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Wanasathop A, Choi HA, Nimmansophon P, Murawsky M, Krishnan DG, Li SK. Permeability of Fresh and Frozen Porcine and Human Gingiva and the Effect of Storage Duration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051492. [PMID: 37242734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The gingiva is the target site for some topical drugs, but the permeability of human gingiva has not been systematically evaluated. Pigs are a common animal model for in vitro membrane transport studies. The objectives of this study were to: (a) determine the permeability coefficients of freshly excised human gingiva using model permeants, (b) compare the permeability coefficients of fresh human gingiva with those of fresh porcine gingiva, (c) evaluate the effect of freezing duration on the permeability of porcine gingiva, and (d) compare the permeability coefficients of fresh and cadaver (frozen) human gingiva. A goal was to examine the feasibility of using porcine gingiva as a surrogate for human gingiva. The potential of using frozen tissues in permeability studies of gingiva was also examined. Fresh and frozen porcine gingiva, fresh human gingiva, and frozen cadaver human gingiva were compared in the transport study with model polar and lipophilic permeants. The fresh porcine and human tissues showed similarities in the "permeability coefficient vs. octanol-water distribution coefficient" relationship. The porcine gingiva had a lower permeability than that of the human, with a moderate correlation between the permeability of the fresh porcine and fresh human tissues. The permeability of the porcine tissues for the model polar permeants increased significantly after the tissues were frozen in storage. Moreover, the frozen human cadaver tissue could not be utilized due to the high and indiscriminating permeability of the tissue for the permeants and large tissue sample-to-sample variabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apipa Wanasathop
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hyojin Alex Choi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Patcharawan Nimmansophon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Michael Murawsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Deepak G Krishnan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Wanasathop A, Zhong C, Nimmansophon P, Murawsky M, Li SK. Characterization of Porcine Gingiva for Drug Absorption. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1032-1040. [PMID: 36417948 PMCID: PMC10033335 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gingiva or gum is a part of the periodontium that surrounds the tooth. Its main function is to provide an effective barrier to both mechanical trauma and bacterial invasion. Gingiva is the target site for some topical drugs. The most common disease in gingiva is periodontal diseases (gum infections). Understanding the gingiva barrier properties could provide insights into approaches to effective drug delivery for the gingiva. Porcine gingiva was chosen as the model in the present membrane transport study. The permeability coefficients of gingiva were determined using a modified Franz diffusion cell with small diffusional area (0.03 cm2) and 12 model permeants with different physicochemical properties. The influences of edge effect and aqueous boundary layers were not observed in the modified diffusion cell setup for the small pieces of gingiva tissue samples. Lipophilic permeants exhibit higher permeability coefficients than hydrophilic permeants. A correlation was observed between the Log permeability coefficient (Log P) and Log octanol-water distribution coefficient (Log Dow) in the analysis. The permeant molecular weight (MW) was also a factor in the Log P vs. Log Dow relationship. The coefficient of Log Dow in this three-factor relationship (0.42) suggested that the gingiva barrier was less lipophilic than octanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apipa Wanasathop
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Patcharawan Nimmansophon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Michael Murawsky
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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3
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Ding N, Lin N, Batterman S, Park SK. Feminine Hygiene Products and Volatile Organic Compounds in Reproductive-Aged Women Across the Menstrual Cycle: A Longitudinal Pilot Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2022; 31:210-218. [PMID: 34491105 PMCID: PMC8864434 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been detected in feminine hygiene products (FHPs), especially in tampons and sanitary pads. However, little is known about whether menstrual products can contribute to VOC exposure in women. Our objectives were to: (1) examine the variations of urinary VOC concentrations during menstrual cycles; (2) evaluate the relationships between the use of menstrual products and urinary VOC concentrations; and (3) link urinary VOC concentrations to those measured in menstrual products. Methods: We measured urinary concentrations of 98 target VOCs in 25 reproductive-aged women with 100 repeated measures collected between October 2018 and February 2019. First-morning-void urine samples were collected four times for each woman during one menstrual cycle. Urinary VOC concentrations were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Results: Of 98 target VOCs measured in the urine samples, 36 VOCs were detected. We did not see statistically significant variations in VOC concentrations across the menstrual cycle. After multivariable adjustment, tampon users had significantly higher concentrations of 2-butanone (β = 1.58 log ng/g, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.16-3.00, p = 0.03) and methyl isobutyl ketone (β = 0.63 log ng/g, 95% CI: 0.03-1.22, p = 0.04), compared with pad users. Higher n-nonane, benzene, and toluene estimated from menstrual products were associated with higher urinary concentrations in women. Conclusion: The use of FHPs during menses might be a potential source of VOCs. A larger cohort study is warranted to confirm our results and evaluate clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Address correspondence to: Sung Kyun Park, ScD, MPH, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, M5541 SPH II, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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Wertz PW. Roles of Lipids in the Permeability Barriers of Skin and Oral Mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105229. [PMID: 34063352 PMCID: PMC8155912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PubMed searches reveal much literature regarding lipids in barrier function of skin and less literature on lipids in barrier function of the oral mucosa. In terrestrial mammals, birds, and reptiles, the skin’s permeability barrier is provided by ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol in the outermost layers of the epidermis, the stratum corneum. This layer consists of about 10–20 layers of cornified cells embedded in a lipid matrix. It effectively prevents loss of water and electrolytes from the underlying tissue, and it limits the penetration of potentially harmful substances from the environment. In the oral cavity, the regions of the gingiva and hard palate are covered by keratinized epithelia that much resemble the epidermis. The oral stratum corneum contains a lipid mixture similar to that in the epidermal stratum corneum but in lower amounts and is accordingly more permeable. The superficial regions of the nonkeratinized oral epithelia also provide a permeability barrier. These epithelial regions do contain ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, which may underlie barrier function. The oral epithelial permeability barriers primarily protect the underlying tissue by preventing the penetration of potentially toxic substances, including microbial products. Transdermal drug delivery, buccal absorption, and lipid-related disease are discussed.
