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Venditti A, Serrilli AM, Rizza L, Frasca G, Cardile V, Bonina FP, Bianco A. Aromadendrine, a new component of the flavonoid pattern ofOlea europaeaL. and its anti-inflammatory activity. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:340-9. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.693924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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2
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Melnik BC. Role of FGFR2-signaling in the pathogenesis of acne. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2009; 1:141-56. [PMID: 20436882 PMCID: PMC2835907 DOI: 10.4161/derm.1.3.8474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is the purpose of this review to extend our understanding of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-2b-signaling network in the pathogenesis of acne. A new concept of the role of FGFR2b-signaling in dermal-epithelial interaction for skin appendage formation, pilosebaceous follicle homeostasis, comedogenesis, sebaceous gland proliferation and lipogenesis is presented. The FGFR2-gain-of-function mutations in Apert syndrome and unilateral acneiform nevus are most helpful model diseases pointing the way to androgen-dependent dermalepithelial FGFR2-signaling in acne. Androgen-mediated upregulation of FGFR2b-signaling in acne-prone skin appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. In organotypic skin cultures, keratinocyte-derived interleukin-1alpha stimulated fibroblasts to secrete FGF7 which stimulated FGFR2b-mediated keratinocyte proliferation. Postnatal deletion of FGFR2b in mice resulted in severe sebaceous gland atrophy. The importance of FGFR2b in sebaceous gland physiology is further supported by the mode of action of anti-acne agents which have been proposed to attenuate FGFR2b-signaling. Downregulation of FGFR2b-signaling by isotretinoin explains its therapeutic effect in acne. Downregulation of FGFR2b-signaling during the first trimester of pregnancy disturbs branched morphogenesis and explains retinoid embryotoxicity. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), the mediator of growth hormone during puberty, intracts with androgen-dependent FGFR2b-signaling and links androgen- and FGF-mediated signal transduction important in sebaceous gland homeostasis. The search for a follicular defect in the dermalepithelial regulation of growth factor-signaling in acne-prone skin appears to be a most promising approach to clarify the pathogenesis of acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology; Environmental Medicine and Health Theory; University of Osnabrück; Germany
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3
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Sugimoto Y, Katayama N, Masuya M, Miyata E, Ueno M, Ohishi K, Nishii K, Takakura N, Shiku H. Differential cell division history between neutrophils and macrophages in their development from granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. Br J Haematol 2007; 135:725-31. [PMID: 17107354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of monocytes before neutrophils in the blood during haematopoietic recovery in myelosuppressive patients is commonly observed, thus suggesting a difference in the cell division history between these two lineages in the differentiation from granulocyte-macrophage (GM) progenitors. We investigated the cell division histories of murine GM progenitors. When analysed by the dye dilution method, GM progenitors gave rise to Gr-1+Fms+ and Gr-1+Fms- cells that passed through similar rounds of cell division during initial 5 d of culture. The Gr-1+Fms+ cells showed morphological features of monocytes, while Gr-1+Fms- cells exhibited an immature morphology of neutrophils. In the subsequent culture, a decline in the number of Gr-1+Fms+ cells was observed, while Gr-1+Fms- cells increased. The proliferation of Gr-1+Fms- cells and no cell division of Gr-1+Fms+ cells were confirmed by DNA staining, Ki-67 expression, membrane dye staining and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. These Gr-1+Fms- cells acquired mature neutrophil morphology, whereas Gr-1+Fms+ cells became macrophages. These results demonstrate that GM progenitors generate postmitotic monocytes earlier than mature neutrophils. Our data may also offer one explanation for the rapid recovery of monocytes in comparison with neutrophils in the early phase of haematopoietic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sugimoto
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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4
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Abstract
