Isolation and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria strains from raw camel milk for potential use in the production of fermented Tunisian dairy products

Characterization of a novel antioxidant exopolysaccharide from an intestinal-originated bacteria Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Bi-OTA128

Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have attracted extensive attention for their biological functions in antioxidant activities. In this study, we characterized a novel EPS produced by Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Bi-OTA128 which exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity compared to nine other ropy bacterial strains, achieving 76.50 % and 93.84 % in DPPH· and ABTS·+ scavenging activity, and ferric reducing power of 134.34 μM Fe2+. Complete genomic analysis identified an eps gene cluster involved in the EPS biosynthesis of Bi-OTA128 strain, which might be responsible for its ropy phenotype. The EPS was then isolated and purified by a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. A single elution part EPS128 was obtained with a recovery rate of 43.5 ± 1.78 % and a total carbohydrate content of 93.6 ± 0.76 %. Structural characterization showed that EPS128 comprised glucose, galactose, and rhamnose (molar ratio 4.0:1.2:1.1), featuring a putative complex backbone structure with four branched chains and an unusual acetyl group at O-2 of terminal rhamnose. Antioxidant assay in vitro indicated that EPS128 exhibited antioxidant potential with 50.52 % DPPH· and 65.40 % ABTS·+ scavenging activities, reaching 54.3 % and 70.44 % of the efficacy of standard Vitamin C at 2.0 mg/L. Furthermore, EPS128 showed protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells by reducing cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing cell viability. These findings present the first comprehensive report of an antioxidant EPS from B. pseudocatenulatum, highlighting its potential as a natural antioxidant for applications in the food industry and clinical settings.

Lactic Acid Bacteria isolated from traditional and innovative alheiras as potential biocontrol agents

From a selection of seven traditional and 14 innovative alheiras, 491 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated and tested for their antimicrobial activity against several food-borne pathogens. Among these, six strains revealed antimicrobial activity through potential bacteriocin production against 14 Listeria monocytogenes strains, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Clostridium sporogenes ESB050, and Clostridium perfringens ESB054. Through whole genome sequencing (WGS), these strains were identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (2), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (1), and Pediococcus acidilactici (3). Furthermore, several orthologues of class II bacteriocins genes were identified, including Plantaricin E, Plantaricin F, Pediocin PA, Enterocin X, Leucocin A, and Coagulin A. No virulence or antibiotic resistance genes' orthologues were detected by WGS analysis. However, the selected LAB strains showed variable phenotypic patterns related to virulence genes and antibiotic resistance when assessed through classical methodologies. None of these strains demonstrated the production of biogenic amines, gelatinase or DNase. Additionally, no hemolytic activity or lipase enzyme production was observed. However, only Lpb. plantarum 9A3 was sensitive to all tested antibiotics and was thus chosen for further examination. The bacteriocins produced by Lpb. plantarum (9A3) exhibited stability across a broad range of conditions, including temperatures from 4 to 100 °C, pH values ranging from 2 to 8, exposure to surfactants and detergents (Tween 20 and 80, SDS, EDTA 0.1, 2 and 5 mM, urea and sodium deoxycholate), and enzymes (papain and catalase). Their maximum activity (AU/mL = 12,800) against four L. monocytogenes strains was observed between 21 and 36 h of growth of Lbp. plantarum 9A3, indicating a bacteriostatic mode of action. Therefore, this strain appears to be a robust candidate for potential application as a protective strain to be used in the food industry. Not only is it safe, but it also produces stable bacteriocins (harbouring genes encoding for the production of three) effectively inhibiting significant pathogens such as L. monocytogenes and C. perfringens.

