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Weisser H, Steinhagen K, Höcker R, Borchardt-Lohölter V, Anvari Ö, Kern PM. Evaluation of dried blood spots as alternative sampling material for serological detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using established ELISAs. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:979-985. [PMID: 33554537 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During the current pandemic, antibody testing based on venous serum helps to determine whether the tested person has been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Alternatively, capillary blood can be taken via a finger prick (dried blood spots, DBS). In this study, paired DBS and venipuncture samples were tested using two serological assays to evaluate the usability of DBS for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. METHODS Paired samples of DBS and venous serum were collected from 389 volunteers, of whom 75 had a recent PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies against both viral S1 and nucleocapsid protein (NCP) antigens using two ELISAs. Degree of agreement and correlation coefficients between ELISA results based on the two sampling methods were calculated. RESULTS Results of DBS showed almost perfect agreement and high correlations with results from corresponding serum samples in both the S1-based ELISA and the NCP-based ELISA. CONCLUSIONS ELISA results derived from DBS showed very high agreement to those obtained with serum, supposing adequate usability and robustness of DBS as sample material for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In the near future, large-scale epidemiological screening for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 will be carried out. Since DBS reduce the strain on healthcare institutions regarding sample collection, they have a potential to facilitate efficient community- and population-based screening in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Weisser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Marburg - Campus Fulda, Fulda, Germany
| | - Katja Steinhagen
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Höcker
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Marburg - Campus Fulda, Fulda, Germany
| | - Viola Borchardt-Lohölter
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Peter M Kern
- Medical Clinic IV, University Medicine Marburg - Campus Fulda, Fulda, Germany
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Correa-Fiz F, Franzo G, Llorens A, Huerta E, Sibila M, Kekarainen T, Segalés J. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) population study in experimentally infected pigs developing PCV2-systemic disease or a subclinical infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17747. [PMID: 33082419 PMCID: PMC7576782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a single stranded DNA virus with one of the highest mutation rates among DNA viruses. This ability allows it to generate a cloud of mutants constantly providing new opportunities to adapt and evade the immune system. This pig pathogen is associated to many diseases, globally called porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) and has been a threat to pig industry since its discovery in the early 90's. Although 11 ORFs have been predicted from its genome, only two main proteins have been deeply characterized, i.e. Rep and Cap. The structural Cap protein possesses the majority of the epitopic determinants of this non-enveloped virus. The evolution of PCV2 is affected by both natural and vaccine-induced immune responses, which enhances the genetic variability, especially in the most immunogenic Cap region. Intra-host variability has been also demonstrated in infected animals where long-lasting infections can take place. However, the association between this intra-host variability and pathogenesis has never been studied for this virus. Here, the within-host PCV2 variability was monitored over time by next generation sequencing during an experimental infection, demonstrating the presence of large heterogeneity. Remarkably, the level of quasispecies diversity, affecting particularly the Cap coding region, was statistically different depending on viremia levels and clinical signs detected after infection. Moreover, we proved the existence of hyper mutant subjects harboring a remarkably higher number of genetic variants. Altogether, these results suggest an interaction between genetic diversity, host immune system and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Correa-Fiz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain. .,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Anna Llorens
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tuija Kekarainen
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,Kuopio Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, Microkatu 1, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
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Technological advancement in dry blood matrix microsampling and its clinical relevance in quantitative drug analysis. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1483-1501. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, dried blood matrix biosampling has witnessed a marvelous interest among the researcher due to its user-friendly operation during blood sampling in preclinical and clinical applications. It also complies with the basic 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) philosophy. Because of comparative simplicity, a huge number of researchers are paying attention to its technological advancements for widespread application in the bioanalysis and diagnosis arena. In this review, we have explained different approaches to be considered during dried blood matrix based microsampling including their clinical relevance in therapeutic drug monitoring. We have also discussed various strategies for avoiding and minimizing major unwanted analytical interferences associated with this technique during drug quantification. Further, various recent technological advancement in microsampling devices has been discussed correlating their clinical applications.
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Lim MD. Dried Blood Spots for Global Health Diagnostics and Surveillance: Opportunities and Challenges. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:256-265. [PMID: 29968557 PMCID: PMC6090344 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in using dried blood spot (DBS) cards to extend the reach of global health and disease surveillance programs to hard-to-reach populations. Conceptually, DBS offers a cost-effective solution for multiple use cases by simplifying logistics for collecting, preserving, and transporting blood specimens in settings with minimal infrastructure. This review describes methods to determine both the reliability of DBS-based bioanalysis for a defined use case and the optimal conditions that minimize pre-analytical sources of data variability. Examples by the newborn screening, drug development, and global health communities are provided in this review of published literature. Sources of variability are linked in most cases, emphasizing the importance of field-to-laboratory standard operating procedures that are evidence based and consider both stability and efficiency of recovery for a specified analyte in defining the type of DBS card, accessories, handling procedures, and storage conditions. Also included in this review are reports where DBS was determined to not be feasible because of technology limitations or physiological properties of a targeted analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Lim
- Global Health Division, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
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