1
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Ilarslan H, Lathrop WF, Dobkowski B, Hawkins SS, Scott J, Bajor J, Mayes AE. Effects of eczema calming lotion on the stratum corneum in atopic dermatitis: Corneodesmosin and intercellular lipid lamellae. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024; 46:516-525. [PMID: 39113306 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by compositional and structural changes to the skin at lesional sites. Alteration to the levels and organization of both protein and lipid components are associated with disease status and lead to impaired barrier and hydration. Corneodesmosin (CDSN) and the arrangement and length of the intercellular lipid lamellae (ICLL) are altered in disrupted skin states. The aim of this research was to profile the distribution of CDSN and the ICLL in the stratum corneum (SC) at lesional and non-lesional sites in AD-prone skin and to investigate the impact of an eczema calming lotion containing petroleum jelly, fatty acids, and colloidal oatmeal. METHODS An IRB-approved study was conducted with participants with active AD. From a small subset of participants, tape strips were collected from lesional and non-lesional sites on the arm, prior to and after twice daily application, over 4 weeks of an eczema calming lotion containing petroleum jelly, fatty acids, and colloidal oatmeal. Fluorescent antibody staining was used to investigate the distribution of CDSN. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the ICLL. RESULTS The distribution/coverage of CDSN was similar between lesional and non-lesional sites at baseline; application of the lotion resulted in a more defined honeycomb/peripheral distribution. Normalized ICLL (nICLL) was lower in baseline samples from lesional sites relative to non-lesional sites. Application of the lotion increased this parameter by the end of the study at all sites. CONCLUSION The eczema calming lotion containing petroleum jelly, fatty acids and colloidal oatmeal provided changes in corneodesmosomal proteins distribution and ICLL, consistent with improvements in corneocyte maturation and improved barrier function in the skin of individuals with atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ilarslan
- Unilever Research and Development, Trumbull, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Brian Dobkowski
- Unilever Research and Development, Trumbull, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stacy S Hawkins
- Unilever Research and Development, Trumbull, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jane Scott
- Unilever Research and Development, Trumbull, Connecticut, USA
| | - John Bajor
- Unilever Research and Development, Trumbull, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew E Mayes
- Unilever Research and Development, Colworth Science Park, Bedford, UK
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2
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Norlén L. Molecular Organization of the Skin Barrier. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv13356. [PMID: 37987626 PMCID: PMC10680981 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections allows for investigation directly in situ of the molecular architecture of skin. Recently, this technique has contributed to the elucidation of the molecular organization of the skin's permeability barrier and its stepwise formation process. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the procedure for cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous sections, its analysis using atomic detail molecular dynamics modelling and electron microscopy simulation, and its application in the investigation of the barrier structure and formation process of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Norlén
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Bouwstra JA, Nădăban A, Bras W, McCabe C, Bunge A, Gooris GS. The skin barrier: An extraordinary interface with an exceptional lipid organization. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 92:101252. [PMID: 37666282 PMCID: PMC10841493 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of the skin is primarily located in the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin. The SC is composed of dead cells with highly organized lipid lamellae in the intercellular space. As the lipid matrix forms the only continuous pathway, the lipids play an important role in the permeation of compounds through the SC. The main lipid classes are ceramides (CERs), cholesterol (CHOL) and free fatty acids (FFAs). Analysis of the SC lipid matrix is of crucial importance in understanding the skin barrier function, not only in healthy skin, but also in inflammatory skin diseases with an impaired skin barrier. In this review we provide i) a historical overview of the steps undertaken to obtain information on the lipid composition and organization in SC of healthy skin and inflammatory skin diseases, ii) information on the role CERs, CHOL and FFAs play in the lipid phase behavior of very complex lipid model systems and how this knowledge can be used to understand the deviation in lipid phase behavior in inflammatory skin diseases, iii) knowledge on the role of both, CER subclasses and chain length distribution, on lipid organization and lipid membrane permeability in complex and simple model systems with synthetic CERs, CHOL and FFAs, iv) similarity in lipid phase behavior in SC of different species and complex model systems, and vi) future directions in modulating lipid composition that is expected to improve the skin barrier in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Andreea Nădăban
- Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Clare McCabe
- School of Engineering & Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Annette Bunge
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Gerrit S Gooris
- Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Fandrei F, Havrišák T, Opálka L, Engberg O, Smith A, Pullmannová P, Kučerka N, Ondrejčeková V, Demé B, Nováková L, Steinhart M, Vávrová K, Huster D. The Intriguing Molecular Dynamics of Cer[EOS] in Rigid Skin Barrier Lipid Layers Requires Improvement of the Model. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100356. [PMID: 36948272 PMCID: PMC10154977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-O-acyl ceramides such as 32-linoleoyloxydotriacontanoyl sphingosine (Cer[EOS]) are essential components of the lipid skin barrier, which protects our body from excessive water loss and the penetration of unwanted substances. These ceramides drive the lipid assembly to epidermal-specific long periodicity phase (LPP), structurally much different than conventional lipid bilayers. Here, we synthesized Cer[EOS] with selectively deuterated segments of the ultralong N-acyl chain or deuterated or 13C-labeled linoleic acid and studied their molecular behavior in a skin lipid model. Solid-state 2H NMR data revealed surprising molecular dynamics for the ultralong N-acyl chain of Cer[EOS] with increased isotropic motion towards the isotropic ester-bound linoleate. The sphingosine moiety of Cer[EOS] is also highly mobile at skin temperature, in stark contrast to the other LPP components, N-lignoceroyl sphingosine acyl, lignoceric acid and cholesterol, which are predominantly rigid. The dynamics of the linoleic chain is quantitatively described by distributions of correlation times and using dynamic detector analysis. These NMR results along with neutron diffraction data suggest an LPP structure with alternating fluid (sphingosine chain-rich), rigid (acyl chain-rich), isotropic (linoleate-rich), rigid (acyl-chain rich), and fluid layers (sphingosine chain-rich). Such an arrangement of the skin barrier lipids with rigid layers separated with two different dynamic "fillings" i) agrees well with ultrastructural data, ii) satisfies the need for simultaneous rigidity (to ensure low permeability) and fluidity (to ensure elasticity, accommodate enzymes or antimicrobial peptides), and iii) offers a straightforward way to remodel the lamellar body lipids into the final lipid barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Fandrei
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04275 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomáš Havrišák
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Oskar Engberg
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04275 Leipzig, Germany
| | - AlbertA Smith
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04275 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Pullmannová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Kučerka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Ondrejčeková
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Demé
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble, CEDEX 9, France
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Steinhart
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Science in Prague, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04275 Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Arnett LP, Rana R, Chung WWY, Li X, Abtahi M, Majonis D, Bassan J, Nitz M, Winnik MA. Reagents for Mass Cytometry. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1166-1205. [PMID: 36696538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass cytometry (cytometry by time-of-flight detection [CyTOF]) is a bioanalytical technique that enables the identification and quantification of diverse features of cellular systems with single-cell resolution. In suspension mass cytometry, cells are stained with stable heavy-atom isotope-tagged reagents, and then the cells are nebulized into an inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-TOF-MS) instrument. In imaging mass cytometry, a pulsed laser is used to ablate ca. 1 μm2 spots of a tissue section. The plume is then transferred to the CyTOF, generating an image of biomarker expression. Similar measurements are possible with multiplexed ion bean imaging (MIBI). The unit mass resolution of the ICP-TOF-MS detector allows for multiparametric analysis of (in principle) up to 130 different parameters. Currently available reagents, however, allow simultaneous measurement of up to 50 biomarkers. As new reagents are developed, the scope of information that can be obtained by mass cytometry continues to increase, particularly due to the development of new small molecule reagents which enable monitoring of active biochemistry at the cellular level. This review summarizes the history and current state of mass cytometry reagent development and elaborates on areas where there is a need for new reagents. Additionally, this review provides guidelines on how new reagents should be tested and how the data should be presented to make them most meaningful to the mass cytometry user community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loryn P Arnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Rahul Rana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Wilson Wai-Yip Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Xiaochong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mahtab Abtahi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Daniel Majonis
- Standard BioTools Canada Inc. (formerly Fluidigm Canada Inc.), 1380 Rodick Road, Suite 400, Markham, OntarioL3R 4G5, Canada
| | - Jay Bassan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mitchell A Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 200 College Street, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
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6
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Roy S, Ho JCS, Teo DLC, Gupta S, Nallani M. Biomimetic Stratum Corneum Liposome Models: Lamellar Organization and Permeability Studies. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:135. [PMID: 36837639 PMCID: PMC9962386 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC), the outer layer of the skin, plays a crucial role as a barrier protecting the underlying cells from external stress. The SC comprises three key components: ceramide (CER), free fatty acid (FFA), and cholesterol, along with small fractions of cholesterol sulfate and cholesterol ester. In order to gain a deeper understanding about the interdependence of the two major components, CER and FFA, on the organizational, structural, and functional properties of the SC layer, a library of SC lipid liposome (SCLL) models was developed by mixing CER (phytosphingosine or sphingosine), FFA (oleic acid, palmitic acid, or stearic acid), cholesterol, and cholesterol sulfate. Self-assembly of the SC lipids into lamellar phases was first confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering. Short periodicity and long periodicity phases were identified for SCLLs containing phytosphingosines and sphingosine CERs, respectively. Furthermore, unsaturation in the CER acyl and FFA chains reduced the lipid conformational ordering and packing density of the liposomal bilayer, which were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The introduction of unsaturation in the CER and/or FFA chains also impacted the lamellar integrity and permeability. This extensive library of SCLL models exhibiting physiologically relevant lamellar phases with defined structural and functional properties may potentially be used as a model system for screening pharmaceuticals or cosmetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Roy
