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Maifeld A, Wild J, Karlsen TV, Rakova N, Wistorf E, Linz P, Jung R, Birukov A, Gimenez-Rivera VA, Wilck N, Bartolomaeus T, Dechend R, Kleinewietfeld M, Forslund SK, Krause A, Kokolakis G, Philipp S, Clausen BE, Brand A, Waisman A, Kurschus FC, Wegner J, Schultheis M, Luft FC, Boschmann M, Kelm M, Wiig H, Kuehne T, Müller DN, Karbach S, Markó L. Skin Sodium Accumulates in Psoriasis and Reflects Disease Severity. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:166-178.e8. [PMID: 34237339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sodium can accumulate in the skin at concentrations exceeding serum levels. A high sodium environment can lead to pathogenic T helper 17 cell expansion. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which IL-17‒producing T helper 17 cells play a crucial role. In an observational study, we measured skin sodium content in patients with psoriasis and in age-matched healthy controls by Sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with PASI > 5 showed significantly higher sodium and water content in the skin but not in other tissues than those with lower PASI or healthy controls. Skin sodium concentrations measured by Sodium-23 spectroscopy or by atomic absorption spectrometry in ashed-skin biopsies verified the findings with Sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging. In vitro T helper 17 cell differentiation of naive CD4+ cells from patients with psoriasis markedly induced IL-17A expression under increased sodium chloride concentrations. The imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model replicated the human findings. Extracellular tracer Chromium-51-EDTA measurements in imiquimod- and sham-treated skin showed similar extracellular volumes, rendering excessive water of intracellular origin. Chronic genetic IL-17A‒driven psoriasis mouse models underlined the role of IL-17A in dermal sodium accumulation and inflammation. Our data describe skin sodium as a pathophysiological feature of psoriasis, which could open new avenues for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Maifeld
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Wild
- Center of Cardiology - Cardiology I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tine V Karlsen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Natalia Rakova
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Wistorf
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Linz
- Institute of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Jung
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Birukov
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Nicola Wilck
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theda Bartolomaeus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Helios Clinic Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Hasselt University Campus Diepenbeek, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sofia K Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Krause
- Medical Centre for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Immanuel Krankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Kokolakis
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Philipp
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Brand
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian C Kurschus
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joanna Wegner
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Schultheis
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Boschmann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Kelm
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Imaging Science and Computational Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Titus Kuehne
- Institute for Imaging Science and Computational Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik N Müller
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Karbach
- Center of Cardiology - Cardiology I, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lajos Markó
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Behne MJ, Jensen JM. Calcium in epidermis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:945-53. [PMID: 22453978 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Behne
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Behne MJ, Sanchez S, Barry NP, Kirschner N, Meyer W, Mauro TM, Moll I, Gratton E. Major translocation of calcium upon epidermal barrier insult: imaging and quantification via FLIM/Fourier vector analysis. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 303:103-15. [PMID: 21193994 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium controls an array of key events in keratinocytes and epidermis: localized changes in Ca(2+) concentrations and their regulation are therefore especially important to assess when observing epidermal barrier homeostasis and repair, neonatal barrier establishment, in differentiation, signaling, cell adhesion, and in various pathological states. Yet, tissue- and cellular Ca(2+) concentrations in physiologic and diseased states are only partially known, and difficult to measure. Prior observations on the Ca(2+) distribution in skin were based on Ca(2+) precipitation followed by electron microscopy, or proton-induced X-ray emission. Neither cellular and/or subcellular localization could be determined through these approaches. In cells in vitro, fluorescent dyes have been used extensively for ratiometric measurements of static and dynamic Ca(2+) concentrations, also assessing organelle Ca(2+) concentrations. For lack of better methods, these findings together build the basis for the current view of the role of Ca(2+) in epidermis, their limitations notwithstanding. Here we report a method using Calcium Green 5N as the calcium sensor and the phasor-plot approach to separate raw lifetime components. Thus, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) enables us to quantitatively assess and visualize dynamic changes of Ca(2+) at light-microscopic resolution in ex vivo biopsies of unfixed epidermis, in close to in vivo conditions. Comparing undisturbed epidermis with epidermis following a barrier insult revealed major shifts, and more importantly, a mobilization of high amounts of Ca(2+) shortly following barrier disruption, from intracellular stores. These results partially contradict the conventional view, where barrier insults abrogate a Ca(2+) gradient towards the stratum granulosum. Ca(2+) FLIM overcomes prior limitations in the observation of epidermal Ca(2+) dynamics, and will allow further insights into basic epidermal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Behne
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg, Germany.