Wound repair involves the sequential interaction of various cell types, extracellular matrix molecules, and soluble mediators. During the past 10 years, much new information on signals controlling wound cell behavior has emerged. This knowledge has led to a number of novel therapeutic strategies. In particular, the local delivery of pluripotent growth factor molecules to the injured tissue has been intensively investigated over the past decade. Limited success of clinical trails indicates that a crucial aspect of the growth factor wound healing strategy is the effective delivery of these polypeptides to the wound site. A molecular approach in which genetically modified cells synthesize and deliver the desired growth factor in regulated fashion has been used to overcome the limitations associated with the (topical) application of recombinant growth factor proteins. We have summarized the molecular and cellular basis of repair mechanisms and their failure, and we give an overview of techniques and studies applied to gene transfer in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
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5
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Gowrishankar G, Winzen R, Bollig F, Ghebremedhin B, Redich N, Ritter B, Resch K, Kracht M, Holtmann H. Inhibition of mRNA deadenylation and degradation by ultraviolet light. Biol Chem 2006; 386:1287-93. [PMID: 16336123 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Post-transcriptional mechanisms contribute to the changes in gene expression induced by cell stress. The effect of UV-B light on mRNA degradation in HeLa cells was investigated using a transcriptional chase system to determine the decay kinetics of tet-off vector-derived mRNAs containing or lacking a destabilizing AU-rich element. Degradation of both mRNAs was strongly inhibited in cells exposed to UV-B light. Removal of the poly(A)-tail, considered a crucial step in mRNA degradation, was strikingly impaired. UV light also inhibited deadenylation and degradation of endogenous mRNA of the chemoattractant cytokine interleukin (IL)-8. Both effects occurred rapidly and independently of newly induced genes. Importantly, stabilization of IL-8 mRNA was accompanied by a strong increase in the duration of IL-8 protein formation. Furthermore, general inhibition of protein synthesis, a hallmark of the response to cell stress, required far higher doses of UV-B than inhibition of mRNA deadenylation and degradation. The difference in sensitivity of cells to these effects of UV-B light establishes a dose range in which mRNA stabilization can lead to dramatically enhanced expression of proteins derived from normally unstable mRNAs, such as those of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and proto-oncogenes, and thereby have a major impact on the response to UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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6
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Ahn SJ, Koketsu M, Ishihara H, Lee SM, Ha SK, Lee KH, Kang TH, Kima SY. Regulation of Melanin Synthesis by Selenium-Containing Carbohydrates. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:281-6. [PMID: 16508177 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports depigmenting potency of selenium-containing carbohydrates, which would be based upon the finding of direct inhibition to mushroom tyrosinase. Two selenoglycosiede, SG-3 (bis(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-arabinopyranosyl) selenide) and SG-8 (4'-methylbenzoyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-D-selenomanopyranoside) among eleven selenium-containing compounds examined, were discovered to be effective depigmenting compounds on a mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory assay. SG-3 exhibited a competitive inhibition effect that was similar to kojic acid, well-known tyrosinase inhibitor. At 100 microM and 150 microM, SG-8 had an uncompetitive inhibitory effect that was higher than kojic acid. A study of a melan-a cell originated-tyrosinase inhibition assay showed that SG-8 had a lower inhibitory effect than kojic acid. SG-3 showed a similar inhibition effect to kojic acid on the melan-a cell-originated tyrosinase inhibitory assay. SG-8 showed dose-dependently cytotoxicity in a study of inhibition melanin synthesis by melan-a cells. Most melan-a cells did not survive after being treated with 20 microM of SG-8. At 10 microM, SG-3 inhibited melanin synthesis in the melan-a cells, and the effect was similar to phenylthiourea, which is a well-known inhibitor of melanin synthesis. Therefore, SG-3 is a new candidate for depigmenting reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Joon Ahn
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, Korea
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7
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Lee S, Kim WG, Kim E, Ryoo IJ, Lee HK, Kim JN, Jung SH, Yoo ID. Synthesis and melanin biosynthesis inhibitory activity of (+/-)-terrein produced by Penicillium sp. 20135. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:471-3. [PMID: 15603975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Terrein was isolated from Penicillium sp. 20135, prepared by a practical synthetic way, and evaluated first time for its melanin biosynthesis inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangku Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Oun, Yusong, Taejon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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8