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Silva do Nascimento D, Volpe V, Insausti M, Grünhut M. On line kinetic analysis of permeation profiles for UV filter loaded microemulsions using an automatic system with spectroscopic detection and a chemometric approach. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15528-15538. [PMID: 35481163 PMCID: PMC9029408 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of the permeation kinetics of new UV filter formulations is of great importance since the kinetic parameters are related to the effectiveness of the product over time. The dynamics of this process can be evaluated by means of the calculation of the permeation kinetic constants, which can be obtained from the respective permeation profiles. This paper is aimed at improving the analytical performance of permeation assays using an on-line automatic system with spectrometric detection avoiding the chromatographic procedure and the usually manual sampling steps required using the traditional Franz diffusion cell. Then, the kinetics of permeation of octyl p-methoxycinnamate loaded in different microemulsions through a synthetic membrane (polyamide) was analysed at real time by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. The spectral data were obtained at regular intervals of time (5 min) during 60 min, and the concentration of the permeated UV-filter was at each time calculated using univariate linear calibration. The interference caused by the presence of basil essential oil (oily phase) in some microemulsion samples was overcome using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (Δλ = 60 nm) and partial least squares. In all cases, the permeation profiles were obtained (first-order kinetics) and the respective permeation kinetic constants were calculated. The validation of the proposed method was assessed by gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopy and non-significant differences for the obtained permeation kinetic constants were found between methods (p = 0.05). Additionally, a commercial sample was analysed with the proposed methods and the results were validated by high performance liquid chromatography technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Silva do Nascimento
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur Av. Alem 1253 Bahía Blanca B8000CPB Argentina
| | - Verónica Volpe
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur Av. Alem 1253 Bahía Blanca B8000CPB Argentina
| | - Matías Insausti
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur Av. Alem 1253 Bahía Blanca B8000CPB Argentina
| | - Marcos Grünhut
- INQUISUR (UNS-CONICET), Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur Av. Alem 1253 Bahía Blanca B8000CPB Argentina
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Abstract
Many dermatological studies have had limited success in revealing skin function because conventional histological methods are known to affect skin components. Recent progress in non-invasive optical imaging has enabled non-invasive visualization of the structure of each skin layer. However, it remains difficult to identify individual skin components. Alternatively, it is possible to obtain molecular vibrational signatures using spontaneous Raman scattering microscopy. Spontaneous Raman scattering microscopy requires long acquisition times and is rarely applied to skin imaging, especially because skin components, such as water and transepidermal agents, undergo relatively rapid changes. Consequently, non-linear Raman microscopies, such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering, have gradually been applied to acquire molecular imaging of skin tissue. In this review, the applications of Raman microscopies used to evaluate skin and research trends are presented. The applications of spontaneous Raman microscopy to in vivo human skin evaluation are first demonstrated with typical applications. Finally, the latest application of coherent Raman scattering microscopy to visualize 3D intracellular morphologies in the human epidermis during differentiation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Egawa
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, 1-2-11, Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan.
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Pinto S, Pintado ME, Sarmento B. In vivo, ex vivo and in vitro assessment of buccal permeation of drugs from delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 17:33-48. [PMID: 31786958 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1699913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Buccal mucosa has been described as an attractive site for local and systemic drug delivery, owing its accessibility, safety, and excellent blood supply. The absorption of drugs through buccal mucosa has been assessed by in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro permeability studies, using animal and cell-based models with close resemblance to the human buccal mucosa.Areas covered: This paper focuses on the current in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro permeability studies to analyze the absorption of compounds of interest through buccal mucosa, as well as their advantages and limitations in the preclinical studies of the drugs absorption profiles. The techniques for preparation and preservation of the animal buccal tissue are also discussed to evaluate their interference in the integrity and permeability of the tissues.Expert opinion: Overall, the permeability studies have been useful to evaluate the drugs absorption and to clarify the mechanism of transport of drugs across human buccal mucosa, as well as to explain the enhancement of permeability provided by certain dosage forms. Currently, several researchers have demonstrated particular interest in ex vivo permeability studies, due to their effectiveness in the evaluation of drug absorption and low costs in the acquisition of buccal mucosa samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Pinto
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Pintado
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
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Ding N, Batterman S, Park SK. Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds and Use of Feminine Hygiene Products Among Reproductive-Aged Women in the United States. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 29:65-73. [PMID: 31532304 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Feminine hygiene products (FHPs) are personal care products widely used by women. A few studies have detected some volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in FHPs, but no previous epidemiological studies have linked use of these products to human exposure to VOCs using biomarkers. Therefore, we evaluated whether the use of FHPs was associated with VOC exposures among reproductive-aged women in the United States. Materials and Methods: Data on 2432 women aged 20-49 years from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004 were utilized. Self-reported use of feminine products (tampons, sanitary napkins, vaginal douches, sprays, powders, wipes/towelettes, and other products) was obtained from questionnaires. Survey-weighted linear regression models were used to estimate percent changes in VOC whole blood concentrations and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Black women had significantly more use of vaginal douching and significantly higher whole blood concentrations of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) (p < 0.0001). After adjusting for confounders, we observed a dose-response relationship between the frequency of vaginal douching in the past 6 months and 1,4-DCB concentrations. Compared with never users, women with occasional use (≤1 time/month) of vaginal douching had 18% (95% CI: -12% to 59%) higher concentrations, and those with frequent use (≥2 time/month) had 81% (95% CI: 2% to 221%) higher concentrations of 1,4-DCB (p for trend = 0.04). Use of feminine powder in the past month was significantly associated with 36% (95% CI: 0.4% to 83%) higher concentrations of ethylbenzene. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that differences in whole blood VOC concentrations might be explained by feminine hygiene practices. The presence of environmental chemicals in FHPs warrants further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sung Kyun Park