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Gontier E, Ynsa MD, Bíró T, Hunyadi J, Kiss B, Gáspár K, Pinheiro T, Silva JN, Filipe P, Stachura J, Dabros W, Reinert T, Butz T, Moretto P, Surlève-Bazeille JE. Is there penetration of titania nanoparticles in sunscreens through skin? A comparative electron and ion microscopy study. Nanotoxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390802538508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cornelissen LH, Oomens CWJ, Huyghe JM, Baaijens FPT. Mechanisms that play a role in the maintenance of the calcium gradient in the epidermis. Skin Res Technol 2008; 13:369-76. [PMID: 17908187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Calcium regulates the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes and plays a role in restoration of the epidermal barrier function. The factors that maintain the calcium gradient in vivo are still unknown. A numerical model may give more insight into transport processes that maintain the epidermal calcium gradient. METHODS In this study, transport of free calcium in the epidermis is described with diffusion, convection and electrophoresis. Binding and release of calcium results in equilibrium between free and bound calcium. The physiological epidermal calcium gradient as well as the calcium concentration in a damaged epidermis are modeled. RESULTS The typical shape of the calcium gradient in the epidermis, as found in experimental studies, was maintained when separate formulations were used for free and bound calcium. Application of damage results in a decrease of the calcium concentration, especially in the upper living epidermis. Using this model, an estimate could be made about the fraction bound calcium in the epidermis. CONCLUSION The typical shape of the gradient is predominantly determined by the bound calcium concentration. For both a normal and a damaged epidermis, the concentration of free calcium is mainly determined by electrophoresis in the living epidermis, whereas in the largest part of the stratum corneum diffusion is the most important factor. The convection that was determined by the transepidermal water loss did not have an effect on the calcium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette H Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Nakagawa N, Sakai S, Matsumoto M, Yamada K, Nagano M, Yuki T, Sumida Y, Uchiwa H. Relationship Between NMF (Lactate and Potassium) Content and the Physical Properties of the Stratum Corneum in Healthy Subjects. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:755-63. [PMID: 15086563 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural moisturizing factor (NMF) of the stratum corneum (SC) has been established to play important roles in the physical properties of the SC. Few studies, however, have investigated the specific influences of NMF components other than the amino acids. In this study, therefore, we focus on the relationship between the ion content and physical properties of the SC in 40 healthy subjects. Changes in the physical properties of the SC induced by the extraction of NMF were equivalent to the changes that took place from summer to winter, demonstrating the important role of NMF in the physical properties of the SC in healthy subjects. The seasonal changes in the physical properties of the SC from summer to winter were accompanied by significant decreases in the levels of lactate, potassium, sodium, and chloride in the SC. Lactate and potassium were the only components found to correlate significantly with the state of hydration, stiffness, and pH in the SC. Interestingly, the levels of lactate and potassium in the SC were also significantly correlated. Moreover, potassium lactate restored the SC hydration state decreased by extraction of NMF. These results suggest that lactate and potassium may play roles in maintaining the physical properties of the SC in healthy subjects.