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Vollmert C, Behrendt H. Bactericidal activity of flucloxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus in primary keratinocyte cultures of lesional and unaffected skin of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:215-24. [PMID: 15740595 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are colonized by Staphylococcus aureus. Due to prevalent multi-resistant strains, it is highly difficult to eliminate S. aureus contamination of primary cell cultures of human AD skin by means of the antibiotics commonly used in cell culture. Therefore, an anti-staphylococcal treatment was investigated by which sterile proliferating keratinocyte cultures are attained from lesional and unaffected skin of AD patients by applying flucloxacillin, which in general is systemically used in vivo. The treatment with 1% flucloxacillin for 20 min included both colonized skin samples and contaminated primary cell cultures. In the case of persistent contamination, this step was repeated as often as required until complete decontamination without any cytotoxic indications was achieved. Antibacterial treatment with flucloxacillin permitted the cultivation of sterile, vital, and proliferating primary cultures of human skin keratinocytes from lesional and unaffected skin of AD patients with S. aureus colonization. The method increased the success rate of isolation of AD keratinocytes from 30 to 90%, representing on average 3 vs. 9 successfully isolated, sterile and proliferating cultures out of 10 contaminated skin biopsies, which is comparable to normal human keratinocyte isolation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vollmert
- GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Chen D, Burger M, Chu Q, Endres R, Zuleger C, Dean H, Payne LG. Epidermal powder immunization: cellular and molecular mechanisms for enhancing vaccine immunogenicity. Virus Res 2004; 103:147-53. [PMID: 15163503 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal powder immunization (EPI) of mice with an influenza vaccine elicited consistently a higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers than intramuscular (IM) injection using the same dose of vaccine. The epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) at the site of EPI were found to play an important role in the immune responses. Indeed, depletion of LCs from the immunization site prior to EPI caused a significant reduction in the antibody response. Transfer of LCs isolated from the EPI sites to naive mice induced a robust antigen-specific antibody response. Cytokines produced by target site cells appear to be important for the augmented immune responses induced by EPI. LTR72, a genetically detoxified heat-labile toxin from Escherichia coli with a strong adjuvant effect in EPI, was found to bind the keratinocytes of the epidermis, but not the LCs, and caused the production of elevated TNF-alpha and IL-12 cytokines in emigrating epidermal cells. These results have important implications for the development of a more efficacious human influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Chen
- PowderJect Vaccines Inc., 585 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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10
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Coquette A, Berna N, Vandenbosch A, Rosdy M, De Wever B, Poumay Y. Analysis of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression and release in in vitro reconstructed human epidermis for the prediction of in vivo skin irritation and/or sensitization. Toxicol In Vitro 2003; 17:311-21. [PMID: 12781210 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(03)00019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) was used as an in vitro model to discriminate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), nickel sulfate (NiSO(4)), oxazolone (OXA), 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) as skin sensitizers from benzalkonium chloride (BC), benzoic acid (BA) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as skin irritants. Our criteria were (a) the differential IL-1alpha and IL-8 synthesis and release (b) cytotoxicity assessment by MTT assay. When the RHE are topically treated with the sensitizers, very low levels of extra- and intracellular IL-1alpha are observed although they induce significant cytotoxicity. In contrast, they exhibit a sharp maximum of IL-8 release. In the presence of the tested irritants, we observe the inverse cytokine release profile, although they induce dose-dependent cytotoxicity profiles similar to those observed with the sensitizers. Finally, IL-1alpha mRNA upregulation is observed after topical application of both sensitizers and irritants, but only the latter significantly increase extracellular IL-1alpha. In conclusion, our results suggest that the associated determination of IL-8, with IL-1alpha, and MTT conversion are at least necessary to discriminate and classify, in a single assay, irritant and sensitizing agents and represent a potential in vitro alternative to two classical in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Coquette
- Department of Biology, SGS Biopharma S.A., Vieux Chemin du Poète 10, B-1301, Wavre, Belgium.