Camel Milk: Antimicrobial Agents, Fermented Products, and Shelf Life

The camel milk (CM) industry has witnessed a notable expansion in recent years. This expansion is primarily driven by the rising demand for CM and its fermented products. The perceived health and nutritional benefits of these products are mainly responsible for their increasing popularity. The composition of CM can vary significantly due to various factors, including the breed of the camel, its age, the stage of lactation, region, and season. CM contains several beneficial substances, including antimicrobial agents, such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin G, lactoperoxidase, and N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase, which protect it from contamination by spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, and contribute to its longer shelf life compared to bovine milk (BM). Nevertheless, certain harmful bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli, have been detected in CM, which is a significant public health concern. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and monitor the microbial profile of CM and follow good manufacturing practices to guarantee its safety and quality. This review article explores various aspects of CM, including the types of beneficial and harmful bacteria present in it, the composition of the milk, its antimicrobial properties, its shelf life, and the production of fermented CM products.

Molecular Organization and Functional Analysis of a Novel Plasmid-Borne cps Gene Cluster from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum YC41

Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) can tightly attach to bacterial surfaces and plays a critical role in protecting microorganisms from environmental stresses. However, the molecular and functional properties of some plasmid-borne cps gene clusters are poorly understood. In this study, comparative genomics of the draft genomes of 21 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains revealed that the specific gene cluster for CPS biosynthesis was observed only in the 8 strains with a ropy phenotype. Furthermore, the complete genomes showed that the specific gene cluster cpsYC41 was located on the novel plasmid pYC41 in L. plantarum YC41. In silico analysis confirmed that the cpsYC41 gene cluster contained the dTDP-rhamnose precursor biosynthesis operon, the repeating-unit biosynthesis operon, and the wzx gene. The insertional inactivation of the rmlA and cpsC genes abolished the ropy phenotype and reduced the CPS yields by 93.79% and 96.62%, respectively, in L. plantarum YC41 mutants. These results revealed that the cpsYC41 gene cluster was responsible for CPS biosynthesis. Moreover, the survival rates of the YC41-rmlA- and YC41-cpsC- mutants under acid, NaCl, and H2O2 stresses were decreased by 56.47 to 93.67% compared to that of the control strain. Furthermore, the specific cps gene cluster was also confirmed to play a vital role in CPS biosynthesis in L. plantarum MC2, PG1, and YD2. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic organization and gene functions of plasmid-borne cps gene clusters in L. plantarum. IMPORTANCE Capsular polysaccharide is well known to protect bacteria against various environmental stresses. The gene cluster for CPS biosynthesis is typically organized in the chromosome in bacteria. It is worth noting that complete genome sequencing showed that a novel plasmid pYC41-borne cpsYC41 gene cluster was identified in L. plantarum YC41. The cpsYC41 gene cluster included the dTDP-rhamnose precursor biosynthesis operon, the repeating-unit biosynthesis operon, and the wzx gene, which was verified by the significantly decreased CPS yield and the absent ropy phenotype in the corresponding mutants. The cpsYC41 gene cluster plays an important role in bacterial survival under environmental stress, and the mutants had decreased fitness under stress conditions. The vital role of this specific cps gene cluster in CPS biosynthesis was also confirmed in other CPS-producing L. plantarum strains. These results advanced a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plasmid-borne cps gene clusters and the protective functionality of CPS.

Characterization of Probiotic Properties of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei L2 Isolated from a Traditional Fermented Food "Lben"

Lben is a dairy fermented food that is largely consumed in Tunisia for its numerous health benefits that are related to the existence of probiotics. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are well known for their beneficial probiotic properties for humans, especially when administered in adequate amounts. The aim of this study was to isolate and investigate the probiotics properties of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei L2 from Lben. The isolated strain was identified by 16S r-RNA gene sequences and MALDI- TOF MS. To evaluate the probiotic potential of the isolated bacterium, in vitro tests were performed, including adhesion ability to HCT-116 cells, survival in acid and bile salt conditions, lysozyme resistance, biofilm formation, hemolytic activity, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. Our results revealed that the selected Lacticaseibacillus paracasei L2 strain expressed a high adherence to HCT-116 cells (45.03%), survived under acidic conditions (pH3), and showed a resistance to bile salts. The strain was considered as safe (α-hemolysis). L. paracasei L2 showed a high biofilm-formation ability (OD 570 > 1.7) after 24 h of incubation. It also demonstrated an important antioxidant activity in the range of 85.31% for the intact cells. However, an antimicrobial activity against pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus, was detected with an IZ that was above 19 mm. In conjunction with the results obtained and the technological properties of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei L2 (proteolytic property, autolytic activity, acidifying activity, and EPS production), this strain may be used as a probiotic for manufacturing fermented foods.