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Salido M, Vilches J, López A, Roomans GM. Neuropeptides bombesin and calcitonin inhibit apoptosis-related elemental changes in prostate carcinoma cell lines. Cancer 2002; 94:368-77. [PMID: 11900223 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Etoposide-induced apoptosis in prostate carcinoma cells is associated with changes in the elemental content of the cells. The authors previously reported that calcitonin and bombesin inhibited etoposide-induced apoptosis in these cells. In the current study, the authors investigated whether these neuropeptides block the etoposide-induced changes in elemental content. METHODS Cells from the PC-3 and Du 145 prostate carcinoma cell lines were grown either on solid substrates or on thin plastic films on titanium electron microscopy grids, and they were exposed to etoposide for 48 hours in the absence or presence of calcitonin and bombesin. After the exposure, the cells were frozen and freeze dried, and their elemental content was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis in both in the scanning electron microscope and the scanning transmission electron microscope. RESULTS Etoposide treatment consistently induced an increase in the cellular Na concentration and a decrease in the cellular K concentration, resulting in a marked increase of the Na/K ratio and also an increase in the phosphorus:sulphur (P/S) ratio. Both bombesin and calcitonin inhibited the etoposide-induced changes in the cellular Na/K ratio, and calcitonin, but not bombesin, inhibited the changes in the P/S ratio. No significant elemental changes were found with bombesin or calcitonin alone. CONCLUSIONS The neuropeptides bombesin and calcitonin, which inhibited etoposide-induced apoptosis, also inhibited the etoposide-induced elemental changes in prostate carcinoma cells. This important fact strengthens the link between apoptosis and changes in the intracellular elemental content. This correlation provides an objective basis for the study of neuropeptide target points and may be helpful for alternative therapeutic protocols using neuropeptide inhibitors in the treatment of patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Salido
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
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Brenner BM, Russell N, Albrecht S, Davies RJ. The effect of dietary vitamin D3 on the intracellular calcium gradient in mammalian colonic crypts. Cancer Lett 1998; 127:43-53. [PMID: 9619857 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A physiological gradient in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) has been hypothesized to exist along the colonic crypt base-mouth axis, which may be involved in the regulation of colonocyte proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In addition [Ca2+]i may be modulated by dietary vitamin D3 which is thought to be protective against colorectal cancer. CF1 mice were maintained for 6 weeks on a defined diet containing either high or low vitamin D3. A colonic crypt base-mouth [Ca2+]i gradient of 201 +/- 79 nM (mean +/- SEM, P < 0.05) was observed in animals maintained on a high vitamin D3 diet and was abolished in mice maintained on a low vitamin D3 diet. The [Ca2+]i gradient was independent of extracellular calcium and elevated levels of [Ca2+]i observed in the basal regions of the crypt in animals maintained on low levels of vitamin D3 were also associated with an increase in intracellular calcium stores. Therefore, a [Ca2+]i gradient exists in colonic crypts and is dependent on dietary vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Brenner
- Department of Surgery, UMD-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
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Forslind B, Lindberg M, Roomans GM, Pallon J, Werner-Linde Y. Aspects on the physiology of human skin: studies using particle probe analysis. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 38:373-86. [PMID: 9297687 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970815)38:4<373::aid-jemt5>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The cellular part of the skin, the epidermis, is a very thin structure, approximately 120 microns thick, a fact which has hindered the exploration of the physiology of the epidermis in normal and pathological conditions. An additional complication is the fact that the epidermis contains layers of cells at different stages of differentiation. Therefore, conventional physiological capillary probes cannot, with any satisfactory precision, be located within a specified cell of a specified layer of the skin in vivo. Hence, alternative ways for the exploration of skin physiology have been sought for. In the past, analysis of the elemental content of skin was done was done as bulk measurements, and surprisingly wide ranges of elemental content were recorded. The width of these ranges was most certainly due to the sampling methods used rather than the sensitivity of the chosen method of analysis. Also, these older measurements did not discriminate between the different strata, and therefore the information provided little if any substance for a functional analysis of processes involved in normal and pathological differentiation of the epidermis. Particle probes, however, have been able to overcome such methodological problems. Over a period of 15 years we have studied normal human skin, normal-looking, paralesional skin from psoriatics, and skin from persons suffering from atopic dermatitis using PIXE analysis. In recent years, trace elements have been shown to work as secondary messengers or regulatory substances. As an example, calcium (Ca2+) has proven to be a very important signalling substance in a great variety of cellular systems. Studies with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) as