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Pecoraro B, Tutone M, Hoffman E, Hutter V, Almerico AM, Traynor M. Predicting Skin Permeability by Means of Computational Approaches: Reliability and Caveats in Pharmaceutical Studies. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:1759-1771. [PMID: 30658035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the main barrier between the internal body environment and the external one. The characteristics of this barrier and its properties are able to modify and affect drug delivery and chemical toxicity parameters. Therefore, it is not surprising that permeability of many different compounds has been measured through several in vitro and in vivo techniques. Moreover, many different in silico approaches have been used to identify the correlation between the structure of the permeants and their permeability, to reproduce the skin behavior, and to predict the ability of specific chemicals to permeate this barrier. A significant number of issues, like interlaboratory variability, experimental conditions, data set building rationales, and skin site of origin and hydration, still prevent us from obtaining a definitive predictive skin permeability model. This review wants to show the main advances and the principal approaches in computational methods used to predict this property, to enlighten the main issues that have arisen, and to address the challenges to develop in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Pecoraro
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Hertfordshire , AL10 9AB Hatfield , United Kingdom
| | - Marco Tutone
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies , University of Palermo , 90123 Palermo , Italy
| | - Ewelina Hoffman
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Hertfordshire , AL10 9AB Hatfield , United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Hutter
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Hertfordshire , AL10 9AB Hatfield , United Kingdom
| | - Anna Maria Almerico
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies , University of Palermo , 90123 Palermo , Italy
| | - Matthew Traynor
- Department of Clinical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Hertfordshire , AL10 9AB Hatfield , United Kingdom
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Full-Thickness Intraoral Mucosa Barrier Models for In Vitro Drug-Permeation Studies Using Microneedles. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1756-1764. [PMID: 30553821 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of permeation enhancers such as microneedles (MNs) to increase drug penetration across intraoral mucosa has increased in recent years. Permeation studies, commonly performed using vertical diffusion cells, are a well-established way to preview formulations and enhance their performance during the development stage. However, to our knowledge, the existing intraoral mucosa barrier models do not permit permeation using MN-pretreated mucosa due to their insufficient thickness. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a barrier model using thick palate tissues to perform in vitro permeation studies, with physical enhancement of the permeability of intraoral mucosa by pretreatment with MNs. The adapted Franz-type cells used in the permeation experiments were validated (cell dimensions and volume, sealing effectiveness, stirring and dissolution efficiency, temperature control, and establishment of uniaxial flux). Commercially available MNs were used in the palatal mucosa. Optical images of the mucosa were acquired to analyze the microperforations created. In vitro permeation studies were conducted with the MN-pretreated mucosa. This work presents a new in vitro method for the evaluation of MNs as permeation enhancers, with the aim of improving the absorption of drug formulations topically applied within the oral cavity.
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Ramesan S, Rezk AR, Yeo LY. High frequency acoustic permeabilisation of drugs through tissue for localised mucosal delivery. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3272-3284. [PMID: 30225496 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00355f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of infectious diseases enter the body through mucosal membranes that line the ocular, nasal, oral, vaginal and rectal surfaces. As infections can be effectively prevented by instigating a local immune response in the immunocyte-rich regions of the mucosa, an efficacious route of vaccine administration is to directly target their delivery to these surfaces. It is nevertheless challenging to provide sufficient driving force to penetrate both the mucus lining as well as the epithelial barrier of the mucosal surfaces, which are designed to effectively keep foreign entities out, but not excessively such that the therapeutic agent penetrates deeper into the vascularised submucosal regions where they are mostly taken up by the systemic circulation, thus resulting in a far weaker immune response. In this work, we demonstrate the possibility of controllably localising and hence maximising the delivery of both small and large molecule model therapeutic agents in the mucosa of a porcine buccal model using high frequency acoustics. Unlike their low (kHz order) frequency bulk ultrasonic counterpart, these high frequency (>10 MHz) surface waves do not generate cavitation, which leads to large molecular penetration depths beyond the 100 μm order thick mucosal layer, and which has been known to cause considerable cellular/tissue damage and hence scarring. Through system parameters such as the acoustic irradiation frequency, power and exposure duration, we show that it is possible to tune the penetration depth such that over 95% of the delivered drug are localised within the mucosal layer, whilst preserving their structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwathy Ramesan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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12
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Effect of Permeation Enhancers on the Buccal Permeability of Nicotine: Ex vivo Transport Studies Complemented by MALDI MS Imaging. Pharm Res 2018; 35:70. [PMID: 29468320 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of several chemical permeation enhancers on the buccal permeability of nicotine and to image the spatial distribution of nicotine in buccal mucosa with and without buccal permeation enhancers. METHODS The impact of sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Azone® on the permeability of [3H]-nicotine and [14C]-mannitol (a paracellular marker) across porcine buccal mucosa was studied ex vivo in modified Ussing chambers. The distribution of nicotine, mannitol and permeation enhancers was imaged using using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI). RESULTS Despite STDC significantly increasing permeability of [14C]-mannitol, no enhancing effect was seen on [3H]-nicotine permeability with any of the permeation enhancers. Rather, SDS and DMSO retarded nicotine permeability, likely due to nicotine being retained in the donor compartment. The permeability results were complemented by the spatial distribution of nicotine and mannitol determined with MALDI MSI. CONCLUSIONS The buccal permeability of nicotine was affected in an enhancer specific manner, suggesting that nicotine primarily diffuses via the transcellular pathway. MALDI MSI was shown to complement ex vivo permeability studies and to be a useful qualitative tool for visualizing drug and penetration enhancer distribution in buccal mucosa.