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - James C. S. Ho
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Douglas L. C. Teo
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Shikhar Gupta
- Procter & Gamble International Operations SA SG Branch, Singapore 138547, Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore
- ACM Biolabs Pte Ltd., Singapore 638075, Singapore
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7
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Pullmannová P, Čuříková-Kindlová BA, Ondrejčeková V, Kováčik A, Dvořáková K, Dulanská L, Georgii R, Majcher A, Maixner J, Kučerka N, Zbytovská J, Vávrová K. Polymorphism, Nanostructures, and Barrier Properties of Ceramide-Based Lipid Films. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:422-435. [PMID: 36643519 PMCID: PMC9835644 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides belong to sphingolipids, an important group of cellular and extracellular lipids. Their physiological functions range from cell signaling to participation in the formation of barriers against water evaporation. In the skin, they are essential for the permeability barrier, together with free fatty acids and cholesterol. We examined the periodical structure and permeability of lipid films composed of ceramides (Cer; namely, N-lignoceroyl 6-hydroxysphingosine, CerNH24, and N-lignoceroyl sphingosine, CerNS24), lignoceric acid (LIG; 24:0), and cholesterol (Chol). X-ray diffraction experiments showed that the CerNH24-based samples form either a short lamellar phase (SLP, d ∼ 5.4 nm) or a medium lamellar phase (MLP, d = 10.63-10.78 nm) depending on the annealing conditions. The proposed molecular arrangement of the MLP based on extended Cer molecules also agreed with the relative neutron scattering length density profiles obtained from the neutron diffraction data. The presence of MLP increased the lipid film permeability to the lipophilic model permeant (indomethacin) relative to the CerNS24-based control samples and the samples that had the same lipid composition but formed an SLP. Thus, the arrangement of lipids in various nanostructures is responsive to external conditions during sample preparation. This polymorphic behavior directly affects the barrier properties, which could also be (patho)physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pullmannová
- Skin
Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora A. Čuříková-Kindlová
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Ondrejčeková
- Skin
Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Skin
Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Dvořáková
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Dulanská
- Skin
Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Georgii
- Heinz
Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische
Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Adam Majcher
- Skin
Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Kučerka
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32Bratislava, Slovakia
- Frank
Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute
for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, 141980Dubna, Russia
| | - Jarmila Zbytovská
- Skin
Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin
Barrier Research Group, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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8
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Shamaprasad P, Frame CO, Moore TC, Yang A, Iacovella CR, Bouwstra JA, Bunge AL, McCabe C. Using molecular simulation to understand the skin barrier. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 88:101184. [PMID: 35988796 PMCID: PMC10116345 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Skin's effectiveness as a barrier to permeation of water and other chemicals rests almost entirely in the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), which consists of layers of corneocytes surrounded by highly organized lipid lamellae. As the only continuous path through the SC, transdermal permeation necessarily involves diffusion through these lipid layers. The role of the SC as a protective barrier is supported by its exceptional lipid composition consisting of ceramides (CERs), cholesterol (CHOL), and free fatty acids (FFAs) and the complete absence of phospholipids, which are present in most biological membranes. Molecular simulation, which provides molecular level detail of lipid configurations that can be connected with barrier function, has become a popular tool for studying SC lipid systems. We review this ever-increasing body of literature with the goals of (1) enabling the experimental skin community to understand, interpret and use the information generated from the simulations, (2) providing simulation experts with a solid background in the chemistry of SC lipids including the composition, structure and organization, and barrier function, and (3) presenting a state of the art picture of the field of SC lipid simulations, highlighting the difficulties and best practices for studying these systems, to encourage the generation of robust reproducible studies in the future. This review describes molecular simulation methodology and then critically examines results derived from simulations using atomistic and then coarse-grained models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parashara Shamaprasad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America; Multiscale Modeling and Simulation (MuMS) Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America
| | - Chloe O Frame
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America; Multiscale Modeling and Simulation (MuMS) Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America
| | - Timothy C Moore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America; Multiscale Modeling and Simulation (MuMS) Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America
| | - Alexander Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America; Multiscale Modeling and Simulation (MuMS) Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Iacovella
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America; Multiscale Modeling and Simulation (MuMS) Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Annette L Bunge
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Clare McCabe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America; Multiscale Modeling and Simulation (MuMS) Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1604, United States of America; School of Engineering and Physical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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9
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Opálka L, Meyer JM, Ondrejčeková V, Svatošová L, Radner FPW, Vávrová K. ω-O-Acylceramides but not ω-hydroxy ceramides are required for healthy lamellar phase architecture of skin barrier lipids. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100226. [PMID: 35568253 PMCID: PMC9192818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal omega-O-acylceramides (ω-O-acylCers) are essential components of a competent skin barrier. These unusual sphingolipids with ultralong N-acyl chains contain linoleic acid esterified to the terminal hydroxyl of the N-acyl, the formation of which requires the transacylase activity of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 1 (PNPLA1). In ichthyosis with dysfunctional PNPLA1, ω-O-acylCer levels are significantly decreased, and ω-hydroxylated Cers (ω-OHCers) accumulate. Here we explore the role of the linoleate moiety in ω-O-acylCers in the assembly of the skin lipid barrier. Ultrastructural studies of skin samples from neonatal Pnpla1+/+ and Pnpla1-/- mice showed that the linoleate moiety in ω-O-acylCers is essential for lamellar pairing in lamellar bodies, as well as for stratum corneum lipid assembly into the long periodicity lamellar phase (LPP). To further study the molecular details of ω-O-acylCer deficiency on skin barrier lipid assembly, we built in vitro lipid models composed of major stratum corneum lipid subclasses containing either ω-O-acylCer (healthy skin model), ω-OHCer (Pnpla1-/- model), or combination of the two. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and permeability studies indicated that ω-OHCers could not substitute for ω-O-acylCers, although in favorable conditions, they form a medium lamellar phase with a 10.8 nm-repeat distance and permeability barrier properties similar to LPP. In the absence of ω-O-acylCers, skin lipids were prone to separation into two phases with diminished barrier properties. The models combining ω-OHCers with ω-O-acylCers indicated that accumulation of ω-OHCers does not prevent ω-O-acylCer-driven lamellar stacking. These data suggest that ω-O-acylCer supplementation may be a viable therapeutic option in patients with PNPLA1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Opálka
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jason M Meyer
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Veronika Ondrejčeková
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Svatošová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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10
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Cholesterol Sulfate Fluidizes the Sterol Fraction of the Stratum Corneum Lipid Phase and Increases its Permeability. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100177. [PMID: 35143845 PMCID: PMC8953687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Desulfation of cholesterol sulfate (CholS) to cholesterol (Chol) is an important event in epidermal homeostasis and necessary for stratum corneum (SC) barrier function. The CholS/Chol ratio decreases during SC maturation but remains high in pathological conditions, such as X-linked ichthyosis, characterized by dry and scaly skin. The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of the CholS/Chol molar ratio on the structure, dynamics, and permeability of SC lipid model mixtures. We synthesized deuterated CholS and investigated lipid models with specifically deuterated components using 2H solid-state NMR spectroscopy at temperatures from 25°C to 80°C. Although the rigid acyl chains in ceramides and fatty acids remained essentially rigid upon variation of the CholS/Chol ratio, both sterols were increasingly fluidized in lipid models containing higher CholS concentrations. We also show the X-ray repeat distance of the lipid lamellar phase (105 Å) and the orthorhombic chain packing of the ceramide’s acyl chains and long free fatty acids did not change upon the variation of the CholS content. However, the Chol phase separation visible in models with high Chol concentration disappeared at the 50:50 CholS/Chol ratio. This increased fluidity resulted in higher permeabilities to model markers of these SC models. These results reveal that a high CholS/Chol ratio fluidizes the sterol fraction and increases the permeability of the SC lipid phase while maintaining the lamellar lipid arrangement with an asymmetric sterol distribution.
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11
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The Skin's Barrier: A Cryo-EM Based Overview of its Architecture and Stepwise Formation. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:285-292. [PMID: 34474746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A major role of the skin is to serve as a barrier toward the environment. The skin's permeability barrier consists of a lipid structure positioned in the stratum corneum. Recent progress in high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has allowed for elucidation of the architecture of the skin's barrier and its stepwise formation process representing the final stage of epidermal differentiation. In this review, we present an overview of the skin's barrier structure and its formation process, as evidenced by cryo-EM.