well as histochemical methods have allowed an understanding of the role of Ca2+ in the differentiation process of the epidermis. Ca2+ has also been shown to play an important role in apoptosis (programmed cell death), which is currently a hot subject for the obvious reason that the final differentiation step between the stratum granulosum level and the stratum corneum represents a particular aspect of programmed cell death. The importance of the balance between calcium and zinc in apoptosis has been clearly demonstrated in a number of cellular systems, but we have still to clarify the validity of topical treatment with Zn ointments in different skin conditions. Substantial iron (Fe) losses via psoriatic lesions were demonstrated more than two decades ago, and these data were given new meaning when we found that a more discrete loss occurs in clinically normal-looking psoriatic skin. Obviously, such findings stress the importance of understanding the relation between the elemental content and normal and abnormal physiology. The ultimate goal of particle probe studies is to provide an understanding of the formation of a mature stratum corneum with a functional barrier reflected in physiological/biochemical mechanisms behind the properties of changed skin in patients afflicted with skin disorders of genetic or constitutional origin. This paper aims to give an overview of the state of the art in skin physiology made possible through the use of particle probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Forslind
- Experimental Dermatology Research Group, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Whitfield JF, Isaacs RJ, Jouishomme H, MacLean S, Chakravarthy BR, Morley P, Barisoni D, Regalia E, Armato U. C-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone-related protein, PTHrP-(107-111), stimulates membrane-associated protein kinase C activity and modulates the proliferation of human and murine skin keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 1996; 166:1-11. [PMID: 8557757 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199601)166:1<1::aid-jcp1>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Low concentrations of the C-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) fragments, PTHrP-(107-111) and PTHrP-(107-139), stimulated membrane-associated protein kinase Cs (PKCs), but not adenylyl cyclase or an internal Ca2+ surge, in early passage human skin keratinocytes and BALB/MK-2 murine skin keratinocytes. The fragment maximally stimulated membrane-associated PKCs in BALB/MK-2 cells at 5 x 10(-9) to 10(-8) M. The maximally PKC-stimulating concentrations of PTHrP-(107-111) also stopped or stimulated BALB/MK-2 keratinocyte proliferation depending on whether the cells were, respectively, cycling or quiescent at the time of exposure. Thus, just one brief (30-minute) pulse of 10(-8) M PTHrP-(107-111) stopped the proliferation of BALB/MK-2 keratinocytes for at least 5 days. On the other hand, daily 30-minute pulses of 10(-8) M PTHrP-(107-111) started and then maintained the proliferation of initially quiescent BALB/MK-2 cells. Similarly PTHrP-(107-111) inhibited DNA synthesis by cycling primary adult human keratinocytes, but it stimulated DNA synthesis by quiescent human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Whitfield
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Grzesiak JJ, Pierschbacher MD. Changes in the concentrations of extracellular Mg++ and Ca++ down-regulate E-cadherin and up-regulate alpha 2 beta 1 integrin function, activating keratinocyte migration on type I collagen. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104:768-74. [PMID: 7537775 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated recently that shifts in the concentrations of extracellular Mg++ and Ca++ occur during cutaneous injury in vivo. These shifts correlate well with the timing of migration of various cell types involved in wound healing, including keratinocytes. In the present study, we examined the potential of such cation shifts to activate the keratinocyte migratory phenotype. In modified Boyden chamber migration assays, alpha 2 beta 1 integrin-mediated migration of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) on type I collagen was supported by Mg++ but not by Ca++ alone. Migration could be increased up to twofold, however, by using both cations in combination, as long as the Mg++ concentration was in the optimal range for migration in Mg++ only (1-3 mM) and Ca++ was present at concentrations of approximately 0.1-1 mM. Further examination of this divalent-cation-induced migratory keratinocyte phenotype demonstrated that, as Mg++ is elevated and Ca++ is reduced, mature E-cadherin and cell-cell contacts are reduced and the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin is redistributed from cell-cell contacts to the periphery. These in vitro observations corroborate what occurs in vivo at the keratinocyte migrating front during wound healing. Together these data suggest that changes in the concentrations of extracellular Mg++ and Ca++ can regulate the competitive interplay between Ca(++)-dependent E-cadherin-mediated and Mg(++)-dependent alpha 2 beta 1-integrin-mediated adhesion, promoting the development of an activated keratinocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Grzesiak
