiesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
- Development Strategy and Governance DivisionInternational Food Policy Research InstituteWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Karen A. Grépin
- School of Public HealthUniversity of Hong KongPok Fu LamHong Kong
| | - Atonu Rabbani
- BRAC James P Grant School of Public HealthUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Bianca Navia
- School of Politics and Global StudiesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | | | - Nicole Wu
- School of Public HealthUniversity of Hong KongPok Fu LamHong Kong
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19
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Folayan MO, Ibigbami O, Brown B, El Tantawi M, Uzochukwu B, Ezechi OC, Aly NM, Abeldaño GF, Ara E, Ayanore MA, Ayoola OO, Osamika BE, Ellakany P, Gaffar B, Idigbe I, Ishabiyi AO, Jafer M, Khan ATA, Khalid Z, Lawal FB, Lusher J, Nzimande NP, Popoola BO, Quadri MFA, Rashwan M, Roque M, Shamala A, Al-Tammemi AB, Yousaf MA, Abeldaño Zuñiga RA, Okeibunor JC, Nguyen AL. Differences in COVID-19 Preventive Behavior and Food Insecurity by HIV Status in Nigeria. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:739-751. [PMID: 34387776 PMCID: PMC8360820 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess if there were significant differences in the adoption of COVID-19 risk preventive behaviors and experience of food insecurity by people living with and without HIV in Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study that recruited a convenience sample of 4471 (20.5% HIV positive) adults in Nigeria. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to test the associations between the explanatory variable (HIV positive and non-positive status) and the outcome variables-COVID-19 related behavior changes (physical distancing, isolation/quarantine, working remotely) and food insecurity (hungry but did not eat, cut the size of meals/skip meals) controlling for age, sex at birth, COVID-19 status, and medical status of respondents. Significantly fewer people living with HIV (PLWH) reported a positive COVID-19 test result; and had lower odds of practicing COVID-19 risk preventive behaviors. In comparison with those living without HIV, PLWH had higher odds of cutting meal sizes as a food security measure (AOR: 3.18; 95% CI 2.60-3.88) and lower odds of being hungry and not eating (AOR: 0.24; 95% CI 0.20-0.30). In conclusion, associations between HIV status, COVID-19 preventive behaviors and food security are highly complex and warrant further in-depth to unravel the incongruities identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
| | | | - Brandon Brown
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health, Center for Healthy Communities, UCR School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Maha El Tantawi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Benjamin Uzochukwu
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka (Enugu Campus), Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Oliver C Ezechi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Nourhan M Aly
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Giuliana Florencia Abeldaño
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- School of Medicine, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Eshrat Ara
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Psychology, Government College for Women, Moulana Azad Road, Srinagar, Kashmir (J&K), 190001, India
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Oluwagbemiga O Ayoola
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Emmanuel Osamika
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Psychology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Passent Ellakany
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Balgis Gaffar
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ifeoma Idigbe
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Anthonia Omotola Ishabiyi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohammed Jafer
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Abeedha Tu-Allah Khan
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Zumama Khalid
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Folake Barakat Lawal
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joanne Lusher
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, London, UK
| | - Ntombifuthi P Nzimande
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Economic and Human Geography, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6722, Hungary
| | - Bamidele Olubukola Popoola
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Child Oral Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maher Rashwan
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Centre for Oral Bioengineering, Barts and the London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mark Roque
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Maternity & Childhood Department, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, 42356, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Shamala
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Preventive and Biomedical Science, College of Dentistry, University of Science & Technology, Sanaa, Yemen
| | - Ala'a B Al-Tammemi
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Family and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Muhammad Abrar Yousaf
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Joseph Chukwudi Okeibunor
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- World Health Organisation, AFRO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Annie Lu Nguyen
- Mental Health and Wellness Study Group, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Department of Family Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Do COVID-19 and Food Insecurity Influence Existing Inequalities between Women and Men in Africa? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042065. [PMID: 35206252 PMCID: PMC8871765 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This review sought to understand what is currently known about how the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and restrictive measures are affecting food security and equality between women and men in all of Africa. A review of both the academic and grey literature was performed by following PRISMA guidelines. Results showed that a general disparity exists in gender-inclusive/-sensitive research. Most reported increases in inequalities between women and men were predictive only. Evidence-based articles found were mainly conducted online and target tertiary educated populations, among which neutral effects were found. A general lack of disaggregated data (e.g., women vs. men) was found to be a barrier in gaining a complete understanding of the situation on-the-ground. Furthermore, documents reporting on food security seldom included all four pillars (i.e., availability, access, utility, stability) in their analysis despite the reciprocal connection between them all. Within household disparities and the impacts on power relationships within households were also overlooked. Future studies must focus on rural settings and gender disaggregated interview processes as well as consider all pillars of food security. Doing so will help to better inform governments and humanitarian groups leading to better designed policies and social supports that target where they are most needed.