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12
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Meyer JM, Crumrine D, Schneider H, Dick A, Schmuth M, Gruber R, Radner FPW, Grond S, Wakefield JS, Mauro TM, Elias PM. Unbound Corneocyte Lipid Envelopes in 12R-Lipoxygenase Deficiency Support a Specific Role in Lipid-Protein Cross-Linking. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:921-929. [PMID: 33607042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in arachidonate lipoxygenase 12B (ALOX12B) are an important cause of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI). 12R-lipoxygenase (12R-LOX), the protein product of ALOX12B, has been proposed to covalently bind the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) to the proteinaceous corneocyte envelope, thereby providing a scaffold for the assembly of barrier-providing, mature lipid lamellae. To test this hypothesis, an in-depth ultrastructural examination of CLEs was performed in ALOX12B-/- human and Alox12b-/- mouse epidermis, extracting samples with pyridine to distinguish covalently attached CLEs from unbound (ie, noncovalently bound) CLEs. ALOX12B--/- stratum corneum contained abundant pyridine-extractable (ie, unbound) CLEs, compared with normal stratum corneum. These unbound CLEs were associated with defective post-secretory lipid processing, and were specific to 12R-LOX deficiency, because they were not observed with deficiency of the related ARCI-associated proteins, patatin-like phospholipase 1 (Pnpla1) or abhydrolase domain containing 5 (Abhd5). These results suggest that 12R-LOX contributes specifically to CLE-corneocyte envelope cross-linking, which appears to be a prerequisite for post-secretory lipid processing, and provide insights into the pathogenesis of 12R-LOX deficiency in this subtype of ARCI, as well as other conditions that display a defective CLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Meyer
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service and UC San Francisco Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California.
| | - Debra Crumrine
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service, San Francisco, California
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Angela Dick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Grond
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service and UC San Francisco Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service and UC San Francisco Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter M Elias
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Dermatology Service and UC San Francisco Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California
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13
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Kim KP, Shin KO, Park K, Cho Y. Borage Oil Enhances Lamellar Body Content and Alters Fatty Acid Composition of Epidermal Ceramides in Essential Fatty Acid-Deficient Guinea Pigs. Lipids 2020; 56:345-353. [PMID: 33378788 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Borage oil [BO: 40.9% linoleic acid (LNA) and 24.0% γ-linolenic acid (GLA)] reverses disrupted epidermal lipid barrier in essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). We determined the effects of BO on lamellar body (LB) content and LNA and GLA incorporation into epidermal ceramide 1 (CER1) and epidermal ceramide 2 (CER2), major barrier lipids. EFAD was induced in guinea pigs by a diet of 6% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) for 10 weeks (group HCO) or 8 weeks followed by 6% BO for 2 weeks (group HCO + BO). LB content and LNA and GLA incorporation into CER1 were higher in group HCO + BO than in group HCO. Small but significant levels of LNA, GLA, and their C20-metabolized fatty acids [dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (ARA)] were incorporated into CER2, where ARA was detected at a level lower than LNA, but DGLA incorporation exceeded that for GLA in group HCO + BO. Dietary BO enhanced LB content and differential incorporation of GLA into CER1 and DGLA into CER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Pyo Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Yongin-si, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1, Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhi Cho
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Yongin-si, 17104, Republic of Korea
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14
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Dang E, Man G, Lee D, Crumrine DA, Mauro TM, Elias PM, Man MQ. Mutations in 3β-hydroxysteroid-δ8, δ7-isomerase paradoxically benefit epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis in mice. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:384-389. [PMID: 33205489 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inherited or acquired blockade of distal steps in the cholesterol synthetic pathway results in ichthyosis, due to reduced cholesterol production and/or the accumulation of toxic metabolic precursors, while inhibition of epidermal cholesterol synthesis compromises epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. We showed here that 3β-hydroxysteroid-δ8, δ7-isomerase-deficient mice (TD), an analog for CHILD syndrome in humans, exhibited not only lower basal transepidermal water loss rates, but also accelerated permeability barrier recovery despite the lower expression levels of mRNA for epidermal differentiation marker-related proteins and lipid synthetic enzymes. Moreover, TD mice displayed low skin surface pH, paralleled by increased expression levels of mRNA for sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) and increased antimicrobial peptide expression, compared with wild-type (WT) mice, which may compensate for the decreased differentiation and lipid synthesis. Additionally, in comparison with WT controls, TD mice showed a significant reduction in ear thickness following challenges with either phorbol ester or oxazolone. However, TD mice exhibited growth retardation. Together, these results demonstrate that 3β-hydroxysteroid-δ8, δ7-isomerase deficiency does not compromise epidermal permeability barrier in mice, suggesting that alterations in epidermal function depend on which step of the cholesterol synthetic pathway is interrupted. But whether these findings in mice could be mirrored in humans remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erle Dang
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - George Man
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dale Lee
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Debbie A Crumrine
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Abstract
Various three-dimensional human skin models, in which the epidermis exhibits in vivo-like morphological and functional characteristics, have recently been developed. Such models are currently being used to study the development and physiology of the skin, the processes involved in wound healing, and the reactivity of skin to environmental and chemical insults. Since these models reproduce to a large extent the barrier function properties of normal human skin, they can be used for screening potential skin irritants. These substances can be applied topically and their irritant potential can be evaluated using various endpoints, such as the induction of tissue damage or the release of various pro-inflammatory mediators. Studies with human skin equivalents can therefore contribute to our knowledge of the basic biochemical mechanisms underlying irritant reactions, and can be used to understand the structural features of molecules which may be responsible for eliciting an irritant reaction. In addition”, the generation of epidermal equivalents populated with melanocytes, as well as keratinocytes, makes it possible to study the regulation of melanogenesis, melanocyte–keratinocyte interactions, and how these are affected by UV irradiation. Such a model can also be used for testing the phototoxic or photoprotective potentials of various compounds and sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ponec
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Schmitt T, Neubert RHH. State of the Art in Stratum Corneum Research. Part II: Hypothetical Stratum Corneum Lipid Matrix Models. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 33:213-230. [PMID: 32683377 DOI: 10.1159/000509019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review is the second part of a series which presents the state of the art in stratum corneum (SC) lipid matrix (LM) research in depth. In this part, the various hypothetical models which were developed to describe the structure and function of the SC LM as the skin's barrier will be discussed. New as well as a cumulative assortment of older results which change the view on the different models are considered to conclude how well the different models are holding up today. As a final conclusion, a model, factoring in as much of the known data as possible, is concluded, unifying the varying different models into one which can be developed further, as new results are found in the future. So far, the model is described with a single crystalline or gel-like phase with a certain amount of nanocrystallites of concentrated ceramides (CERs) and free fatty acids and more fluid nanodomains caused by a fluidizing effect of the cholesterol. These domains are dynamically resolved and reformed and do not impair the barrier function. The chain conformation is not completely clear yet; however, an equilibrium of fully extended and hairpin-folded CERs with ratios depending on the properties of each individual CER species is proposed as most likely. An overlapping middle layer as described for the tri-layer model in part I of this series would be present for both conformations. The macroscopic broad-narrow-broad layering, observed in electron micrographs, is explained by an external templating by the lipid envelope, and an internal templating by short and long lipid chains each preferentially show a homophilic association, forming thicker and thinner bilayers, respectively. The degree of influence of the very long ω-hydroxy-CERs is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmitt
- Department I, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard H H Neubert
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (IADP), Halle/Saale, Germany, .,Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany,
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17