- La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Warner RR, Bush RD, Ruebusch NA. Corneocytes undergo systematic changes in element concentrations across the human inner stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104:530-6. [PMID: 7706772 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12606037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Using analytical electron microscopy of freeze-dried cryosections, physiologic elements were visualized within individual cells across the human inner stratum corneum. Human corneocytes undergo systematic changes in element composition as they advance through this region. Phosphorus is largely excluded from the stratum corneum, undergoing a precipitous drop in concentration at the granular/stratum corneum interface. The cellular potassium concentration has a profile similar to that of phosphorus but with a slower decline, thus migrating further into the stratum corneum. In contrast, the cellular chloride concentration increases in the innermost corneocyte layer, increases further in the subsequent layer or two (as potassium declines), and then decreases to values comparable to those in the innermost corneocyte. The cellular sodium concentration (per unit volume of tissue) is relatively unaltered in transit across the inner stratum corneum. The initial potassium and chloride movements are oppositely directed and have the appearance of creating an electrical charge imbalance. The position-dependent alterations in corneocyte elemental composition may reflect sequential stages of chemical maturation occurring intracellularly during stratum corneum transit, an example of which is the breakdown of filaggrin that occurs over this same region of the inner stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Warner
- Miami Valley Laboratories, Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio 45253, USA
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13
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Whitfield JF, Bird RP, Chakravarthy BR, Isaacs RJ, Morley P. Calcium—cell cycle regulator, differetiator, killer, chemopreventor, and maybe, tumor promoter. J Cell Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240590811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zemtsov A, Dixon L, Cameron G. Human in vivo phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of psoriasis. A noninvasive tool to monitor response to treatment and to study pathophysiology of the disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30:959-65. [PMID: 8188887 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(94)70117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no objective laboratory technique to measure and to monitor disease activity in psoriasis. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effectiveness of using phosphorus 31 (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to noninvasively monitor metabolism in psoriasis and to compare these spectroscopic data with chromatographic analysis. METHODS Fourteen persons were enrolled in the study. 31P magnetic resonance spectra were obtained from skin of persons without skin disease, uninvolved psoriatic skin, nonpsoriatic erythroderma, and from skin of patients with psoriasis. In three patients with psoriasis 31P magnetic resonance spectra were repeated after treatment with methotrexate, UVB, etretinate, and topical steroids. Finally, shave biopsy specimens were obtained from two patients with psoriasis and submitted for chromatographic evaluation. RESULTS In patients with severe psoriasis, in comparison with the control group, elevations in phosphomonoester concentrations and in the phosphomonoester/phosphodiester ratio were observed. These appear to be useful markers to monitor treatment response in patients with psoriasis. Finally, 31P MRS data in conjunction with chromatographic analysis indicated a defect in phosphometabolism in psoriatic skin. However, it is unclear whether this defect is a cause or an epiphenomenon of the disease. CONCLUSION 31P MRS appears to be a sensitive, noninvasive technique to monitor disease activity in psoriasis. Further studies to characterize the defect in phosphometabolism in psoriatic skin are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zemtsov
- Texas Tech University School of Medicine, Lubbock
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15
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Menon GK, Price LF, Bommannan B, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Selective obliteration of the epidermal calcium gradient leads to enhanced lamellar body secretion. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:789-95. [PMID: 8176264 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12377921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal permeability barrier is formed by lipids delivered to the intercellular spaces through the secretion of lamellar bodies. Prior studies have shown that the rate of lamellar body secretion appears to be regulated by the extracellular calcium content of the upper epidermis, which is altered following permeability barrier disruption. To determine directly whether changes in extracellular calcium content in the upper epidermis versus disruption of the barrier regulate lamellar body secretion, we experimentally manipulated the Ca++ content of the upper epidermis by sonophoresis of aqueous solutions containing physiologic Ca++ (and K+) versus ion-free solutions across hairless mouse stratum corneum. Sonophoresis at 15 MHz did not alter barrier function, but in the absence of Ca++ the extracellular calcium content of the outer epidermis, as revealed by ion capture cytochemistry, was displaced downward toward the basal layer and dermis. In contrast, following sonophoresis of Ca(++)-containing solutions, the extracellular Ca++ gradient became obscured by excess Ca++ in the cytosol at all levels of the epidermis. These changes in the extracellular calcium content lead, in turn, to accelerated lamellar body secretion (with low Ca++), or basal rates of lamellar body secretion (with normal Ca++). These results demonstrate that the epidermal extracellular calcium content in the upper epidermis can be manipulated by sonophoresis without prior barrier disruption, and that changes in the Ca++ gradient induce lamellar body secretion, independent of barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Menon