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11
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Little MC, Watson RE, Pemberton MN, Griffiths CE, Thornhill MH. Activation of oral keratinocytes by mercuric chloride: relevance to dental amalgam-induced oral lichenoid reactions. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:1024-32. [PMID: 11359392 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the benefits of mercury-containing amalgam dental fillings there are growing concerns regarding the potential adverse health effects arising from exposure to mercury released from fillings. In some individuals this process may result in a local lichenoid reaction of the oral mucosa. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that mercury salts released from amalgam fillings might act directly on oral keratinocytes to induce changes that could promote the development of such lesions. METHODS In vitro experiments were performed in which normal oral and cutaneous keratinocytes were cultured in the presence of mercuric chloride (HgCl2). ICAM-1 expression and the release of cytokines was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. T-cell binding to HgCl2-pretreated keratinocytes was assessed using a colorimetric method. RESULTS Subcytotoxic concentrations of HgCl2 induced a concentration-related increase in ICAM-1 expression and consequent T-cell binding on oral, but not cutaneous, keratinocytes. HgCl2 also stimulated the release of low levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-8 (but not RANTES), and inhibited the release of interleukin-1alpha by oral keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that oral keratinocytes may play an integral part in initiating the pathogenesis of amalgam-induced lichenoid reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Little
- Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Hope Hospital, Salford, Manchester M6 8HD, U.K
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12
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Poszepczynska E, Martinvalet D, Bouloc A, Echchakir H, Wechsler J, Bécherel PA, Boumsell L, Bensussan A, Bagot M. Erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with disseminated pustulosis. Production of high levels of interleukin-8 by tumour cells. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:1073-9. [PMID: 11359402 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL) -8 is a neutrophil chemoattractant cytokine with proinflammatory and growth-promoting activities, which is involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. It is found in high amounts in lesional biopsies of pustular diseases such as psoriasis and palmoplantar pustulosis. We report a 50-year-old woman with a 10-year history of erythroderma with disseminated pustulosis. Skin biopsies showed an epidermotropic infiltrate composed of atypical CD4+ CD8+ lymphocytes with numerous admixed neutrophils. Peripheral blood flow cytometric analysis revealed a major clonal subset of CD3+ CD4+ CD8+ T-cell receptor Vbeta22+ atypical lymphocytes. Bone marrow biopsy, lymph node biopsy and computed thoracoabdominal tomography were normal. Serologies for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and human immunodeficiency virus were negative. Our patient's status deteriorated despite topical (nitrogen mustard, psoralen plus ultraviolet A) and systemic (interferon, methotrexate, multiagent chemotherapy) treatments, and she finally died. We showed that our patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) spontaneously produced high amounts of IL-8. In contrast, PBL of patients with classical Sézary syndrome produced lower amounts of IL-8. The production of IL-8 by tumour T cells could explain this unusual clinical and histopathological presentation of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma as disseminated pustulosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Poszepczynska
- Department of Dermatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, 94010 Créteil, France
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13
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Angel P, Szabowski A, Schorpp-Kistner M. Function and regulation of AP-1 subunits in skin physiology and pathology. Oncogene 2001; 20:2413-23. [PMID: 11402337 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mouse skin has become the model of choice to study the regulation and function of AP-1 subunits in many physiological and pathological processes in vivo and in vitro. Genetically modified mice, in vitro reconstituted skin equivalents and epidermal cell lines were established, in which AP-1-regulated genetic programs of cell proliferation, differentiation and tumorigenesis can be analysed. Since the epidermis, as our interface with the environment, is subjected to radiation and injury, signal transduction pathways and critical AP-1 members regulating the mammalian stress response could be identified. Regulated expression of important components of the cytokine network, cell surface receptors and proteases, which orchestrate the process of wound healing has been found to rely on AP-1 activity. Here we review our current knowledge on the function of AP-1 subunits and AP-1 target genes in these fascinating fields of skin physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Angel