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MacDermaid CM, Hall KW, DeVane RH, Klein ML, Fiorin G. Coexistence of Lipid Phases Stabilizes Interstitial Water in the Outer Layer of Mammalian Skin. Biophys J 2020; 118:1588-1601. [PMID: 32101711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid matrix in the outer layer of mammalian skin, the stratum corneum, has been previously investigated by multiple biophysical techniques aimed at identifying hydrophilic and lipophilic pathways of permeation. Although consensus is developing over the microscopic structure of the lipid matrix, no molecular-resolution model describes the permeability of all chemical species simultaneously. Using molecular dynamics simulations of a model mixture of skin lipids, the self-assembly of the lipid matrix lamellae has been studied. At higher humidity, the resulting lamellar phase is maintained by partitioning excess water into isolated droplets of controlled size and spatial distribution. The droplets may fuse together to form intralamellar water channels, thereby providing a pathway for the permeation of hydrophilic species. These results reconcile competing data on the outer skin's structure and broaden the scope of molecular-based methods to improve the safety of topical products and to advance transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M MacDermaid
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Temple Materials Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle Wm Hall
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Temple Materials Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Michael L Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Temple Materials Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Giacomo Fiorin
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Temple Materials Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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18
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Pullmannová P, Ermakova E, Kováčik A, Opálka L, Maixner J, Zbytovská J, Kučerka N, Vávrová K. Long and very long lamellar phases in model stratum corneum lipid membranes. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:963-971. [PMID: 30885924 PMCID: PMC6495169 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane models of the stratum corneum (SC) lipid barrier, either healthy or affected by recessive X-linked ichthyosis, constructed from ceramide [Cer; nonhydroxyacyl sphingosine N-tetracosanoyl-d-erythro-sphingosine (CerNS24) alone or with omega-O-acylceramide N-(32-linoleyloxy)dotriacontanoyl-d-erythro-sphingosine (CerEOS)], FFAs(C16-24), cholesterol (Chol), and sodium cholesteryl sulfate (CholS) were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a previously unreported polymorphism of the membranes. In the absence of CerEOS, the membranes formed a short lamellar phase (SLP; the repeat distance d = 5.3 nm), a medium lamellar phase (MLP; d = 10.6 nm), or very long lamellar phases (VLLP; d = 15.9 and 21.2 nm). An increased CholS-to-Chol ratio modulated the membrane polymorphism, although the CholS phase separated at ≥ 7 weight% (of total lipids). The presence of CerEOS led to the stable long lamellar phase (LLP) with d = 12.2 nm and prevented VLLP formation. Our XRD results agree well with recently published cryo-electron microscopy data for vitreous skin sections, while also revealing new structures. Thus, lamellar phases with long repeat distances (MLP and VLLP) may be formed in the absence of omega-O-acylceramide, whereas these ultralong Cer species likely stabilize the final SC lipid architecture of LLP by riveting the adjacent lipid layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pullmannová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Elena Ermakova
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - Andrej Kováčik
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Maixner
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Zbytovská
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; University of Chemistry and Technology Prague 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Kučerka
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia; Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Skin Barrier Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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19
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Crumrine D, Khnykin D, Krieg P, Man MQ, Celli A, Mauro TM, Wakefield JS, Menon G, Mauldin E, Miner JH, Lin MH, Brash AR, Sprecher E, Radner FPW, Choate K, Roop D, Uchida Y, Gruber R, Schmuth M, Elias PM. Mutations in Recessive Congenital Ichthyoses Illuminate the Origin and Functions of the Corneocyte Lipid Envelope. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:760-768. [PMID: 30471252 PMCID: PMC11249047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE), a monolayer of ω-hydroxyceramides whose function(s) remain(s) uncertain, is absent in patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses with mutations in enzymes that regulate epidermal lipid synthesis. Secreted lipids fail to transform into lamellar membranes in certain autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis epidermis, suggesting the CLE provides a scaffold for the extracellular lamellae. However, because cornified envelopes are attenuated in these autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses, the CLE may also provide a scaffold for subjacent cornified envelope formation, evidenced by restoration of cornified envelopes after CLE rescue. We provide multiple lines of evidence that the CLE originates as lamellar body-limiting membranes fuse with the plasma membrane: (i) ABCA12 patients and Abca12-/- mice display normal CLEs; (ii) CLEs are normal in Netherton syndrome, despite destruction of secreted LB contents; (iii) CLEs are absent in VSP33B-negative patients; (iv) limiting membranes of lamellar bodies are defective in lipid-synthetic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses; and (v) lipoxygenases, lipase activity, and LIPN co-localize within putative lamellar bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Krieg
- Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meei-Hua Lin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alan R Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Keith Choate
- Departments of Dermatology and Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dennis Roop
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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20
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Yamamoto K, Klossek A, Fuchs K, Watts B, Raabe J, Flesch R, Rancan F, Pischon H, Radbruch M, Gruber AD, Mundhenk L, Vogt A, Blume-Peytavi U, Schrade P, Bachmann S, Gurny R, Rühl E. Soft X-ray microscopy for probing of topical tacrolimus delivery via micelles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:68-75. [PMID: 30849430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The penetration of topically applied tacrolimus formulated in micelles into murine skin is reported, measured by X-ray microscopy. Tacrolimus and micelles are probed for the first time by this high spatial resolution technique by element-selective excitation in the C 1s- and O 1s-regimes. This method allows selective detection of the distribution and penetration depth of drugs and carrier molecules into biologic tissues. It is observed that small, but distinct quantities of the drug and micelles, acting as a drug carrier, penetrate the stratum corneum. A comparison is made with the paraffin-based commercial tacrolimus ointment Protopic®, where local drug concentrations show to be low. A slight increase in local drug concentration in the stratum corneum is observed, if tacrolimus is formulated in micelles, as compared to Protopic®. This underscores the importance of the drug formulations for effective drug delivery. Time-resolved penetration shows presence of drug in the stratum corneum 100 min after formulation application, with penetration to deeper skin layers at 1000 min. High resolution micrographs give indications for a penetration pathway along the lipid membranes between corneocytes, but also suggest that the compound may penetrate corneocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Klossek
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Fuchs
- Apidel SA, c/o The Business Harbour, 29 Quai du Mont Blanc, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B Watts
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstraße 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - J Raabe
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstraße 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Flesch
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Pischon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Radbruch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Mundhenk
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - U Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Schrade
- Abteilung für Elektronenmikroskopie at CVK, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Bachmann
- Abteilung für Elektronenmikroskopie at CVK, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Gurny
- Apidel SA, c/o The Business Harbour, 29 Quai du Mont Blanc, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Rühl
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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21
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State of the art in Stratum Corneum research: The biophysical properties of ceramides. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 216:91-103. [PMID: 30291856 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review is summarizing an important part of the state of the art in stratum corneum research. A complete overview on discoveries about the general biophysical and physicochemical properties of the known ceramide species' is provided. The ceramides are one of the three major components of the lipid matrix and mainly govern its properties and structure. They are shown to exhibit very little redundancy, despite the minor differences in their chemical structure. The results are discussed, compared to each other as well as the current base of knowledge. New interesting aspects and concepts are concluded or suggested. A novel interpretation of the 3-dimensional structure of the lipid matrix and its influence on the barrier function will be discussed. The most important conclusion is the presentation of a new and up to date theoretical model of the nanostructure of the short periodicity phase. The model suggests three perpendicular layers: The rigid head group region, the rigid chain region and, a liquid-like overlapping middle layer. The general principle of the skin barrier function is highlighted in regard to this structure and the ceramides biophysical and physicochemical properties. As a result of these considerations, the entropy vs. enthalpy principle is introduced, shedding light on the function as well as the effectiveness of the skin barrier. Additionally, general ideas to effectively overcome this barrier principle for dermal and transdermal delivery of actives or how to use it for specific targeting of the stratum corneum are proposed.