Traditional Fermented Dairy Products in Southern Mediterranean Countries: From Tradition to Innovation

Fermented dairy products have been essential elements in the diet of Southern Mediterranean countries for centuries. This review aims to provide an overview of the traditional fermented products in Southern Mediterranean countries, with a focus on fermented dairy products, and to discuss innovative strategies to make improved versions of these traditional products. A large variety of fermented dairy products were reviewed, showing high diversity, depending on the used raw materials, starter cultures, and preparation procedures. Traditionally, dairy products were fermented using spontaneous fermentation, back-slopping, and/or the addition of rennet. Compared with commercial products, traditional products are characterized by peculiar organoleptic features owing to the indigenous microflora. The main limitation of traditional products is preservation as most products were consumed fresh. In addition to drying, brine or oil was used to extend the product shelf life but resulted in high salt/fat products. Several studies suggested alternative ingredients/processing to make revised products with new flavors, improved nutritional quality, and a longer shelf life. There is still plenty of room for more research to obtain a better understanding of the indigenous microflora and on quality improvement and standardization to reach a wider market.

In vitro investigation on lactic acid bacteria isolatedfrom Yak faeces for potential probiotics

In order to evaluate the potential and safety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from faeces samples of Ganan yak as probiotic for prevention and/or treatment of yak diarrhea, four strains of LAB including Latilactobacillus curvatus (FY1), Weissella cibaria (FY2), Limosilactobacillus mucosae (FY3), and Lactiplantibacillus pentosus (FY4) were isolated and identified in this study. Cell surface characteristics (hydrophobicity and cell aggregation), acid resistance and bile tolerance, compatibility, antibacterial activity and in vitro cell adhesion tests were also carried out to evaluate the probiotic potential of LAB. The results showed that the four isolates had certain acid tolerance, bile salt tolerance, hydrophobicity and cell aggregation, all of which contribute to the survival and colonization of LAB in the gastrointestinal tract. There is no compatibility between the four strains, so they can be combined into a mixed probiotic formula. Antimicrobial tests showed that the four strains were antagonistic to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium. Moreover, the in vitro safety of the four isolates were determined through hemolytic analysis, gelatinase activity, and antibacterial susceptibility experiments. The results suggest that all the four strains were considered as safe because they had no hemolytic activity, no gelatinase activity and were sensitive to most antibacterial agents. Moreover, the acute oral toxicity test of LAB had no adverse effect on body weight gain, food utilization and organ indices in Kunming mice. In conclusion, the four LAB isolated from yak feces have considerable potential to prevent and/or treat yak bacterial disease-related diarrhea.

Probiotic potential characterization and clustering using unsupervised algorithms of lactic acid bacteria from saltwater fish samples

This research aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria from the bowel of saltwater fish to assess their potential probiotic properties. Nineteen isolates of LAB including Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Levilactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Pediococcus acidilactici were recognized using molecular tools. All the isolates survived in the simulated conditions of the GI tract. Auto-aggregation ranged from 01.3 ± 0.5 to 82.6 ± 1.4% and hydrophobicity with toluene ranged from 3.7 ± 1.6 to 69.4 ± 1.3%, while the range of hydrophobicity with xylene was from 02.2 ± 1.6 to 56.4 ± 2.1%. All the isolates of lactobacilli, pediococci, enterococci, and lactococci indicated variable sensitivity and resistance towards clinical antibiotics. Non-neutralized cell free supernatant of isolates F12 and F15 showed antimicrobial activity against all the 8 evaluated enteric pathogens. Cluster analysis of identified potential probiotic bacteria based on heat-map and PCA methods also highlighted the priority of isolates F3, F7, F12, and F15 as bio-control agents in fishery industry. The findings of this study may essentially contribute to the understanding of the probiotic potential of LAB in saltwater fish, in order to access their probiotic characterization for use as biocontrol in fishery.