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Spörri B, Bickel M, Dobbelaere D, Machado J, Lottaz D. Soluble interleukin-1 receptor--reverse signaling in innate immunoregulation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2001; 12:27-32. [PMID: 11312116 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(00)00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is one of the most important proinflammatory cytokines, regulating immunological and inflammatory processes. It induces a very efficient and self-amplifying cytokine-network. The action of IL-1 must, therefore, be under tight control. Soluble IL-1 receptor was thought to be an efficient negative regulator of the IL-1 signaling system. However, recent studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that soluble IL-1 receptor can act as an agonist as well, inducing intracellular signaling events. This feature of soluble IL-1 receptor adds a new level of complexity to our understanding of ligand-receptor cross-talk and cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Spörri
- ZLB Bioplasma AG, Research and Development, CH-3000 22, Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Hatano Y, Katagiri K, Takayasu S. Increased levels in vivo of mRNAs for IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), but not of RANTES mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117:237-43. [PMID: 10444253 PMCID: PMC1905337 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play an important role in the selective movement of leucocytes into inflammatory areas and they also activate various cells in inflamed tissues. However, it is unclear which cells are the main sources of chemokines in actual inflammatory diseases, even though both mononuclear cells and non-inflammatory resident cells are able to produce chemokines in vitro and the former cells are also the main target of chemokines. To clarify the roles of chemokines that are produced by mononuclear cells in AD, we measured levels in vivo of mRNA for IL-8 and MIP-1 alpha, as well as the level of regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) mRNA in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with AD. We compared the results with those from psoriatic patients, and patients without AD who were suffering from other cutaneous diseases and eosinophilia. Levels of mRNAs were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. Levels of IL-8 and MIP-1 alpha mRNA were elevated not only in atopic patients but also in non-atopic patients with inflammatory skin disease associated with eosinophilia, compared with levels in psoriatic patients and healthy controls. Levels of RANTES mRNA were similar in atopic patients but they were lower in the other two groups of patients when compared with levels in healthy controls. In atopic patients, the levels of both IL-8 and MIP-1 alpha mRNAs but not of RANTES mRNA decreased with improvements in symptom scores after therapy. These findings suggest that mononuclear cells are not only the target of chemokines but might also play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD by producing IL-8 and MIP-1 alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hatano
- Department of Dermatology, Oita Medical University, Oita, Japan.
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17
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Lee JS, Kahlon SS, Culbreth R, Cooper AD. Modulation of monocyte chemokine production and nuclear factor kappa B activity by oxidants. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:761-7. [PMID: 10454347 DOI: 10.1089/107999099313613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species can directly damage tissue. In this setting, amplification of tissue damage also occurs through infiltration of inflammatory cells either acutely or chronically. Several recent studies suggest that reactive oxygen species stimulate production of certain chemokines, which are potent chemoattractants for inflammatory cells. In the present study, we examined whether oxidants, generated by the combination of xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X/XO), alter chemokine production by monocytes and U937 cells. Our findings demonstrate that X/XO stimulates monocytes, but not U937 cells, to produce increased amounts of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein. This effect is attenuated by pretreatment with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals, but is not affected by superoxide dismutase or catalase. In contrast, X/XO-induced cytotoxicity, evidenced by lactate dehydrogenase release, is mediated primarily by hydrogen peroxide, as catalase reverses this effect. Finally, exposure to X/XO causes an increase in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), and this effect is attenuated by DMSO. These studies suggest that reactive oxygen species can induce production of molecules that amplify inflammation through attraction of inflammatory cells. It appears the hydroxyl radical is the principal oxidant species involved in stimulation of chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Lee