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21
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Ankrah DA, Agyei-Holmes A, Boakye AA. Ghana's rice value chain resilience in the context of COVID-19. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 4:100210. [PMID: 34604735 PMCID: PMC8469374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The 2020 State of the Food Security and Nutrition World report suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic may render 83 to 132 million people food insecure. The global south has been projected to be adversely affected by COVID-19 in terms of food and nutritional security. This potentially renders Africa off track in achieving SDG -2 of zero hunger by 2030. Ghana is a net importer of rice and how the sector responded to the global pandemic has received less traction in the agri-food system literature. There is skewed literature that concentrates on the global north. The paper employed a qualitative approach involving key informant interviews across 6 regions in Ghana. The study covered 48 Agricultural Extension Agents (AEAs) and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) officers, 80 farmers, and 48 market leaders. We use one of the country's main food staple - rice to show the food (in)-security situation during the pandemic. We articulate that using the right food security conceptual and theoretical framing remains imperative in understanding food (in)-security. The findings showed price hikes during the imposition of lockdown affected access (physical and effective demand). Rice however remained available during and after the lockdown imposition. Ghana's rice production output was affected during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The ramification of COVID-19 on Ghana's rice sector was not dire but points to the vulnerability of the rice value chain to future pandemics. Important policy actions are needed to consolidate particular gains made in Ghana's planting for food and jobs to minimize rice imports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Adu Ankrah
- University of Ghana, Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture, P.O. Box LG 68, Legon, Ghana
| | - Andrew Agyei-Holmes
- University of Ghana, Institute of Statistical Social and Economic Research (ISSER), College of Humanities, P. O. Box LG 74, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alfred Asuming Boakye
- University of Ghana, Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Center (FORCREC), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Agriculture. P.O. Box LG 68 Legon, Accra, Ghana
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22
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Strauss I, Isaacs G, Rosenberg J. The effect of shocks to GDP on employment in SADC member states during COVID-19 using a Bayesian hierarchical model. AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW = REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT 2021; 33:S221-S237. [PMID: 34149246 PMCID: PMC8207077 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8268.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using a simple Bayesian 'mixed effects' hierarchical model we provide econometric estimates of annual 2020 employment losses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic for 15 SADC member states on the basis of historical GDP data between 2000 and 2019 and 2020 forecasts. Our mixed effects model consists of country-varying coefficients, as well as 'fixed' (pooled) coefficients. This allows us to fully explore variation between countries. The model provides estimates for losses in total employment and women's employment, from which we infer income losses. We find that roughly half of estimated SADC countries have total employment losses below or approaching 25% of all jobs, while the other half have total losses exceeding 25%. Around one-third of all jobs for women risk being lost during 2020 for Madagascar, Comoros, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. Our model implies that most SADC countries will experience an equivalent loss of wage income in excess of 10% of GDP (whether through pure job losses and/or reductions in wages and working hours). Policy implications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Strauss
- Chair in Industrial DevelopmentUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Gilad Isaacs
- Institute for Economic Justice (IEJ)JohannesburgSouth Africa
- School of Economics and FinanceUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
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23
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Rosenberg J, Strauss I, Isaacs G. COVID-19 impact on SADC labour markets: Evidence from high-frequency data and other sources. AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW = REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT 2021; 33:S177-S193. [PMID: 34149243 PMCID: PMC8207065 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8268.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We assess the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the labour markets and economies of 16 SADC member states using a qualitative risk assessment on the basis of high-frequency Google Mobility data, monthly commodity price data, annual national accounts, and households survey labour market data. Our work highlights the ways in which these complementary datasets can be used by economists to conduct near real-time macroeconomic surveillance work covering labour market responses to macroeconomic shocks, including for seemingly information scarce African economies. We find that Angola, South Africa and Zimbabwe are at greatest risk across several labour market dimensions from the COVID-19 shock, followed by a second group of countries consisting of Comoros, DRC, Madagascar and Mauritius. Angola faces relatively less general employment risk than South Africa and Zimbabwe due to more muted decreases in mobility, though faces large pressure in its primary sector. These countries all face high risk in their youth populations, with Angola and Zimbabwe seeing high risks for women. South Africa faces more sector-specific risks in their secondary and tertiary sectors, as does Mauritius. Comoros, DRC and Madagascar all face high risks of employment loss for women and youth, with Comoros and Mauritius facing severe general employment risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Rosenberg
- Research DivisionInstitute for Economic Justice (IEJ)JohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Ilan Strauss
- Chair in Industrial DevelopmentUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Gilad Isaacs
- Research DivisionInstitute for Economic Justice (IEJ)JohannesburgSouth Africa
- School of Economics and FinanceUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
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24
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Agyei SK, Isshaq Z, Frimpong S, Adam AM, Bossman A, Asiamah O. COVID-19 and food prices in sub-Saharan Africa. AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW = REVUE AFRICAINE DE DEVELOPPEMENT 2021; 33:S102-S113. [PMID: 34149241 PMCID: PMC8206953 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8268.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on prices of maize, sorghum, imported rice and local rice in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We estimated dynamic panel data models with controls for macroeconomic setting using general method of moments estimation. The study found that the COVID-19 outbreak led to increases in food prices of the sampled countries. Restrictions on movements or lockdowns in the wake of COVID-19 was associated with an increase in the price of maize only. We also found that exchange rate, inflation and crude oil prices exerted a detrimental effect on food prices. We recommend that governments of SSA countries invest in infrastructure that improves efficiencies in the food supply chain during pandemics. Providing adequate support to industries in the value chain will also improve food availability and food price stability post-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kwaku Agyei
- Department of Finance, School of BusinessUniversity of Cape CoastCape CoastGhana
| | - Zangina Isshaq
- Department of Finance, School of BusinessUniversity of Cape CoastCape CoastGhana
| | - Siaw Frimpong
- Department of Finance, School of BusinessUniversity of Cape CoastCape CoastGhana
| | - Anokye Mohammed Adam
- Department of Finance, School of BusinessUniversity of Cape CoastCape CoastGhana
| | - Ahmed Bossman
- Department of Finance, School of BusinessUniversity of Cape CoastCape CoastGhana
| | - Oliver Asiamah
- Department of Finance, School of BusinessUniversity of Cape CoastCape CoastGhana
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