Potential utilization of dairy industries by-products and wastes through microbial processes: A critical review

The dairy industry generates excessive amounts of waste and by-products while it gives a wide range of dairy products. Alternative biotechnological uses of these wastes need to be determined to aerobic and anaerobic treatment systems due to their high chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels and rich nutrient (lactose, protein and fat) contents. This work presents a critical review on the fermentation-engineering aspects based on defining the effective use of dairy effluents in the production of various microbial products such as biofuel, enzyme, organic acid, polymer, biomass production, etc. In addition to microbial processes, techno-economic analyses to the integration of some microbial products into the biorefinery and feasibility of the related processes have been presented. Overall, the inclusion of dairy wastes into the designed microbial processes seems also promising for commercial approaches. Especially the digestion of dairy wastes with cow manure and/or different substrates will provide a positive net present value (NPV) and a payback period (PBP) less than 10 years to the plant in terms of biogas production.

High throughput screening of technological and biopreservation traits of a large set of wild lactic acid bacteria from Brazilian artisanal cheeses

This study aimed to evaluate technological (acidification, proteolysis, lipolysis, resistance to low pH, NaCl, and bile salts) and biopreservation (antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens) features of 1002 LAB by high throughput screening (HTS) methods. The LAB was isolated from 11 types of Brazilian artisanal cheeses (BAC) marketed in the main 5 producing regions. Remarkable intra-species variability in acidification rates have been found, which was most pronounced between isolates from Mina's artisanal cheeses, Caipira and Coalho cheeses. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Levilactobacillus brevis showed the fastest acidification rate; however, all isolates showed slower acidification rates than a lactococcal control strain (4.3 × lower). When testing inhibitory effects, > 75% of LAB isolates could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 19095 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. Two of these isolates, identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri, the sterile and neutral supernatants alone, were sufficient to inhibit L. monocytogenes growth. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the identification of functional groups based on proteolytic and lipolytic activity, osmotic stress resistance, and inhibition of L. monocytogenes. The type of cheese the isolates were recovered from influenced properties such as anti-listerial compounds and lipolytic enzyme production. The use of HTS and multivariate statistics allowed insights into a diverse set of LAB technological and biopreservation properties. These findings allow a profound knowledge of the heterogeneity of a large set of isolates, which can be further used to design starter cultures with varied and combined properties, such as biopreservation and technological features. Besides that, HTS makes it possible to analyze a vast panel of LAB strains, reducing costs and time within laboratory analysis, while avoiding the loss of information once all LAB are tested at the same time (differently from the traditional labor-intensive approach, in which a few numbers of strains is tested per time).

Identification and probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from camel milk

In the present study, a total of 80 presumed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from camel milk. Selected LAB were identified as Lactococcus lactis (cam 12), Enterococcus lactis (cam 14) and Lactobacillus plantarum (cam 15) and their potential were tested by tolerance & de-conjugation of bile salts, antimicrobial activity, surface hydrophobicity and adhesion potential) along with this of probiotics were evaluated for curd formation and assessed for sensory properties and syneresis. Selected LABs showed antimicrobial activity against wide range of pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Escherchiaia. coli). LAB (cam 12, cam 14 and cam15) were highly sceptible to chloramphenicol, vancomycin, and tetracyclin. In vitro adhesion studies with Caco-2 cells demonstrated strong adhesion activity with hydrophobicity (99%) was observed. Acute oral toxicity of E. lactis and L. plantarum showed non-toxic, non-virulent and safe for industrial application. The study provides potential LAB which may act as a substitute of functional food, synthetic feed and industrial curd formulation with in the shortest span (240 min at 28–32 °C).