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13
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Marxen E, Jacobsen J, Hyrup B, Janfelt C. Permeability Barriers for Nicotine and Mannitol in Porcine Buccal Mucosa Studied by High-Resolution MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:519-526. [PMID: 29226683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Improved nicotine permeability across buccal mucosa may enable more effective oromucosal nicotine replacement therapy products. It is essential to know the location and composition of the main barrier for drug diffusion to enhance the drug permeability. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) is a rapidly evolving technique that can be used to image the spatial distribution of drugs and drug metabolites in tissue cryo-sections, without prior labeling of the drug. In this study, the distribution of nicotine and mannitol in porcine buccal mucosa was imaged with 10 μm spatial resolution after apical as well as submucosal application of the drugs in order to localize the main permeability barrier(s). This was supported by ex vivo permeability studies across separated porcine buccal epithelium and submucosa. Lastly, the metabolism of nicotine in porcine buccal mucosa was evaluated by imaging of the main metabolite, cotinine. The results showed that the main permeability barrier to both nicotine and mannitol was located in the outer fourth of the epithelium. Further, it was shown that cotinine was sparsely distributed in excised porcine buccal mucosa, indicating that nicotine metabolism in excised porcine buccal mucosa was negligible. MALDI MSI was shown to be a useful method for imaging spatial distribution of drugs in buccal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Marxen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jette Jacobsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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14
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Desai KGH. Polymeric drug delivery systems for intraoral site-specific chemoprevention of oral cancer. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017. [PMID: 28650116 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer is among the most prevalent cancers in the world. Moreover, it is one of the major health problems and causes of death in many regions of the world. The traditional treatment modalities include surgical removal, radiation therapy, systemic chemotherapy, or a combination of these methods. In recent decades, there has been significant interest in intraoral site-specific chemoprevention via local drug delivery using polymeric systems. Because of its easy accessibility and clear visibility, the oral mucosa is amenable for local drug delivery. A variety of polymeric systems-such as gels, tablets, films, patches, injectable systems (e.g., millicylindrical implants, microparticles, and in situ-forming depots), and nanosized carriers (e.g., polymeric nanoparticles, nanofibers, polymer-drug conjugates, polymeric micelles, nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions, and polymersomes)-have been developed and evaluated for the local delivery of natural and synthetic chemopreventive agents. The findings of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies and the positive outcome of clinical trials demonstrate that intraoral site-specific drug delivery is an attractive, highly effective and patient-friendly strategy for the management of oral cancer. Intraoral site-specific drug delivery provides unique therapeutic advantages when compared to systemic chemotherapy. Moreover, intraoral drug delivery systems are self-administrable and can be removed when needed, increasing patient compliance. This article covers important aspects and advances related to the design, development, and efficacy of polymeric systems for intraoral site-specific drug delivery. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1383-1413, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashappa Goud H Desai
- Biopharmaceutical Product Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, 19406
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Dawes C. Physiological Factors Affecting Salivary Flow Rate, Oral Sugar Clearance, and the Sensation of Dry Mouth in Man. J Dent Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/00220345870660s207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses methods for collection of both whole saliva and individual gland secretions, the normal ranges of salivary flow rate, the effects of physiological variables which influence flow rate, and the role of saliva in oral sugar clearance. The physiological basis for the sensation of dry mouth is discussed, and a new concept is advanced which states that the sensation of dry mouth will occur when the salivary flow rate is less than the sum of the rates of water absorption and evaporation from the mouth. In a study of the effects of anticholinergic agents on salivary flow, the subjects experienced the sensation of dry mouth when the normal flow rate of unstimulated saliva was reduced by from 40 to 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Dawes
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 0W3
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16
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Effect of cryoprotectants for maintaining drug permeability barriers in porcine buccal mucosa. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:599-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Runnsjö A, Dabkowska AP, Sparr E, Kocherbitov V, Arnebrant T, Engblom J. Diffusion through Pig Gastric Mucin: Effect of Relative Humidity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157596. [PMID: 27336158 PMCID: PMC4918968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus covers the epithelium found in all intestinal tracts, where it serves as an important protecting barrier, and pharmaceutical drugs administrated by the oral, rectal, vaginal, ocular, or nasal route need to penetrate the mucus in order to reach their targets. Furthermore, the diffusion in mucus as well as the viscosity of mucus in the eyes, nose and throat can change depending on the relative humidity of the surrounding air. In this study we have investigated how diffusion through gels of mucin, the main protein in mucus, is affected by changes in ambient relative humidity (i.e. water activity). Already a small decrease in water activity was found to give rise to a significant decrease in penetration rate through the mucin gel of the antibacterial drug metronidazole. We also show that a decrease in water activity leads to decreased diffusion rate in the mucin gel for the fluorophore fluorescein. This study shows that it is possible to alter transport rates of molecules through mucus by changing the water activity in the gel. It furthermore illustrates the importance of considering effects of the water activity in the mucosa during development of potential pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Runnsjö
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Emma Sparr
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vitaly Kocherbitov
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Arnebrant
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Engblom
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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18
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Melatonin Delivery: Transdermal and Transbuccal Evaluation in Different Vehicles. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1615-27. [PMID: 26956459 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melatonin (MLT) could be candidate drug for treatment of several diseases because of its high antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity and its important biological roles. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of different vehicles on the permeation of MLT through buccal and skin tissues. METHODS Formulations were characterized in terms of rheology, drug release and permeation through human skin as well as porcine buccal mucosa. Irradiation experiments were also performed. RESULTS The lowest amount of MLT released was from oral adhesive paste Orabase® (OB) and the highest from the emulsion system Montanov® 68 (M68). Skin permeation revealed high pattern for Carbopol® 940 (C940) and M68, and poor for poloxamer 407 (P407) and Pluronic® lecithin organogel (PLO). Statistical differences of MLT remaining in skin between M68 vs C940 (p < 0.05) and M68 vs PLO (p < 0.05) were observed. Transmucosal results showed that sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) was the best and OB the worst vehicle. P407 and PLO followed similar behaviour. Photostability studies revealed high percentage of degradation of MLT in solution which was also similar when was loaded in OB. The rest of formulations showed low rates of degradation. CONCLUSIONS C940 or M68 and NaCMC can be proposed as formulations for a potential systemic effect of MLT by skin and buccal mucosa routes, respectively. However, if the intended objective is to obtain local action in the skin and buccal mucosa, the proposed formulations are M68 or P407 and PLO.