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California
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16
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Kam E, Resing KA, Lim SK, Dale BA. Identification of rat epidermal profilaggrin phosphatase as a member of the protein phosphatase 2A family. J Cell Sci 1993; 106 ( Pt 1):219-26. [PMID: 8270625 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106.1.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of cellular intermediate filaments is an important step in the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. It has been shown that epidermal filaggrin can cause intermediate filaments to aggregate in vitro and may also have the same function in vivo. Filaggrin is derived via dephosphorylation and proteolysis from a highly phosphorylated precursor, profilaggrin, which is found in the granular layer of the epidermis. Using casein kinase II phosphorylated filaggrin as substrate, a profilaggrin phosphatase has been partially purified from rat epidermal homogenate by three chromatographic steps (DE52, hydroxylapatite and S200 gel filtration). Profilaggrin phosphatase activity eluted from the last column has a Km of 0.12 mM and a Vmax of 8 nmol/mg/min with respect to phosphofilaggrin. Results obtained by initial rate analysis showed that the enzymatic activity is not affected by phospho-tyrosyl phosphatase inhibitors and the active fractions preferentially dephosphorylate the alpha subunit of phosphorylase kinase which has been phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent kinase. These results suggest that epidermal profilaggrin phosphatase is not a phospho-tyrosyl phosphatase or a type 1 phospho-seryl/phospho-threonyl phosphatase. Dephosphorylation is not affected by EDTA, calcium or magnesium, but is very sensitive to okadaic acid inhibition (IC50 = 80 pM), suggesting that the enzymatic activity is related to that of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kam
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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17
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Menon GK, Elias PM, Lee SH, Feingold KR. Localization of calcium in murine epidermis following disruption and repair of the permeability barrier. Cell Tissue Res 1992; 270:503-12. [PMID: 1486603 DOI: 10.1007/bf00645052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Perturbation of the cutaneous permeability barrier results in rapid secretion of epidermal lamellar bodies, and synthesis and secretion of new lamellar bodies leading to barrier repair. Since external Ca2+ significantly impedes the repair response, we applied ion capture cytochemistry to localize Ca2+ in murine epidermis following barrier disruption. In controls, the numbers of Ca2+ precipitates in the basal layer were small, increasing suprabasally and reaching the highest density in the stratum granulosum. Barrier disruption with acetone produced an immediate, marked decrease in Ca2+ in the stratum granulosum, accompanied by secretion of lamellar bodies. Loss of this pattern of Ca2+ distribution was associated with the appearance of large Ca2+ aggregates within the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum. The Ca(2+)-containing precipitates progressively reappeared in parallel with barrier recovery over 24 h. Disruption of the barrier with tape stripping also resulted in loss of Ca2+ from the nucleated layers of the epidermis, but small foci persisted where the stratum corneum was not removed; in these sites the Ca2+ distribution did not change and accelerated secretion of lamellar bodies was not observed. Following acetone-induced barrier disruption and immersion in isoosmolar sucrose, the epidermal Ca2+ gradient did not return, and both lamellar body secretion and barrier recovery occurred. However, with immersion in isoosmolar sucrose plus Ca2+, the epidermal Ca2+ reservoir was replenished, and both secretion of lamellar bodies and barrier recovery were impeded. These results demonstrate that barrier disruption results in loss of the epidermal Ca2+ reservoir, which may be the signal that initiates lamellar body secretion leading to barrier repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Menon
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121
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18
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Atillasoy EJ, Burtis WJ, Milstone LM. Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 96:277-80. [PMID: 1991989 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12464480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human keratinocytes secrete large amounts of a parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHRP) in vitro. Because recent studies indicate that PTHRP could have a number of autocrine or paracrine functions in the skin, localization of this peptide in vivo is important. A monoclonal and two affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies were employed to locate PTHRP in normal human skin and cultivated human keratinocytes. PTHRP is present throughout the viable portion of the epidermis, in adnexal epithelial cells, and in all cultivated keratinocytes. These findings do not support the provocative suggestion that PTHRP is a marker for squamous differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Atillasoy
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
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19
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Aukhil I, Nishimura K, Fernyhough W. Experimental regeneration of the periodontium. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1990; 1:101-15. [PMID: 2129620 DOI: 10.1177/10454411900010020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Aukhil