Effect of inulin-type fructans and galactooligosaccharides on cultures of Lactobacillus strains isolated in Algeria from camel's milk and human colostrum

Bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus are responsible for spontaneous food fermentations. Some species, such as Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus brevis, have the "Qualified Presumption of Safety" status recognized by the European Food Safety Authority. Several of their strains are used as probiotics in foods and sometimes are included in synbiotic combinations together with prebiotics. New microbial strains isolated from different sources represent an opportunity to use them for the production of traditional food products. The capacity of three selected strains (one isolated from Camel's milk and identified by partial 16 S rRNA gene sequencing as L. brevis, and two isolated from human colostrum and identified as L. paracasei/L. casei and L. brevis, respectively) was assessed in vitro for the ability to survive in gastrointestinal conditions (low pH and high bile salts concentrations). We also tested the capacity of growth and the production of organic acids and volatile compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography, respectively, when these bacteria were incubated anaerobically in the presence of inulin, fructooligosaccharides, or galactooligosaccharides as the main carbon sources. The strains were able to survive in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and to grow in inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and galactooligosaccharides. However, they displayed different profiles of organic acids and volatile compounds, mainly depending on the microbial species and the prebiotic used. The influence that the combined use of strains and different prebiotics could exert on the organic acids and volatiles formed in food and in the gut should be assessed for each synbiotic combination and food product.

Probiotics and prebiotics in non-bovine milk

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate numbers, confer health benefit/s on the host, while prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that are selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the distal parts of the host digestive tract conferring health benefits. Dairy products manufactured mainly using bovine milk is the major vehicle in delivering probiotics to humans. At present, there is an increasing demand for non-bovine probiotic milk products. Both bovine and non-bovine dairy products contain several ingredients with prebiotic properties such as oligosaccharides that could positively interact with probiotics to alter their functional properties. Furthermore, these bovine and non-bovine products could be fortified with prebiotics from various sources such as inulin and oligofructose in order to provide additional health benefits. In addition, non-bovine milk products are good sources for isolating novel potential probiotics. Non-bovine milk such as goat, sheep, camel and donkey have been used in producing several probiotic products including set-yoghurt, drinking-yoghurt, stirred-yoghurt, ice cream and cheese. Prebiotic inclusions in non-bovine milk at present is mainly associated with goat and sheep milk products. In this context, this chapter focuses on the different types of non-bovine milk products containing probiotics and prebiotics, and product quality and microbiological characteristics with special reference to probiotic viability.

Probiotic and technological features of Enterococcus and Weissella isolates from camel milk characterised by an Argane feeding regimen

The objectives of this study were to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from a raw Moroccan camel milk collected after the incorporation of a specific Argane by-products diet, and to investigate their technological properties as well as their probiotic features. The molecular identification of the isolates indicated that they belong to Weissella confusa, Weissella cibaria or Enterococcus durans species. Our results revealed that the tested isolates have a fast acidifying ability (values ranging between 0.045 ± 0.01 to 0.93 ± 0.01 after only 4 h incubation), important proteolysis, autolysis, lipolytic activities and an important diacetyl and exopolysaccharides production. All these isolates demonstrated a high tolerance to gastrointestinal conditions, namely to gastric simulated juice (survival rate ranged between 75.05 ± 7.88 and 85.55 ± 1.77%) and to bile salts (survival rate between 42.79 ± 1.11 and 82.75 ± 1.01%). The autoaggregation, hydrophobicity and antioxidant activity mean values of the isolates were 13.26-41.16%, 13.23-54.47% and 47.57-63.31%, respectively. Importantly, LAB cultures exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria and none of the tested isolates presented antibiotic resistance, haemolytic or DNase activities. This study revealed interesting properties for LAB isolated and supported their utilization as autochthone starters for camel milk fermentation that represent a challenge process. These results presented as well the probiotic potential for a possible human consumption.