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Kolli CS, Pather I. Characterization Methods for Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7558-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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20
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Tangso KJ, Lindberg S, Hartley PG, Knott R, Spicer P, Boyd BJ. Formation of liquid-crystalline structures in the bile salt-chitosan system and triggered release from lamellar phase bile salt-chitosan capsules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:12363-12371. [PMID: 25050454 DOI: 10.1021/am502192t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured capsules comprised of the anionic bile salt, sodium taurodeoxycholate (STDC), and the biocompatible cationic polymer, chitosan, were prepared to assess their potential as novel tailored release nanomaterials. For comparison, a previously studied system, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (polyDADMAC) was also investigated. Crossed-polarizing light microscopy (CPLM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) identified the presence of lamellar and hexagonal phase at the surfactant-polymer interface of the respective systems. The hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between the oppositely charged components were studied by varying temperature and salt concentration, respectively, and were found to influence the liquid-crystalline nanostructure formed. The hexagonal phase persisted at high temperatures, however the lamellar phase structure was lost above ca. 45 °C. Both mesophases were found to dissociate upon addition of 4% NaCl solution. The rate of release of the model hydrophilic drug, Rhodamine B (RhB), from the lamellar phase significantly increased in response to changes in the solution conditions studied, suggesting that modulating the drug release from these bile salt-chitosan capsules is readily achieved. In contrast, release from the hexagonal phase capsules had no appreciable response to the stimuli applied. These findings provide a platform for these oppositely charged surfactant and polymer systems to function as stimuli-responsive or sustained-release drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian J Tangso
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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21
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Ex Vivo Correlation of the Permeability of Metoprolol Across Human and Porcine Buccal Mucosa. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2053-2061. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Oral transmucosal drug delivery for pediatric use. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 73:50-62. [PMID: 23999459 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The formulation of medicines for children remains a challenge. An ideal pediatric formulation must allow accurate dose administration and be in a dosage form that can be handled by the target age group. It is also important to consider the choices and the amount of excipients used in the formulation for this vulnerable age group. Although oral formulations are generally acceptable to most pediatric patients, they are not suitable for drugs with poor oral bioavailability or when a rapid clinical effect is required. In recent years, oral transmucosal delivery has emerged as an attractive route of administration for pediatric patients. With this route of administration, a drug is absorbed through the oral mucosa, therefore bypassing hepatic first pass metabolism and thus avoiding drug degradation or metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract. The high blood flow and relatively high permeability of the oral mucosa allow a quick onset of action to be achieved. It is a simple and non-invasive route of drug administration. However, there are several barriers that need to be overcome in the development of oral transmucosal products. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current development of oral transmucosal delivery specifically for the pediatric population in order to achieve systemic drug delivery. The anatomical and physiological properties of the oral mucosa of infants and young children are carefully examined. The different dosage forms and formulation strategies that are suitable for young patients are discussed.