- Pulmonary Sections, Birmingham V.A.M.C., AL 35233, USA
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18
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Albanesi C, Cavani A, Girolomoni G. IL-17 Is Produced by Nickel-Specific T Lymphocytes and Regulates ICAM-1 Expression and Chemokine Production in Human Keratinocytes: Synergistic or Antagonist Effects with IFN-γ and TNF-α. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.1.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-17 is a novel T cell-derived cytokine that can regulate the functions of a variety of cell types. In this study, we investigated whether hapten-specific T cells isolated from patients with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to nickel produce IL-17 and the effects of IL-17 alone or in combination with IFN-γ or TNF-α on the immune activation of keratinocytes. Skin affected with ACD to nickel and skin-derived, nickel-specific CD4+ T cell lines expressed IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 mRNAs. Four of seven nickel-specific CD4+ T cell clones positive for the skin-homing receptor, cutaneous lymphocyte-associated Ag, were shown to corelease IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. In contrast, two nickel-specific CD8+ T cell clones failed to synthesize IL-17. Normal human keratinocytes were found to express constitutively the IL-17 receptor gene. IL-17 specifically and dose-dependently augmented IFN-γ-induced ICAM-1 expression on keratinocytes at both the mRNA and the protein level, whereas HLA-DR, MHC class I, and CD40 levels were not modulated by IL-17. On the other hand, IL-17 alone did not affect ICAM-1 or enhance TNF-α-induced ICAM-1. In addition, IL-17, both directly and in synergism with IFN-γ and/or TNF-α, stimulated synthesis and release of IL-8 by keratinocytes. In contrast, IFN-γ- and TNF-α-induced production of RANTES was markedly inhibited by IL-17, and the synthesis of macrophage chemotactic protein 1 was not changed. Taken together, the results suggest that IL-17 is an important player of T cell-mediated skin immune responses, with synergistic or antagonist effects on IFN-γ- and TNF-α-stimulated keratinocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Albanesi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavani
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Funasaka Y, Chakraborty AK, Hayashi Y, Komoto M, Ohashi A, Nagahama M, Inoue Y, Pawelek J, Ichihashi M. Modulation of melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor expression on normal human melanocytes: evidence for a regulatory role of ultraviolet B, interleukin-1alpha, interleukin-1beta, endothelin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139:216-24. [PMID: 9767234 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor binding activity and melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1-R) gene expression on normal human melanocytes have been studied as responses to the effects of ultraviolet B (UVB), interleukin-1 (IL-1), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which are known as UV sensitive regulators of melanocytic function. MSH receptor (MSH-R) binding activity was upregulated by UVB, IL-1alpha, -1beta and ET-1, but was downregulated by TNF-alpha. Northern blot analysis showed that MC1-R mRNA expression was induced 24 h after UVB irradiation in a dose-dependent manner, and that 24-h treatment with ET-1 also induced an expression of MC1-R mRNA, whereas TNF-alpha downregulated the expression. In addition, IL-1alpha and -1beta have a small but real inductive effect on MC1-R mRNA expression. Taken together, our results suggest a model in which higher MC1-R mRNA expression is accompanied by upregulation of MSH-R binding activity, and enhanced by UVB or cytokines sensitive to UVB. Such a regulatory system would enable normal human melanocytes to respond to MSH more efficiently and induce an increase of melanization of the skin through the MSH/MSH-R system after UVB radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Funasaka
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University School of Medicine, 5-1 Kusunoki-cho 7-chome, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650, Japan.