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22
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Lundborg M, Narangifard A, Wennberg CL, Lindahl E, Daneholt B, Norlén L. Human skin barrier structure and function analyzed by cryo-EM and molecular dynamics simulation. J Struct Biol 2018; 203:149-161. [PMID: 29702212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we have analyzed the molecular structure and function of the human skin's permeability barrier using molecular dynamics simulation validated against cryo-electron microscopy data from near native skin. The skin's barrier capacity is located to an intercellular lipid structure embedding the cells of the superficial most layer of skin - the stratum corneum. According to the splayed bilayer model (Iwai et al., 2012) the lipid structure is organized as stacked bilayers of ceramides in a splayed chain conformation with cholesterol associated with the ceramide sphingoid moiety and free fatty acids associated with the ceramide fatty acid moiety. However, knowledge about the lipid structure's detailed molecular organization, and the roles of its different lipid constituents, remains circumstantial. Starting from a molecular dynamics model based on the splayed bilayer model, we have, by stepwise structural and compositional modifications, arrived at a thermodynamically stable molecular dynamics model expressing simulated electron microscopy patterns matching original cryo-electron microscopy patterns from skin extremely closely. Strikingly, the closer the individual molecular dynamics models' lipid composition was to that reported in human stratum corneum, the better was the match between the models' simulated electron microscopy patterns and the original cryo-electron microscopy patterns. Moreover, the closest-matching model's calculated water permeability and thermotropic behaviour were found compatible with that of human skin. The new model may facilitate more advanced physics-based skin permeability predictions of drugs and toxicants. The proposed procedure for molecular dynamics based analysis of cellular cryo-electron microscopy data might be applied to other biomolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Narangifard
- ERCO Pharma AB, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Solna (MedS), Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Christian L Wennberg
- ERCO Pharma AB, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Lindahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertil Daneholt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Norlén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Dermatology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Mauldin EA, Crumrine D, Casal ML, Jeong S, Opálka L, Vavrova K, Uchida Y, Park K, Craiglow B, Choate KA, Shin KO, Lee YM, Grove GL, Wakefield JS, Khnykin D, Elias PM. Cellular and Metabolic Basis for the Ichthyotic Phenotype in NIPAL4 (Ichthyin)-Deficient Canines. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1419-1429. [PMID: 29548991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in several lipid synthetic enzymes that block fatty acid and ceramide production produce autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCIs) and associated abnormalities in permeability barrier homeostasis. However, the basis for the phenotype in patients with NIPAL4 (ichthyin) mutations (among the most prevalent ARCIs) remains unknown. Barrier function was abnormal in an index patient and in canines with homozygous NIPAL4 mutations, attributable to extensive membrane stripping, likely from detergent effects of nonesterified free fatty acid. Cytotoxicity compromised not only lamellar body secretion but also formation of the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) and attenuation of the cornified envelope (CE), consistent with a previously unrecognized, scaffold function of the CLE. Together, these abnormalities result in failure to form normal lamellar bilayers, accounting for the permeability barrier abnormality and clinical phenotype in NIPA-like domain-containing 4 (NIPAL4) deficiency. Thus, NIPAL4 deficiency represents another lipid synthetic ARCI that converges on the CLE (and CE), compromising their putative scaffold function. However, the clinical phenotype only partially improved after normalization of CLE and CE structure with topical ω-O-acylceramide because of ongoing accumulation of toxic metabolites, further evidence that proximal, cytotoxic metabolites contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mauldin
- Department of Dermatopathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Margret L Casal
- Department of Dermatopathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sekyoo Jeong
- Department of BioCosmetics, Seowon University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Lukáš Opálka
- Department of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Vavrova
- Department of BioCosmetics, Seowon University, Cheongju, South Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kyungho Park
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Brittany Craiglow
- Department of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Dermatology, Genetics, and Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Keith A Choate
- Department of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Dermatology, Genetics, and Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk Natl University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yong-Moon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk Natl University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Gary L Grove
- Department of Research and Development, cyberDERM, Media, Pennsylvania
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Young CA, Eckert RL, Adhikary G, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Blumenberg M, Rorke EA. Embryonic AP1 Transcription Factor Deficiency Causes a Collodion Baby-Like Phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1868-1877. [PMID: 28526300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AP1 transcription factors are important controllers of gene expression in the epidermis, and altered AP1 factor function can perturb keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. However, our understanding of how AP1 signaling changes may underlie or exacerbate skin disease is limited. We have shown that inhibiting AP1 factor function in suprabasal adult epidermis leads to reduced filaggrin levels and to a phenotype that resembles the genetic disorder ichthyosis vulgaris. We now show that inhibiting AP1 factor function during development in embryonic epidermis produces marked phenotypic changes including reduced filaggrin mRNA and protein levels, compromised barrier function, marked ultrastructural change, and enhanced dehydration susceptibility that resembles the phenotype observed in the flaky tail mouse, a model for ichthyosis vulgaris. In addition, the AP1 factor-deficient newborn mice display a collodion membrane phenotype that is not observed in flaky tail mice or in newborn individuals with ichthyosis vulgaris but is present in other forms of ichthyosis. This mixed phenotype suggests the need for a better understanding of the possible role of filaggrin loss and AP1 transcription factor deficiency in ichthyoses and collodion membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Young
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miroslav Blumenberg
- The R.O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ellen A Rorke
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Tessema EN, Gebre-Mariam T, Neubert RHH, Wohlrab J. Potential Applications of Phyto-Derived Ceramides in Improving Epidermal Barrier Function. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 30:115-138. [PMID: 28407621 DOI: 10.1159/000464337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The outer most layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, consists of corneocytes which are coated by a cornified envelope and embedded in a lipid matrix of ordered lamellar structure. It is responsible for the skin barrier function. Ceramides (CERs) are the backbone of the intercellular lipid membranes. Skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis and aged skin are characterized by dysfunctional skin barrier and dryness which are associated with reduced levels of CERs. Previously, the effectiveness of supplementation of synthetic and animal-based CERs in replenishing the depleted natural skin CERs and restoring the skin barrier function have been investigated. Recently, however, the barrier function improving effect of plant-derived CERs has attracted much attention. Phyto-derived CERs (phytoCERs) are preferable due to their assumed higher safety as they are mostly isolated from dietary sources. The beneficial effects of phytoCER-based oral dietary supplements for skin hydration and skin barrier reinforcement have been indicated in several studies involving animal models as well as human subjects. Ingestible dietary supplements containing phytoCERs are also widely available on the market. Nonetheless, little effort has been made to investigate the potential cosmetic applications of topically administered phytoCERs. Therefore, summarizing the foregoing investigations and identifying the gap in the scientific data on plant-derived CERs intended for skin-health benefits are of paramount importance. In this review, an attempt is made to synthesize the information available in the literature regarding the effects of phytoCER-based oral dietary supplements on skin hydration and barrier function with the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrem N Tessema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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26
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Lee YB, Park SM, Bae JM, Yu DS, Kim HJ, Kim JW. Which Skin Type Is Prevalent in Korean Post-Adolescent Acne Patients?: A Pilot Study Using the Baumann Skin Type Indicator. Ann Dermatol 2017; 29:817-819. [PMID: 29200783 PMCID: PMC5705376 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2017.29.6.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Bok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Sae Mi Park
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Jung Min Bae
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Hyun Jee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Jin-Wou Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea
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27
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Protein Palmitoylation by ZDHHC13 Protects Skin against Microbial-Driven Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:894-904. [PMID: 28017833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a complex chronic inflammatory skin disorder that results from intimate interactions among genetic predisposition, host environment, skin barrier defects, and immunological factors. However, a clear genetic roadmap leading to atopic dermatitis remains to be fully explored. From a genome-wide mutagenesis screen, deficiency of ZDHHC13, a palmitoylacyl transferase, has previously been associated with skin and multitissue inflammatory phenotypes. Here, we report that ZDHHC13 is required for skin barrier integrity and that deficiency of ZDHHC13 renders mice susceptible to environmental bacteria, resulting in persistent skin inflammation and an atopic dermatitis-like disease. This phenotype is ameliorated in a germ-free environment and is also attenuated by antibiotic treatment, but not by deletion of the Rag1 gene, suggesting that a microbial factor triggers inflammation rather than intrinsic adaptive immunity. Furthermore, skin from ZDHHC13-deficient mice has both elevated levels of IL-33 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells, reinforcing the role of innate immunity in the development of atopic dermatitis. In summary, our study suggests that loss of ZDHHC13 in skin impairs the integrity of multiple barrier functions and leads to a dermatitis lesion in response to microbial encounters.