- Department of Periodontics, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill
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20
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de Haan FH, Boddé HE, de Bruijn WC, Ginsel LA, Junginger HE. Visualizing drug transport across stratum corneum: cryotechniques, vapour fixation, autoradiography. Int J Pharm 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(89)90063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Biologic Structure and Function: Perspectives on Morphologic Approaches to the Study of the Granular Layer Keratinocyte. J Invest Dermatol 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1989.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Holbrook KA. Biologic structure and function: perspectives on morphologic approaches to the study of the granular layer keratinocyte. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:84S-104S. [PMID: 2467953 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep13075079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Holbrook
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195
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23
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Haugen-Scofield J, Resing KA, Dale BA. Characterization of an epidermal phosphatase specific for filaggrin phosphorylated by casein kinase II. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 91:553-9. [PMID: 2848073 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12476930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During cellular remodeling that accompanies cornification of epidermal cells, the highly phosphorylated protein, profilaggrin, is dephosphorylated and proteolytically cleaved to filaggrin, the keratin matrix protein. Using rat filaggrin phosphorylated by bovine casein kinase II (CK II) as a substrate, we have partially purified a phosphatase from rat epidermis which dephosphorylates rat profilaggrin in vitro. Anion exchange, hydroxylapatite, and gel filtration chromatography yielded a 100-fold purification of phosphatase from a low-salt extract. Further purification led to loss of activity; therefore, only the partially purified phosphatase was characterized. Two forms of the phosphatase, with molecular weights of approximately 170 and 40 kDa, were resolved during gel filtration. The 170-kDa form could be converted to the 40-kDa form in the presence of dithiothreitol. Both forms had pH optima of 6.6, and were strongly inhibited by NaCl (50% inhibition at 35-40 mM). Neither form hydrolyzed para-nitrophenylphosphate or dephosphorylated casein or the synthetic peptide arg3-glu3-thr-glu3, which were phosphorylated by casein kinase II. The two forms were similarly inhibited by known inorganic phosphatase inhibitors, with 22%-36% inhibition by 0.1 mM Na+/K+ tartrate, 55%-60% inhibition by 0.1 mM NaF, and 75% inhibition by 0.1 mM Na pyrophosphate. Para-chloromercuribenzoate also inhibited the activity, suggesting that reduced thiols may be important in catalysis. One mM calcium chloride altered the activity in a complex manner depending on the pH, suggesting a possible role for calcium in regulating enzyme activity.
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24
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Wroblewski J, Wróblewski R, Roomans GM. Low temperature techniques for X-ray microanalysis in pathology: alternatives to cryoultramicrotomy. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1988; 9:83-98. [PMID: 3199232 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060090108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many diseases are associated with a change in the distribution of diffusible ions at the cell or tissue level. These diseases can profitably be studied by X-ray microanalysis. This technique for the study of ion distribution requires the use of cryoprepared specimens. Analysis at low or medium resolution can be carried out on thick or semi-thick cryosections, or on frozen-hydrated or freeze-dried embedded bulk samples. Such analyses are particularly useful in the initial stages of an investigation or when data from a large number of samples have to be acquired. Also X-ray microanalysis of cultured or single cells prepared by freeze-drying can be used to rapidly collect information on a large number of cells. Analysis at high resolution has to be carried out on thin sections: Cryosections or sections of freeze-substituted or freeze-dried embedded tissue. For the latter type of specimens, the use of low-temperature embedding methods may have important advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wroblewski
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Warner RR, Myers MC, Taylor DA. Electron probe analysis of human skin: element concentration profiles. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90:78-85. [PMID: 3335792 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12462576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentration profiles for the major biological inorganic elements Na, P, S, Cl, and K were measured across human skin using electron probe analysis and analytical electron microscopy. Determinations were made within the cytoplasm of individual cells. Uniform element concentrations were present throughout the viable tissue, whereas element profiles in the stratum corneum were considerably diverse. Phosphorus was practically absent from the stratum corneum. Sulfur (per unit volume) continuously increased from the inner to the outer cell layers of the stratum corneum largely as a result of cytoplasmic water loss as cells migrate to the surface. Potassium was essentially excluded from the inner stratum corneum. Very large gradients for K, Na, and Cl occurred from the middle of the stratum corneum to its outer surface; these gradients are likely the result of the inward diffusion of salts from sweat and could play a variety of physiological roles. The paucity of K and P within the inner stratum corneum suggests these important intracellular solutes (and perhaps others, including water) are recycled within the viable tissue, thus providing a virtual nutrient supply immediately underneath the stratum corneum. Alterations in this recirculation could have a regulatory function in the physiology of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Warner