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Homey B, Assmann T, Vohr HW, Ulrich P, Lauerma AI, Ruzicka T, Lehmann P, Schuppe HC. Topical FK506 Suppresses Cytokine and Costimulatory Molecule Expression in Epidermal and Local Draining Lymph Node Cells During Primary Skin Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that the immunosuppressive macrolide lactone, FK506, exerts good therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory skin diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of topical FK506 on molecular (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 p35, IL-12 p40, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), TNF-α, and IFN-γ) and cellular (I-A+/CD80+, I-A+/CD54+, I-A+/CD69+, I-A+/B220+, and CD4+/CD25+) events in epidermal (EC) and local draining lymph node (LNC) cells during primary contact hypersensitivity responses. Cytokine mRNA levels for IL-1α, IL-1β, GM-CSF, TNF-α, MIP-2, and IFN-γ in EC and for IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 p35, IL-12 p40, and IFN-γ in LNC were increased and resulted in significant LNC proliferation during oxazolone-induced contact hypersensitivity. Topical FK506 treatment dose-dependently suppressed oxazolone-induced LNC proliferation. This effect was correlated with decreased IL-1α, IL-1β, GM-CSF, TNF-α, MIP-2, and IFN-γ mRNA expression within the epidermis and decreased IL-12 p35 and p40 mRNA expression in LNC. Further analysis of the LNC cytokine pattern revealed that the production of both Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines was dramatically impaired after topical FK506 treatment. Flow cytometric analysis showed that topical FK506 decreased the population of epidermis-infiltrating CD4+ T cells and suppressed the expression of CD54 and CD80 on I-A+ EC and LNC during hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity. Furthermore, topical FK506 profoundly impaired oxazolone-induced up-regulation of CD25 expression on CD4+ LNC and dramatically decreased hapten-induced expansion of I-A+/B220+ and I-A+/CD69+ LNC subsets. In conclusion, these results give new insights into the mechanisms of action of topical FK506 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Homey
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Till Assmann
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Vohr
- ‡Department of Dermatology, Institute of Toxicology, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Peter Ulrich
- ‡Department of Dermatology, Institute of Toxicology, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Antti I. Lauerma
- †Department of Dermatology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Percy Lehmann
- *Department of Dermatology, University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
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D'AURIA L, FEI P, PIETRAVALLE M, FERRARO C, MASTROIANNI A, BONIFATI C, GIACALONE B, AMEGLIO F. The serum levels of sE-selectin are increased in patients with bullous pemphigoid or pemphigus vulgaris. Correlation with the number of skin lesions and recovery after corsticosteroid therapy. Br J Dermatol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1997.tb03701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Norris DA, Whang K, David-Bajar K, Bennion SD. The influence of ultraviolet light on immunological cytotoxicity in the skin. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:636-46. [PMID: 9114739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Norris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262, USA
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23
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Malejczyk J, Majewski S, Jabłońska S. Cellular immunity in cutaneous and genital HPV infections. Clin Dermatol 1997; 15:261-74. [PMID: 9167910 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(97)00049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Malejczyk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Warsaw Medical School, Poland
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24
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Kimber I, Dearman RJ, Cumberbatch M. Epidermal cytokines and the induction of allergic and non-allergic contact dermatitis. ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT. = ARCHIV FUR TOXIKOLOGIE. SUPPLEMENT 1997; 19:229-38. [PMID: 9079210 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Kimber
- Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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25
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Milon G, Belkaid Y, Moufqia J, Bosque F, Colle JH, Lebastard M. Mononuclear phagocytes and dendritic leukocytes in the skin. Clin Dermatol 1996; 14:465-70. [PMID: 8889323 DOI: 10.1016/0738-081x(96)00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Milon
- Unité d'Immunophysiologie cellulaire, Institut Pasteur 25, Paris, France
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Abstract
The coordinated function of multiple epidermal and dermal cell populations allows the skin immune system to respond rapidly and effectively to a wide variety of insults occurring at the interface of the organism and its environment. Keratinocytes are the first line of defense in the skin immune system, and keratinocyte-derived cytokines are pivotal in mobilizing leukocytes from blood and signaling other cutaneous cells. Cytokine-mediated cellular communication also enables dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells lining the cutaneous vasculature to participate in immune and inflammatory responses. Skin is an important site for antigen presentation, and both epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells play pivotal roles in T cell-mediated immune responses to antigens encountered in skin. Proinflammatory signaling pathways are necessarily balanced by a variety of regulatory pathways that help maintain the homeostatic functioning of the skin immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Williams
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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