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28
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Blaak J, Dähnhardt D, Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer S, Bielfeldt S, Wilhelm KP, Wohlfart R, Staib P. A plant oil-containing pH 4 emulsion improves epidermal barrier structure and enhances ceramide levels in aged skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2016; 39:284-291. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Blaak
- Research and Development; Kneipp GmbH; D-97084 Würzburg Germany
| | - D. Dähnhardt
- Microscopy Services Dähnhardt GmbH; D-24220 Flintbek Germany
| | | | - S. Bielfeldt
- proDERM Institut für Angewandte Dermatologische Forschung GmbH; D-22869 Schenefeld Germany
| | - K.-P. Wilhelm
- proDERM Institut für Angewandte Dermatologische Forschung GmbH; D-22869 Schenefeld Germany
| | - R. Wohlfart
- Research and Development; Kneipp GmbH; D-97084 Würzburg Germany
| | - P. Staib
- Research and Development; Kneipp GmbH; D-97084 Würzburg Germany
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29
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The Relationship of Proper Skin Cleansing to Pathophysiology, Clinical Benefits, and the Concomitant Use of Prescription Topical Therapies in Patients with Acne Vulgaris. Dermatol Clin 2016; 34:133-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Chan A, Godoy-Gijon E, Nuno-Gonzalez A, Crumrine D, Hupe M, Choi EH, Gruber R, Williams ML, Choate K, Fleckman PH, Elias PM. Cellular basis of secondary infections and impaired desquamation in certain inherited ichthyoses. JAMA Dermatol 2015; 151:285-92. [PMID: 25565224 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Secondary infections and impaired desquamation complicate certain inherited ichthyoses, but their cellular basis remains unknown. In healthy human epidermis, the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin (LL-37) and human β-defensin 2 (HBD2), as well as the desquamatory protease kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7), are delivered to the stratum corneum (SC) interstices by lamellar body (LB) exocytosis. OBJECTIVE To assess whether abnormalities in the LB secretory system could account for increased risk of infections and impaired desquamation in inherited ichthyoses with known abnormalities in LB assembly (Harlequin ichthyosis [HI]), secretion (epidermolytic ichthyosis [EI]), or postsecretory proteolysis (Netherton syndrome [NS]). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Samples from library material were taken from patients with HI, EI, NS, and other ichthyoses, but with a normal LB secretory system, and in healthy controls and were evaluated by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis from July 1, 2010, through March 31, 2013. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES Changes in LB secretion and in the fate of LB-derived enzymes and antimicrobial peptides in ichthyotic patients vs healthy controls. RESULTS In healthy controls and patients with X-linked ichthyosis, neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis, and Gaucher disease, LB secretion is normal, and delivery of LB-derived proteins and LL-37 immunostaining persists high into the SC. In contrast, proteins loaded into nascent LBs and their delivery to the SC interstices decrease markedly in patients with HI, paralleled by reduced immunostaining for LL-37, HBD2, and KLK7 in the SC. In patients with EI, the cytoskeletal abnormality impairs the exocytosis of LB contents and thus results in decreased LL-37, HBD2, and KLK7 secretion, causing substantial entombment of these proteins within the corneocyte cytosol. Finally, in patients with NS, although abundant enzyme proteins loaded in parallel with accelerated LB production, LL-37 disappears, whereas KLK7 levels increase markedly in the SC. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Together, these results suggest that diverse abnormalities in the LB secretory system account for the increased risk of secondary infections and impaired desquamation in patients with HI, EI, and NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aegean Chan
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Elena Godoy-Gijon
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Almudena Nuno-Gonzalez
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Melanie Hupe
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Eung-Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mary L Williams
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco5Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Keith Choate
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut7Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco2Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
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31
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Rorke EA, Adhikary G, Young CA, Rice RH, Elias PM, Crumrine D, Meyer J, Blumenberg M, Eckert RL. Structural and biochemical changes underlying a keratoderma-like phenotype in mice lacking suprabasal AP1 transcription factor function. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1647. [PMID: 25695600 PMCID: PMC4669787 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocyte differentiation on the body surface is a carefully choreographed process that leads to assembly of a barrier that is essential for life. Perturbation of keratinocyte differentiation leads to disease. Activator protein 1 (AP1) transcription factors are key controllers of this process. We have shown that inhibiting AP1 transcription factor activity in the suprabasal murine epidermis, by expression of dominant-negative c-jun (TAM67), produces a phenotype type that resembles human keratoderma. However, little is understood regarding the structural and molecular changes that drive this phenotype. In the present study we show that TAM67-positive epidermis displays altered cornified envelope, filaggrin-type keratohyalin granule, keratin filament, desmosome formation and lamellar body secretion leading to reduced barrier integrity. To understand the molecular changes underlying this process, we performed proteomic and RNA array analysis. Proteomic study of the corneocyte cross-linked proteome reveals a reduction in incorporation of cutaneous keratins, filaggrin, filaggrin2, late cornified envelope precursor proteins, hair keratins and hair keratin-associated proteins. This is coupled with increased incorporation of desmosome linker, small proline-rich, S100, transglutaminase and inflammation-associated proteins. Incorporation of most cutaneous keratins (Krt1, Krt5 and Krt10) is reduced, but incorporation of hyperproliferation-associated epidermal keratins (Krt6a, Krt6b and Krt16) is increased. RNA array analysis reveals reduced expression of mRNA encoding differentiation-associated cutaneous keratins, hair keratins and associated proteins, late cornified envelope precursors and filaggrin-related proteins; and increased expression of mRNA encoding small proline-rich proteins, protease inhibitors (serpins), S100 proteins, defensins and hyperproliferation-associated keratins. These findings suggest that AP1 factor inactivation in the suprabasal epidermal layers reduces expression of AP1 factor-responsive genes expressed in late differentiation and is associated with a compensatory increase in expression of early differentiation genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Rorke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Adhikary
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C A Young
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - P M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Meyer
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Blumenberg
- The R.O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York City, NY, USA
| | - R L Eckert
- 1] Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [3] Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [4] Greenebaum Cancer Center University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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32
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Skin hydration in postmenopausal women: argan oil benefit with oral and/or topical use. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2014; 13:280-8. [PMID: 26327867 PMCID: PMC4520377 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2014.46470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of daily consumption and/or application of argan oil on skin hydration in postmenopausal women. Material and methods Sixty postmenopausal women consumed butter during the stabilization period and were randomly divided into two groups for the intervention period: the treatment group absorbed alimentary argan oil (n = 30) and the control group olive oil (n = 30). Both groups applied cosmetic argan oil in the left volar forearm during a sixty days’ period. Evaluation of skin hydration, i.e. transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and water content of the epidermis (WCE) on both volar forearms of the two groups, were performed during three visits at D0, D30 and after sixty days (D60) of oils treatment. Results The consumption of argan oil has led to a significant decrease in TEWL (p = 0.023) and a significant increase in WCE (p = 0.001). The application of argan oil has led to a significant decrease in TEWL (p = 0.01) and a significant increase in WCE (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our findings suggest that the daily consumption and application of argan oil have improved the skin hydration by restoring the barrier function and maintaining the water-holding capacity.
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33
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Mauldin EA, Wang P, Evans E, Cantner CA, Ferracone JD, Credille KM, Casal ML. Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis in American Bulldogs Is Associated With NIPAL4 (ICHTHYIN) Deficiency. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:654-62. [PMID: 25322746 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814551425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A minority of patients with nonsyndromic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) display mutations in NIPAL4 (ICHTHYIN). This protein plays a role in epidermal lipid metabolism, although the mechanism is unknown. The study describes a moderate form of ARCI in an extended pedigree of American Bulldogs that is linked to the gene encoding ichthyin. The gross phenotype was manifest as a disheveled pelage shortly after birth, generalized scaling, and adherent brown scale with erythema of the abdominal skin. Pedigree analysis indicated an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Ultrastructurally, the epidermis showed discontinuous lipid bilayers, unprocessed lipid within corneocytes, and abnormal lamellar bodies. Linkage analysis, performed by choosing simple sequence repeat markers and single-nucleotide polymorphisms near genes known to cause ACRI, revealed an association with NIPAL4. NIPAL4 was identified and sequenced using standard methods. No mutation was identified within the gene, but affected dogs had a SINE element 5' upstream of exon 1 in a highly conserved region. Of 545 DNA samples from American Bulldogs, 32 dogs (17 females, 15 males) were homozygous for the polymerase chain reaction fragment. All affected dogs were homozygous, with parents heterozygous for the insertion. Immunolabeling revealed an absence of ichthyin in the epidermis. This is the first description of ARCI associated with decreased expression of NIPAL4 in nonhuman species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Evans
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C A Cantner
- Brandywine Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Chadds Ford, PA, USA
| | - J D Ferracone
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K M Credille
- Eli Lilly and Co, University of Pennsylvania, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M L Casal