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23
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Meng-Lund E, Jacobsen J, Jin L, Janfelt C, Holm R, Müllertz A, Nicolazzo JA. Azone® Decreases the Buccal Mucosal Permeation of Diazepam in a Concentration-Dependent Manner via a Reservoir Effect. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1133-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Jones E, Ojewole E, Kalhapure R, Govender T. In vitrocomparative evaluation of monolayered multipolymeric films embedded with didanosine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a potential buccal drug delivery system for ARV therapy. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 40:669-79. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.892957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rambharose S, Ojewole E, Branham M, Kalhapure R, Govender T. High-energy ball milling of saquinavir increases permeability across the buccal mucosa. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 40:639-48. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.884120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Jones E, Ojewole E, Pillay V, Kumar P, Rambharose S, Govender T. Monolayered multipolymeric buccal films with drug and polymers of opposing solubilities for ARV therapy: Physico-mechanical evaluation and molecular mechanics modelling. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:197-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo examination of buccal absorption of metoprolol with varying pH in TR146 cell culture, porcine buccal mucosa and Göttingen minipigs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pennella F, Cerino G, Massai D, Gallo D, Falvo D'Urso Labate G, Schiavi A, Deriu MA, Audenino A, Morbiducci U. A survey of methods for the evaluation of tissue engineering scaffold permeability. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:2027-41. [PMID: 23612914 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The performance of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) applications is evaluated, in general, in terms of porosity, pore size and distribution, and pore tortuosity. These descriptors are often confounding when they are applied to characterize transport phenomena within porous scaffolds. On the contrary, permeability is a more effective parameter in (1) estimating mass and species transport through the scaffold and (2) describing its topological features, thus allowing a better evaluation of the overall scaffold performance. However, the evaluation of TE scaffold permeability suffers of a lack of uniformity and standards in measurement and testing procedures which makes the comparison of results obtained in different laboratories unfeasible. In this review paper we summarize the most important features influencing TE scaffold permeability, linking them to the theoretical background. An overview of methods applied for TE scaffold permeability evaluation is given, presenting experimental test benches and computational methods applied (1) to integrate experimental measurements and (2) to support the TE scaffold design process. Both experimental and computational limitations in the permeability evaluation process are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pennella
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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Sugimoto M, Kuwano A, Ikeda S, Kume SI, Yoshihara E, Wada S. Investigation of hydration processes of the equine hoof via nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1775-80. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Paderni C, Compilato D, Giannola LI, Campisi G. Oral local drug delivery and new perspectives in oral drug formulation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 114:e25-34. [PMID: 22771408 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern pharmaceutical science has provided us with a wide range of substances to be administered with a wide large variety of dosage forms. Local drug delivery systems have been used for a long time; in particular, for the local therapy of diseases affecting the oral cavity. Although these diseases are often extremely responsive to local therapy, the mouth often presents various difficulties in the application of topical compounds (owing to saliva and the mouth's different functions), resulting in a short retention time of dosage forms with a consequent low therapeutic efficacy. To resolve these limitations, research today concentrates on the development of bioadhesive formulations. This review focuses on the permeability features of oral mucosa, the rationale of oral local drug delivery, and new potential bioadhesive local delivery systems. Furthermore, the most promising mucoadhesive systems proposed to locally treat oral diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Paderni
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Disciplines, Section of Oral Medicine V. Margiotta, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Hearnden V, Sankar V, Hull K, Juras DV, Greenberg M, Kerr AR, Lockhart PB, Patton LL, Porter S, Thornhill MH. New developments and opportunities in oral mucosal drug delivery for local and systemic disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:16-28. [PMID: 21371513 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The oral mucosa's accessibility, excellent blood supply, by-pass of hepatic first-pass metabolism, rapid repair and permeability profile make it an attractive site for local and systemic drug delivery. Technological advances in mucoadhesives, sustained drug release, permeability enhancers and drug delivery vectors are increasing the efficient delivery of drugs to treat oral and systemic diseases. When treating oral diseases, these advances result in enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced drug wastage and the prospect of using biological agents such as genes, peptides and antibodies. These technologies are also increasing the repertoire of drugs that can be delivered across the oral mucosa to treat systemic diseases. Trans-mucosal delivery is now a favoured route for non-parenteral administration of emergency drugs and agents where a rapid onset of action is required. Furthermore, advances in drug delivery technology are bringing forward the likelihood of transmucosal systemic delivery of biological agents.
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Patel VF, Liu F, Brown MB. Advances in oral transmucosal drug delivery. J Control Release 2011; 153:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sankar V, Hearnden V, Hull K, Juras DV, Greenberg MS, Kerr AR, Lockhart PB, Patton LL, Porter S, Thornhill M. Local drug delivery for oral mucosal diseases: challenges and opportunities. Oral Dis 2011; 17 Suppl 1:73-84. [PMID: 21382140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are few topical formulations used for oral medicine applications most of which have been developed for the management of dermatological conditions. As such, numerous obstacles are faced when utilizing these preparations in the oral cavity, namely enzymatic degradation, taste, limited surface area, poor tissue penetration and accidental swallowing. In this review, we discuss common mucosal diseases such as oral cancer, mucositis, vesiculo-erosive conditions, infections, neuropathic pain and salivary dysfunction, which could benefit from topical delivery systems designed specifically for the oral mucosa, which are capable of sustained release. Each condition requires distinct penetration and drug retention profiles in order to optimize treatment and minimize side effects. Local drug delivery may provide a more targeted and efficient drug-delivery option than systemic delivery for diseases of the oral mucosa. We identify those mucosal diseases currently being treated, the challenges that must be overcome and the potential of novel therapies. Novel biological therapies such as macromolecular biological drugs, peptides and gene therapy may be of value in the treatment of many chronic oral conditions and thus in oral medicine if their delivery can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sankar
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