- Procter and Gamble Co., Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239-8707
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26
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Sharata HH, Burnette RR. Effect of dipolar aprotic permeability enhancers on the basal stratum corneum. J Pharm Sci 1988; 77:27-32. [PMID: 3346820 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600770106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl acetamide on the basal stratum corneum of excised nude mouse skin was investigated. All of these dipolar aprotic solvents caused a swelling of the basal stratum corneum cells and a disruption of the normal keratin pattern. This behavior suggests that dipolar aprotic solvents might alter the barrier properties of the basal stratum corneum cells. To test this hypothesis, the distribution of topically applied, electron-dense divalent metal ions (Hg2+ and Ni2+) was studied in excised nude mouse skin which had been perturbed by the application of dipolar aprotic solvents, and in controls which had not been so treated. In control skin membranes, Hg2+ and Ni2+ were located almost exclusively in the intercellular space of the stratum corneum. However, with the application of a dipolar aprotic solvent, Hg2+ and Ni2+ were found in the intercellular spaces and inside the basal stratum corneum cells, where they appeared to be primarily associated with the cytoplasmic filaments. Sulfide precipitation allowed for the localization of Hg2+ and Ni2+, and subsequent chemical identification by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The spatial resolution of X-ray microanalysis studies was approximately 0.5-0.75 micron. The spatial alteration in mercury and nickel precipitate distribution, which occurs when the skin is pretreated with a dipolar aprotic solvent, is consistent with the hypothesis that the pathway of Hg2+ and Ni2+ diffusion through the basal stratum corneum has also been modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Sharata
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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27
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Lindberg M, Grundin TG. Elemental changes in guinea-pig epidermis in the hyperplastic response to irritant stimuli. Br J Dermatol 1987; 116:477-83. [PMID: 2437949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb05865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A mild irritant reaction was induced by application of sodium lauryl sulphate to the skin of guinea-pigs. The response was analysed at 24 and 48 h after application using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX). It was found that the sodium lauryl sulphate induced a hyperplastic response in the epidermis with an increased number of keratinocytes. This response was associated with significantly increased levels of intracellular sodium and chloride. The elemental changes were most marked at 24 h, whereas the number of keratinocytes was highest at 48 h. The pattern of the elemental changes and the ultrastructural alterations are compatible with initial membrane damage followed by a transient increase in proliferative activity. The present results demonstrate that EDX is a useful tool for the analysis of functional alterations in epidermal keratinocytes under pathological conditions.
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28
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Kurz K, Steigleder GK, Bischof W, Gonsior B. PIXE analysis in different stages of psoriatic skin. J Invest Dermatol 1987; 88:223-6. [PMID: 3027190 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12525385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Elemental distribution in psoriatic skin varies with the functional state of the keratinocytes, e.g., electrolytes influence cell metabolism and cell proliferation, and trace elements play a crucial role in a great number of enzymes. Elemental distribution in pinpoint lesions, old plaques, and uninvolved skin of 5 psoriatic patients and 4 healthy controls was studied by means of PIXE (proton-induced x-ray emission) analysis. This technique allows the simultaneous detection of elements with an atomic number greater than or equal to 14 along the epidermis and dermis in freeze-dried skin biopsies. Trace elements such as Fe, Cu, and Zn were determined down to a level of 1 ppm. In comparison with uninvolved skin, concentrations of P and K were elevated in psoriatic epidermis. In addition, increased levels of K were correlated with the stage of the psoriatic lesion. Zinc concentrations were significantly elevated in pinpoint lesions. The Zn concentration profiles within the epidermis and upper dermis showed high correlation to the P concentration profiles. Iron levels were decreased in old psoriatic plaques, whereas Cu concentrations varied considerably. In comparison to the controls, Cl concentrations were markedly decreased in the dermis of involved and uninvolved psoriatic skin, whereas epidermal Cl levels were unaffected. As high K levels prevent the Ca-induced differentiation of keratinocytes, high K levels may be the cause of the high cell differentiation in psoriatic skin. Elevated DNA- and RNA-polymerases might be the cause of elevated Zn levels in pinpoint lesions.
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