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Man MQ, Lin TK, Santiago JL, Celli A, Zhong L, Huang ZM, Roelandt T, Hupe M, Sundberg JP, Silva KA, Crumrine D, Martin-Ezquerra G, Trullas C, Sun R, Wakefield JS, Wei ML, Feingold KR, Mauro TM, Elias PM. Basis for enhanced barrier function of pigmented skin. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2399-2407. [PMID: 24732399 PMCID: PMC4134407 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans with darkly pigmented skin display superior permeability barrier function in comparison with humans with lightly pigmented skin. The reduced pH of the stratum corneum (SC) of darkly pigmented skin could account for enhanced function, because acidifying lightly pigmented human SC resets barrier function to darkly pigmented levels. In SKH1 (nonpigmented) versus SKH2/J (pigmented) hairless mice, we evaluated how a pigment-dependent reduction in pH could influence epidermal barrier function. Permeability barrier homeostasis is enhanced in SKH2/J versus SKH1 mice, correlating with a reduced pH in the lower SC that colocalizes with the extrusion of melanin granules. Darkly pigmented human epidermis also shows substantial melanin extrusion in the outer epidermis. Both acute barrier disruption and topical basic pH challenges accelerate reacidification of SKH2/J (but not SKH1) SC, while inducing melanin extrusion. SKH2/J mice also display enhanced expression of the SC acidifying enzyme, secretory phospholipase A2f (sPLA2f). Enhanced barrier function of SKH2/J mice could be attributed to enhanced activity of two acidic pH-dependent, ceramide-generating enzymes, β-glucocerebrosidase and acidic sphingomyelinase, leading to accelerated maturation of SC lamellar bilayers. Finally, organotypic cultures of darkly pigmented human keratinocytes display enhanced barrier function in comparison with lightly pigmented cultures. Together, these results suggest that the superior barrier function of pigmented epidermis can be largely attributed to the pH-lowering impact of melanin persistence/extrusion and enhanced sPLA2f expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Qiang Man
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tzu-Kai Lin
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Juan L Santiago
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lily Zhong
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Huang
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Truus Roelandt
- Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Melanie Hupe
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John P Sundberg
- Department of Research and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Kathleen A Silva
- Department of Research and Development, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gemma Martin-Ezquerra
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Richard Sun
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joan S Wakefield
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maria L Wei
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth R Feingold
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Metabolism, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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35
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Menon GK, Orsó E, Aslanidis C, Crumrine D, Schmitz G, Elias PM. Ultrastructure of skin from Refsum disease with emphasis on epidermal lamellar bodies and stratum corneum barrier lipid organization. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:731-7. [PMID: 24920240 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Classic Refsum disease (RD) is a rare, autosomal recessively-inherited disorder of peroxisome metabolism due to a defect in the initial step in the alpha oxidation of phytanic acid (PA), a C16 saturated fatty acid with four methyl side groups, which accumulates in plasma and lipid enriched tissues (please see van den Brink and Wanders, Cell Mol Life Sci 63:1752-1765, 2006). It has been proposed that the disease complex in RD is in part due to the high affinity of phytanic acid for retinoid X receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Structurally, epidermal hyperplasia, increased numbers of cornified cell layers, presence of cells with lipid droplets in stratum basale and reduction of granular layer to a single layer have been reported by Blanchet-Bardon et al. (The ichthyoses, SP Medical & Scientific Books, New York, pp 65-69, 1978). However, lamellar body (LB) density and secretion were reportedly normal. We recently examined biopsies from four unrelated patients, using both OsO4 and RuO4 post-fixation to evaluate the barrier lipid structural organization. Although lamellar body density appeared normal, individual organelles often had distorted shape, or had non-lamellar domains interspersed with lamellar structures. Some of the organelles seemed to lack lamellar contents altogether, showing instead uniformly electron-dense contents. In addition, we also observed mitochondrial abnormalities in the nucleated epidermis. Stratum granulosum-stratum corneum junctions also showed co-existence of non-lamellar and lamellar domains, indicative of lipid phase separation. Also, partial detachment or complete absence of corneocyte lipid envelopes (CLE) was seen in the stratum corneum of all RD patients. In conclusion, abnormal LB contents, resulting in defective lamellar bilayers, as well as reduced CLEs, likely lead to impaired barrier function in RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Menon
- Global Research and Development, Ashland, Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, USA
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36
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Mojumdar EH, Helder RWJ, Gooris GS, Bouwstra JA. Monounsaturated fatty acids reduce the barrier of stratum corneum lipid membranes by enhancing the formation of a hexagonal lateral packing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6534-43. [PMID: 24818519 DOI: 10.1021/la500972w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of the skin barrier underlies the outer layer of the skin: the stratum corneum (SC). However, in several skin diseases this barrier is impaired. In two inflammatory skin diseases, atopic eczema and Netherton syndrome, an increased level of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) has been observed as opposed to healthy skin. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of MUFAs on the lipid organization and skin lipid barrier using an in vitro model membrane system, the stratum corneum substitute (SCS), mimicking the SC lipid composition and organization. To achieve our goal, the SCS has been prepared with increasing levels of MUFAs using various chain length. Permeation studies and trans-epidermal water loss measurements show that an increment of MUFAs reduces the lipid barrier in the SCS. The increased level of unsaturation exerts its effect by reducing the packing density in the lipid organization, while the lamellar phases are not affected. Our findings indicate that increased levels of MUFAs may contribute to the impaired skin barrier in diseased skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enamul H Mojumdar
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Gorlaeus Laboratories, University of Leiden , 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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37
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Comparative SAXS and DSC study on stratum corneum structural organization in an epidermal cell culture model (ROC): impact of cultivation time. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:577-85. [PMID: 23770376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell cultured skin equivalents present an alternative for dermatological in vitro evaluations of drugs and excipients as they provide the advantage of availability, lower variability and higher assay robustness compared to native skin. For penetration/permeation studies, an adequate stratum corneum barrier similar to that of human stratum corneum is, however, a prerequisite. In this study, the stratum corneum lipid organization in an epidermal cell culture model based on rat epidermal keratinocytes (REK organotypic culture, ROC) was investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in dependence on ROC cultivation time and in comparison to native human and rat stratum cornea. In addition, the thermal phase behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and barrier properties were checked by measurements of the permeability of tritiated water. The development of the barrier of ROC SC obtained at different cultivation times (7, 14 and 21 days at the air-liquid interface) was connected with an increase in structural order of the SC lipids in SAXS measurements: Already cultivation for 14 days at the air-liquid interface resulted overall in a competent SC permeability barrier and SC lipid organization. Cultivation for 21 days resulted in further minor changes in the structural organization of ROC SC. The SAXS patterns of ROC SC had overall large similarities with that of human SC and point to the presence of a long periodicity phase with a repeat distance of about 122Å, e.g. slightly smaller than that determined for human SC in the present study (127Å). Moreover, SAXS results also indicate the presence of covalently bound ceramides, which are crucial for a proper SC barrier, although the corresponding thermal transitions were not clearly detectable by DSC. Due to the competent SC barrier properties and high structural and organizational similarity to that of native human SC, ROC presents a promising alternative for in vitro studies, particularly as it can be obtained under overall rather straightforward cell culture conditions and thus low assay costs.
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38
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van Smeden J, Janssens M, Gooris GS, Bouwstra JA. The important role of stratum corneum lipids for the cutaneous barrier function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:295-313. [PMID: 24252189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The skin protects the body from unwanted influences from the environment as well as excessive water loss. The barrier function of the skin is located in the stratum corneum (SC). The SC consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix. This lipid matrix is crucial for the lipid skin barrier function. This paper provides an overview of the reported SC lipid composition and organization mainly focusing on healthy and diseased human skin. In addition, an overview is provided on the data describing the relation between lipid modulations and the impaired skin barrier function. Finally, the use of in vitro lipid models for a better understanding of the relation between the lipid composition, lipid organization and skin lipid barrier is discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Smeden
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Janssens
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G S Gooris
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J A Bouwstra
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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39
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Uchino M, Ikeuchi H, Matsuoka H, Bando T, Ichiki K, Nakajima K, Takahashi Y, Tomita N, Takesue Y. Catheter-associated bloodstream infection after bowel surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Surg Today 2013; 44:677-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-013-0683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Nakazawa H, Imai T, Hatta I, Sakai S, Inoue S, Kato S. Low-flux electron diffraction study for the intercellular lipid organization on a human corneocyte. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1424-31. [PMID: 23415834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human skin stratum corneum (SC) structures were investigated by electron diffraction (ED) with a very low-flux electron beam with the help of high-sensitivity detectors, the imaging plate and the CCD camera. This low-flux electron diffraction (LFED) method made it possible to minimize the unfavorable effect of electron beam damage and to give a reliable diffraction pattern from a small selected area (0.2μm(2)) on a corneocyte. Dependence of the 2-dimensional ED pattern on the size of the selected area showed that orientational correlation between lipid packing domains can persist over the area much larger than their domain size. The LFED method also allowed us to trace the detailed structural change induced by the electron beam damage. The ED diffraction peak for the lattice constant of about 4.1nm decayed in three steps. The detailed analysis of these three steps suggested that a different type of orthorhombic structure exists interacted with the well-described hexagonal and orthorhombic structures, in the process of decay resulting from electron beam damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Nakazawa
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan.