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Oh DH, Chun KH, Jeon SO, Kang JW, Lee S. Enhanced transbuccal salmon calcitonin (sCT) delivery: effect of chemical enhancers and electrical assistance on in vitro sCT buccal permeation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:357-63. [PMID: 21683790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the combined effect of absorption enhancers and electrical assistance on transbuccal salmon calcitonin (sCT) delivery, using fresh swine buccal tissue. We placed 200 IU (40 μg/mL) of each sCT formulation--containing various concentrations of ethanol, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), and sodium deoxyglycocholate (SDGC)--onto the donor part of a Franz diffusion cell. Then, 0.5 mA/cm(2) of fixed anodal current was applied alone or combined with chemical enhancers. The amount of permeated sCT was analyzed using an ELISA kit, and biophysical changes of the buccal mucosa were investigated using FT-IR spectroscopy, and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods were used to evaluate histological alteration of the buccal tissues. The flux (J(s)) of sCT increased with the addition of absorption enhancer groups, but it was significantly enhanced by the application of anodal iontophoresis (ITP). FT-IR study revealed that all groups caused an increase in lipid fluidity but only the groups containing SDGC showed statistically significant difference. Although the histological data of SDGC groups showed a possibility for tissue damage, the present enhancing methods appear to be safe. In conclusion, the combination of absorption enhancers and electrical assistance is a potential strategy for the enhancement of transbuccal sCT delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Oh
- Department of Smart Foods and Drugs, Inje University, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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35
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Buccal iontophoresis: an opportunity for drug delivery and metabolite monitoring. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:361-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kulkarni U, Mahalingam R, Pather I, Li X, Jasti B. Porcine buccal mucosa as in vitro model: effect of biological and experimental variables. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1265-77. [PMID: 19739112 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine buccal mucosa has been used as an in vitro model to assess the potential of delivering a molecule via the transbuccal route. However, permeation studies across porcine buccal mucosa show high variability due to various experimental and biological factors. The variability associated with the use of different mucosal regions, tissue storage conditions and tissue processing methods on drug permeation was investigated in this study. The permeability of model diffusants was significantly higher in the region behind the lip when compared to the cheek region because the latter has a thicker epithelium. Porcine buccal mucosa retained its integrity in Kreb's bicarbonate ringer solution at 4 degrees C for 24 h while many other storage conditions resulted in loss of epithelial integrity. Separation of the epithelium from underlying connective tissue either surgically or by heat treatment resulted in an epithelial thickness of approximately 150 microm. Separation of epithelium from the underlying connective tissue by heat treatment did not adversely affect its permeability and integrity characteristics. Investigation of these important biological and experimental variables provides guidance for conducting in vitro transbuccal permeation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California 95211, USA
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38
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Sohi H, Ahuja A, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK. Critical evaluation of permeation enhancers for oral mucosal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/03639040903117348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Goswami T, Jasti BR, Li X. Estimation of the theoretical pore sizes of the porcine oral mucosa for permeation of hydrophilic permeants. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:577-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Kulkarni U, Mahalingam R, Pather S, Li X, Jasti B. Porcine Buccal Mucosa as an In Vitro Model: Relative Contribution of Epithelium and Connective Tissue as Permeability Barriers. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:471-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Exploring the use of novel drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:697-710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Sekhar KC, Naidu KVS, Vishnu YV, Gannu R, Kishan V, Rao YM. Transbuccal Delivery of Chlorpheniramine Maleate from Mucoadhesive Buccal Patches. Drug Deliv 2008; 15:185-91. [DOI: 10.1080/10717540801952639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Permeation of quinine across sublingual mucosa, in vitro. Int J Pharm 2008; 366:58-64. [PMID: 18835345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quinine is the first line treatment in severe P. falciparum malaria and nocturnal leg cramps and a fast, convenient delivery method of this drug quinine is needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate in vitro the sublingual route for the delivery of quinine. Permeation studies were carried out with Franz diffusion cells containing sublingual mucosa membranes with PBS receptor phase and dosed with solutions of quinine hydrochloride or quinine/2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complexes. Receptor phase samples were taken 2 hourly over a 12h period and quinine was determined by reverse-phase HPLC analysis. The ventral surface of the tongue was significantly more permeable than porcine floor of the mouth (p<0.05) and there was no significant effect of freezing on the ventral surface of the tongue (p 0.2444). The presence of saliva caused a decrease in the permeation of quinine across the ventral surface of the tongue by up to 68%. Inclusion complexation between quinine and 2-HP-beta-CD was supported by (1)H NMR spectral data, and an ethanol vehicle provided the highest quinine flux from the inclusion complex solutions compared to deionised water and PEG. Overall, the data support further investigations into the clinical use of sublingual quinine, particularly for children with falciparum malaria or patients with nocturnal leg cramps. Use of quinine/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes may circumvent compliance issues due to bitter taste.
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Selvaratnam L, Cruchley AT, Navsaria H, Wertz PW, Hagi-Pavli EP, Leigh IM, Squier CA, Williams DM. Permeability barrier properties of oral keratinocyte cultures: a model of intact human oral mucosa. Oral Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.70409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Dermal sensitization quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for fragrance ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 52:3-23. [PMID: 18406028 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on chemical, cellular, and molecular understanding of dermal sensitization, an exposure-based quantitative risk assessment (QRA) can be conducted to determine safe use levels of fragrance ingredients in different consumer product types. The key steps are: (1) determination of benchmarks (no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL)); (2) application of sensitization assessment factors (SAF); and (3) consumer exposure (CEL) calculation through product use. Using these parameters, an acceptable exposure level (AEL) can be calculated and compared with the CEL. The ratio of AEL to CEL must be favorable to support safe use of the potential skin sensitizer. This ratio must be calculated for the fragrance ingredient in each product type. Based on the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM) Expert Panel's recommendation, RIFM and the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) have adopted the dermal sensitization QRA approach described in this review for fragrance ingredients identified as potential dermal sensitizers. This now forms the fragrance industry's core strategy for primary prevention of dermal sensitization to these materials in consumer products. This methodology is used to determine global fragrance industry product management practices (IFRA Standards) for fragrance ingredients that are potential dermal sensitizers. This paper describes the principles of the recommended approach, provides detailed review of all the information used in the dermal sensitization QRA approach for fragrance ingredients and presents key conclusions for its use now and refinement in the future.