Characterization of Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria in Cow Milk of the Maltese Islands: A Geographical and Seasonal Assessment

A geographical and seasonal assessment of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Maltese cow milk was conducted in this study. To investigate this, milk was collected from different regions of Malta during winter and summer seasons. Total viable counts (TVC) and LAB population were enumerated. Afterwards, LAB were isolated and identified by molecular methods. According to the results, similar TVC were enumerated on winter and summer samples, while highest LAB population was detected on summer samples. LAB isolates were grouped in seven different clusters which were assigned to Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Weissella paramesenteroides, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactococcus garvieae. In addition, Enterococcus and Streptococcus species were also isolated. Season seemed to affect the genus / species of LAB since Lactobacillus were mainly isolated from winter samples, while Lactococcus and Enterococcus species were the main genera identified in summer samples. Regarding the geographical distribution, the majority of the Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from the South-eastern region in both seasons. In conclusion, through this study the diversity of indigenous LAB in the Maltese cow milk was monitored for the first time and highlighted that the microbial communities are affected by seasonality and geographical distribution of the farms.

Investigation of the Lactic Acid Bacteria in Kazak Cheese and Their Contributions to Cheese Fermentation

Kazak cheese is a traditional dairy product fermented by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in Xinjiang. To investigate the LAB in Kazak cheese and their contributions to cheese fermentation, four representative LAB, Streptococcus thermophilus B8, Lactobacillus helveticus B6, Weissella confusa B14, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus B10, were isolated from Kazak cheese and subsequently used to ferment cheeses, which were named StC, LhC, WcC, and LrC, respectively. The result showed that most of the physical and chemical indicators had no significant difference, except for moisture and fat. W. confusa B14 was beneficial to the production of amino acids, whereas S. thermophilus B8 promoted the formation of organic acids and contributed to formation ideal texture property. Furthermore, the four cheeses all possessed a strong fruity aroma, with brandy, sweet, herbaceous, pungent, and fatty aromas being the most prominent in WcC. This is because L. helveticus B6 produced a high concentration of hexanal, nonanal, octanal, 3-methylbutanoic acid, ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl hexanoate in LhC. Research on the fermentation mechanism of LAB in cheese will provide a theoretical basis for the quality control and industrial production of Kazak cheese.

In vitro Probiotic Potential and Safety Evaluation (Hemolytic, Cytotoxic Activity) of Bifidobacterium Strains Isolated from Raw Camel Milk

The present study was designed to isolate Bifidobacterium strains from raw camel milk and to investigate their probiotic characteristics. Among 35 isolates, 8 were identified as Gram-positive, catalase negative, non-spore forming, non-motile and V or Y shaped rods. B-2, B-5, B-11, B-19 and B-28 exhibited good survival at low pH and high bile salt concentration. Most of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, fusidic acid, polymyxin B, neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, rifampicin and kanamycin. Furthermore, the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS), adhesion characteristics, antioxidant properties, antagonistic activities, nitrite reduction and cholesterol assimilation were also studied. Isolate B-11 was chosen because it exhibited most of the probiotic properties among all the tested isolates. It is identified as the member of Bifidobacterium longum group through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and named as B. longum B-11. B. longum B-11 was further selected for in vivo attachment to rat intestine and scanning electron micrographs revealed that attachment of a large number of rods shaped bacterial cell. Our findings suggest that B. longum B-11 processes excellent attributes to be used as potential probiotic in the development of functional probiotic food.

Analyses of physicochemical properties, bacterial microbiota, and lactic acid bacteria of fresh camel milk collected in Inner Mongolia

Camel milk has significant economic value and is an important food in the region of Alxa Left Banner of Inner Mongolia. Fifteen fresh camel milk samples were collected from domesticated camels in a pasture of Alxa Left Banner. The physicochemical properties and bacterial diversity of camel milk samples were analyzed. The average values of fat, total protein, nonfat milk solids, acidity, and density were 4.40%, 3.87%, 9.50%, 16.95°T, and 1.02 g/cm³, respectively. The bacterial microbiota of the collected fresh camel milk was investigated using PacBio single-molecule real-time (Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA) sequencing. The camel milk microbiota was highly diverse and comprised 8,513 operational taxonomic units belonging to 32 phyla, 377 genera, and 652 species. The major phyla included Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Deinococcus-Thermus, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. A small number of lactic acid bacteria sequences were detected, representing the species Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactococcus lactis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. A total of 72 strains of lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified from 15 samples, including Lactobacillus paracasei, Enterococcus italicus, Enterococcus durans, Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis, Weissella confusa, and Enterococcus faecium. These results confirm that fresh camel milk has a high bacterial diversity and is a valuable natural resource for isolation of novel lactic acid bacteria.