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41
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Guy R. Skin - That Unfakeable Young Surface'. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:181-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000351939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Parenteau N, Sabolinski M, Prosky S, Nolte C, Oleson M, Kriwet K, Bilbo P. Biological and physical factors influencing the successful engraftment of a cultured human skin substitute. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 52:3-14. [PMID: 18629847 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19961005)52:1<3::aid-bit1>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Skin tissue may be engineered in a variety of ways. Our cultured skin substitute (Graftskin, living skin equivalent or G-LSE), Apligraftrade mark, is an organotypic culture of skin, containing both a "dermis" and "epidermis." The epidermis is an important functional component of skin, responsible for biologic wound closure. The epidermis possesses a stratum corneum which develops with time in culture. The stratum corneum provides barrier function properties and gives the LSE improved strength and handling characteristics. Clinical experience indicated that the stratum corneum might play an important role in improving the clinical utility of the LSE. Handling and physical characteristics improved with time in culture. We examined the LSE at different stages of epidermal maturation for barrier function and ability to persist as a graft. LSE grafted onto athymic mice before significant development of barrier function did not withstand bandage removal at 7 days postgraft. LSE grafted after barrier function had been established in vitro were able to withstand bandage removal at day 7. Corneum lipid composition and structure are critical components for barrier function. Media modifications were used in an attempt to improve the fatty acid composition of the stratum corneum. The barrier developed more rapidly and was improved in a serum-free, lipid-supplemented condition. Lipid lamellar structure was improved with 10% of the stratum corneum exhibiting broad-narrow-broad lipid lamellar arrangements similar to human skin. Fatty acid metabolism was not appreciably altered. Barrier function in vitro was 4- to 10-fold more permeable than human skin. Epidermal differentiation does not compromise engraftment or the wound healing ability of the epidermis. The stratum corneum provides features beneficial for engraftment and clinical use. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Parenteau
- Organogenesis Inc., 150 Dan Rd. Canton, Massachusetts 02021
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43
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Hansmann B, Ahrens K, Wu Z, Proksch E, Meyer-Hoffert U, Schröder JM. Murine filaggrin-2 is involved in epithelial barrier function and down-regulated in metabolically induced skin barrier dysfunction. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:271-6. [PMID: 22417302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The S100 fused-type proteins (SFTPs) are thought to be involved in the barrier formation and function of the skin. Mutations in the profilaggrin gene, one of the best investigated members of this family, are known to be the major risk factors for ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. Recently, we identified human filaggrin-2 as a new member of the SFTP family. To achieve further insight into its function, here the murine filaggrin-2 was analysed as a possible orthologue. The 5' and 3' ends of the mouse filaggrin-2 cDNA of the BALB/c strain were sequenced and confirmed an organization typical for SFTPs. Murine filaggrin-2 showed an expression pattern mainly in keratinizing epithelia in the upper cell layers on both mRNA and protein levels. The expression in cultured mouse keratinocytes was increased upon elevated Ca(2+) levels. Immunoblotting experiments indicated an intraepidermal processing of the 250-kDa full-length protein. In metabolically (essential fatty acid-deficient diet) induced skin barrier dysfunction, filaggrin-2 expression was significantly reduced, whereas filaggrin expression was up-regulated. In contrast, mechanical barrier disruption with acetone treatment did not affect filaggrin-2 mRNA expression. These results suggest that filaggrin-2 may contribute to epidermal barrier function and its regulation differs, at least in parts, from that of filaggrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Hansmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
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44
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Lin TK, Crumrine D, Ackerman LD, Santiago JL, Roelandt T, Uchida Y, Hupe M, Fabriàs G, Abad JL, Rice RH, Elias PM. Cellular changes that accompany shedding of human corneocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2430-2439. [PMID: 22739796 PMCID: PMC3447115 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Corneocyte desquamation has been ascribed to either: 1) proteolytic degradation of corneodesmosomes (CD); 2) disorganization of extracellular lamellar bilayers; and/or 3) ‘swell-shrinkage-slough’ (SSS) from hydration/dehydration. To address the cellular basis for normal exfoliation, we compared changes in lamellar bilayer architecture and CD structure in DSquame® strips from the 1st vs. 5th stripping (‘outer’ vs. ‘mid’-stratum corneum [SC], respectively) from 9 normal adult forearms. Strippings were either processed for standard EM or for ruthenium (Ru-V)- or osmium-tetroxide (Os-V) vapor fixation, followed by immediate epoxy embedment, an artifact-free protocol that to our knowledge is previously unreported. CDs are largely intact in the mid-SC, but replaced by electron-dense (hydrophilic) clefts (lacunae) that expand laterally, splitting lamellar arrays in the outer SC. Some undegraded DSG1/DSC1 redistribute uniformly into corneocyte envelopes (CEs) in the outer SC (shown by proteomics, Z-stack confocal imaging and immunoEM). CEs then thicken, likely facilitating exfoliation by increasing corneocyte rigidity. In vapor-fixed images, hydration only altered the volume of the extracellular compartment, expanding lacunae further separating membrane arrays. During dehydration, air replaced water, maintaining the expanded extracellular compartment. Hydration also provoked degradation of membranes by activating contiguous acidic ceramidase activity. Together, these studies identify several parallel mechanisms that orchestrate exfoliation from the surface of normal human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Kai Lin
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Larry D Ackerman
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Juan-Luis Santiago
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Hospital General de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Truus Roelandt
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melanie Hupe
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gemma Fabriàs
- Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose L Abad
- Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Service, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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45
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Menon GK, Cleary GW, Lane ME. The structure and function of the stratum corneum. Int J Pharm 2012; 435:3-9. [PMID: 22705878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 150 years the skin's structure and function has been the subject of much investigation by scientists. The stratum corneum (SC), the skin's outermost layer and interface with the outside world is now well recognized as the barrier that prevents unwanted materials from entering, and excessive loss of water from exiting the body. This review summarizes the major advances in our understanding of this formidable membrane. The structure of the SC is outlined as well as techniques to visualize the barrier. The lipid organization and ionic gradients, as well as the metabolic responses and underlying cellular signalling that lead to barrier repair and homeostasis are discussed. Finally, a brief overview of the molecular and genetic factors that determine the development of a competent permeability barrier is provided.
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46
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Kawasaki H, Nagao K, Kubo A, Hata T, Shimizu A, Mizuno H, Yamada T, Amagai M. Altered stratum corneum barrier and enhanced percutaneous immune responses in filaggrin-null mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1538-46.e6. [PMID: 22409988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function mutations in filaggrin are major predisposing factors for atopic dermatitis. Although various reports suggest a critical role for filaggrin in stratum corneum (SC) barrier formation, the lack of filaggrin-null (Flg(-/-)) mice has hampered detailed in vivo analysis of filaggrin's functions. OBJECTIVE We sought to generate Flg(-/-) mice and to assess the effect of filaggrin loss on SC barrier function and percutaneous immune responses. METHODS We generated Flg(-/-) mice using gene targeting and assessed the morphology, hydration, mechanical strength, and antigen permeability of their SC. Percutaneous immune responses were evaluated through irritant- and hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity studies and by measuring humoral responses to epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigen. RESULTS Newborn Flg(-/-) mice exhibited dry scaly skin. Despite marked decreases in natural moisturizing factor levels, which are filaggrin degradation products, SC hydration and transepidermal water loss were normal. Microscopic analyses suggested premature shedding of SC layers, and indeed, increased desquamation under mechanical stress was demonstrated. Loss of keratin patterns, which are critical for corneocyte stabilization, is likely attributable to fragility in the Flg(-/-) SC. Antigens penetrated the Flg(-/-) SC more efficiently, leading to enhanced responses in hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity and higher serum levels of anti-ovalbumin IgG(1) and IgE. CONCLUSION Complete filaggrin deficiency led to altered barrier integrity and enhanced sensitization, which are important factors in early-phase atopic dermatitis. Flg(-/-) mice should provide a valuable tool to further explore additional factors the dysfunction of which leads to uncontrolled inflammation in patients with atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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The human skin barrier is organized as stacked bilayers of fully extended ceramides with cholesterol molecules associated with the ceramide sphingoid moiety. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2215-25. [PMID: 22534876 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The skin barrier is fundamental to terrestrial life and its evolution; it upholds homeostasis and protects against the environment. Skin barrier capacity is controlled by lipids that fill the extracellular space of the skin's surface layer--the stratum corneum. Here we report on the determination of the molecular organization of the skin's lipid matrix in situ, in its near-native state, using a methodological approach combining very high magnification cryo-electron microscopy (EM) of vitreous skin section defocus series, molecular modeling, and EM simulation. The lipids are organized in an arrangement not previously described in a biological system-stacked bilayers of fully extended ceramides (CERs) with cholesterol molecules associated with the CER sphingoid moiety. This arrangement rationalizes the skin's low permeability toward water and toward hydrophilic and lipophilic substances, as well as the skin barrier's robustness toward hydration and dehydration, environmental temperature and pressure changes, stretching, compression, bending, and shearing.
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Nakazawa H, Ohta N, Hatta I. A possible regulation mechanism of water content in human stratum corneum via intercellular lipid matrix. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:238-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tfayli A, Guillard E, Manfait M, Baillet-Guffroy A. Molecular interactions of penetration enhancers within ceramides organization: a Raman spectroscopy approach. Analyst 2012; 137:5002-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35220f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chan A, Holleran W, Ferguson T, Crumrine D, Goker-Alpan O, Schiffmann R, Tayebi N, Ginns EI, Elias P, Sidransky E. Skin ultrastructural findings in type 2 Gaucher disease: diagnostic implications. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:631-6. [PMID: 21982627 PMCID: PMC3224209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 Gaucher disease is a rare and progressive subtype of this lysosomal storage disorder, marked by rapid, early-onset neurodegeneration. Distinguishing type 2 from types 1 and 3 Gaucher disease has remained challenging, due to the lack of a clear correlation between phenotype and enzymatic activity or genotype. β-glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease, also has an essential role in maintaining epidermal permeability function, by regulating the ratio of ceramides to glucosylceramides in the stratum corneum of the skin. OBJECTIVES To further assess the diagnostic utility of epidermal evaluations in distinguishing patients with type 2 Gaucher disease in an expanded cohort. STUDY DESIGN Epidermal samples were evaluated from twenty children with type 2, three patients with type 3 Gaucher disease and two adults with type 1 Gaucher disease with different clinical manifestations and genotypes. Electron microscopy on ruthenium tetroxide post-fixed tissue was performed. RESULTS Compared to controls and subjects with type 1 and type 3 Gaucher disease, only patients with type 2 Gaucher disease displayed characteristic electron dense, non-lamellar clefts and immature-lamellar membranes. CONCLUSION The appearance of characteristic alterations in epidermal ultrastructure provides an early and specific diagnostic tool to help in distinguishing type 2 from the other types of Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aegean Chan
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center & University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Walter Holleran
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center & University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Tajh Ferguson
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center & University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ozlem Goker-Alpan
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edward I. Ginns
- Lysosomal Disorders Treatment and Research Program, Clinical Labs, University of Massachusetts Medical School/UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA
| | - Peter Elias
- Department of Dermatology, VA Medical Center & University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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