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Abstract
Toothbrushing exposes epithelia and other tissues of the oral cavity to mechanical stress. Here, we investigated whether brushing induces cell wounding--plasma membrane disruption--in epithelial and other cell types in the oral cavity. Brushing of the gingivae and tongues of rats resulted in a striking increase in the number of cells positive for a marker of disruption injury. These cells included those in all strata of the gingival epithelium, and in the skeletal muscle of the tongue. Additionally, we found that brushing resulted in an increase in c-fos expression by junctional epithelial and skeletal muscle cells. Epithelial barrier function, however, was not overtly affected by brushing, despite the observed individual injuries to cells. We concluded that brushing disrupts cell plasma membrane barriers in the oral cavity and activates gene expression events that may lead to local adaptive changes in tissue architecture beneficial to gingival health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Amano
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2000, USA
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Nicolazzo JA, Reed BL, Finnin BC. Buccal penetration enhancers--how do they really work? J Control Release 2005; 105:1-15. [PMID: 15894393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Certain agents that increase drug delivery through the skin, including surfactants, bile salts, and fatty acids, have been shown to exert a similar effect on the buccal mucosa. These agents enhance skin permeability by interacting with and disrupting the ordered intercellular lipid lamellae within the keratinized stratum corneum, and it has been assumed that a similar mechanism of action occurs in the nonkeratinized buccal mucosa. However, the chemical and structural nature of the lipids present within the intercellular regions of the buccal mucosa is quite different to that found within the stratum corneum, and so extrapolation of results between these two tissues may be misleading. To assume that the mechanism of action of buccal penetration enhancers is based on the disruption of intercellular lipids may be erroneous, and may result in the inappropriate prediction that certain skin penetration enhancers will similarly enhance drug delivery through the buccal mucosa. The data available in the literature suggest that agents that enhance buccal penetration exert their effect by a mechanism other than by disruption of intercellular lipids. Rather, buccal penetration enhancement appears to result from agents being able to (a) increase the partitioning of drugs into the buccal epithelium, (b) extract (and not disrupt) intercellular lipids, (c) interact with epithelial protein domains, and/or (d) increase the retention of drugs at the buccal mucosal surface. The purpose of this review is to identify the major differences in the structural and chemical nature of the permeability barriers between the buccal mucosa and skin, to clarify the mechanisms of action of buccal penetration enhancers, and to identify the limitations of certain models that are used to assess the effect of buccal penetration enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Diaz Del Consuelo I, Falson F, Guy RH, Jacques Y. Transport of fentanyl through pig buccal and esophageal epithelia in vitro: influence of concentration and vehicle pH. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1525-9. [PMID: 16132365 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-6020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate pig esophageal epithelium as a model for the permeability barrier of the buccal mucosa, the transport of fentanyl across the two tissues was compared in vivo. METHODS The epithelia were separated by immersing the excised mucosae into an isotonic saline solution at 60--65 degrees C. Fentanyl was delivered as the citrate salt at a concentration of 1 or 2 mg/mL buffered at one of four pH values (between 6.0 and 7.4). RESULTS Across both barriers, drug transport increased proportionally with concentration as expected. However, drug flux was not linearly related to the unionized fraction of the drug; indeed, fentanyl delivery was significant even when 98.5% of the drug was in the ionized form. CONCLUSIONS Buccal and esophageal fluxes were very similar under all conditions suggesting that the esophageal epithelium is a representative tool for buccal transport studies in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Diaz Del Consuelo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Farage MA. Vulvar susceptibility to contact irritants and allergens: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2005; 272:167-72. [PMID: 15906051 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-005-0732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Vulvar tissue differs from cutaneous epithelia in structure, morphology and biophysical characteristics. For example, the skin of the labia majora exhibits elevated hydration, occlusion and frictional properties, which may increase susceptibility to irritants and contact sensitizers. Furthermore, the nonkeratinized vulvar vestibule is likely to be more permeable than keratinized regions. These differences heighten vulvar susceptibility to topical agents. This reviews the structure and properties of vulvar tissue, emphasizing their impact on susceptibility contact irritants and allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda A Farage
- Feminine Care and Family Care Research and Development, The Procter & Gamble Company, 6110 Center Hill Avenue, Box 136, Cincinnati, OH, 45224, USA.
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Farage M, Maibach HI. The vulvar epithelium differs from the skin: implications for cutaneous testing to address topical vulvar exposures. Contact Dermatitis 2004; 51:201-9. [PMID: 15500670 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vulvar tissue is more permeable than exposed skin due to differences in structure, occlusion, hydration and susceptibility to friction. The safety assessment of products that contact the vulva should account for this potentially heightened permeability. Standard clinical patch tests may not sufficiently mimic vulvar exposures. Because testing on the vulva is not routinely feasible, we are investigating new and modified cutaneous test methods to increase the degree of conservatism of the safety assessment. To this end, we have 1) developed a method to assess chemical and frictional effects by means of repeated application to the popliteal fossa (the behind-the-knee test); 2) modified the quantitative risk assessment for the induction of allergic contact dermatitis; and 3) proposed a modified human repeat insult patch test for assessing materials intended for vulvar contact. Modification of the traditional 4-day, irritation patch test by using wet samples or compromized skin sites failed to enhance test sensitivity. Future studies will evaluate testing in subjects with heightened susceptibility to chemical and sensory irritation, in order to increase test sensitivity to chemical irritants. These approaches can be employed to augment the margin of safety when cutaneous test methods are applied to agents that contact the vulva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Farage
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Feminine Care Research & Development, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA.
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