Probiotic Properties of Enterococcus Isolated From Artisanal Dairy Products

The present study focused on probiotic characterization and safety evaluation of Enterococcus isolates from different artisanal dairy products. All the isolates exhibited inhibitory activity against several food spoilage bacteria and food-borne pathogens, including Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. The PCR results indicated the presence of at least one enterocin structural gene in all the tested strains. The Enterococcus isolates were further evaluated regarding their safety properties and functional features. The isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, gentamycin, and chloramphenicol. The results of PCR amplification revealed that all the tested isolates harbored none of the tested virulence genes except E. faecalis (ES9), which showed the presence of esp gene. The Enterococcus isolates showed cholesterol lowering properties. The selected isolates showed a high tolerance to low pH, and toward bile salts. They also demonstrated hydrophobicity activity, auto-aggregation, and adhesion ability to the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. These properties may contribute the bacteria colonizing the gut. This study revealed that the Enterococcus isolates, especially E. durans ES11, ES20 and ES32, might be excellent candidates for production of functional foods to promote health benefits.

Characterization of Lactobacillus, Bacillus and Saccharomyces isolated from Iranian traditional dairy products for potential sources of starter cultures

The aim of the present study was to investigate technological properties of starter strains from traditional dairy products collected from five villages of Lorestan province in Iran. Thirty five samples were cultured on selective media (MRS broth, Nutrient Broth and YGC and then typical colonies checked for morphological features and eventually eighty two strains selected for further examination. The strains were evaluated for Hydrolysis of casein, starch and citrate, growth at 15 and 45 °C, growth in 4 and 6.5% NaCl, resistance to antibiotics (ampicillin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, penicillin, novobiocin, nalidixic acid) proteolytic and lipolytic and acidification activities. Sixteen strains chosen according to the difference in cell morphology and were identified using API galleries and ability to metabolize various carbohydrates, which consequently, led to identifying seven Lactobacillus casei, five Lactobacillus plantarum, two Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two Bacillus subtilis. In general, two strains of L. casei AKL2, DDL2, two strains of L. plantarum SYL5, ACL4 and one strain of S. cerevisiae DDy2 was demonstrated the most important technological characterization that suitable for using as starter cultures.

Probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditionally fermented Xinjiang cheese

Six lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains were isolated from traditionally fermented Xinjiang cheese and evaluated for functional and probiotic properties and potentials as starter cultures. The isolated six LAB strains comprised Lactobacillus rhamnosus (one strain), Lactobacillus helveticus (one strain), and Enterococcus hirae (four strains). All of the six strains were tolerant to acidic and bile salt conditions. Among which, the L. rhamnosus R4 strain showed more desirable antimicrobial, auto-aggregation, and hydrophobic activity. In addition, the strain L. rhamnosus R4 exhibited the highest level of free radical scavenging activity (53.78% of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and 45.79% of hydroxyl radicals). L. rhamnosus R4 also demonstrated cholesterol and triglyceride degradation by 50.97% and 28.92%, respectively. To further examine the health-promoting effects of these LAB strains on host lifespan, Caenorhabditis elegans was used as an in vivo model. Worms fed LAB as a food source had significant differences in lifespan compared to those fed Escherichia coli OP50 (as a negative control). Feeding of L. rhamnosus R4 extended the mean lifespan of C. elegans by up to 36.1% compared to that of the control. The results suggest that the strains isolated from Xinjiang fermented dairy products have high potential as starter cultures in the cheese industry.