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Simard M, Morin S, Rioux G, Séguin R, Loing E, Pouliot R. A Tissue-Engineered Human Psoriatic Skin Model to Investigate the Implication of cAMP in Psoriasis: Differential Impacts of Cholera Toxin and Isoproterenol on cAMP Levels of the Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155215. [PMID: 32717879 PMCID: PMC7432929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological and healthy skin models were reconstructed using similar culture conditions according to well-known tissue engineering protocols. For both models, cyclic nucleotide enhancers were used as additives to promote keratinocytes’ proliferation. Cholera toxin (CT) and isoproterenol (ISO), a beta-adrenergic agonist, are the most common cAMP stimulators recommended for cell culture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of either CT or ISO on the pathological characteristics of the dermatosis while producing a psoriatic skin model. Healthy and psoriatic skin substitutes were produced according to the self-assembly method of tissue engineering, using culture media supplemented with either CT (10−10 M) or ISO (10−6 M). Psoriatic substitutes produced with CT exhibited a more pronounced psoriatic phenotype than those produced with ISO. Indeed, the psoriatic substitutes produced with CT had the thickest epidermis, as well as contained the most proliferating cells and the most altered expression of involucrin, filaggrin, and keratin 10. Of the four conditions under study, psoriatic substitutes produced with CT had the highest levels of cAMP and enhanced expression of adenylate cyclase 9. Taken together, these results suggest that high levels of cAMP are linked to a stronger psoriatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Geneviève Rioux
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rachelle Séguin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Estelle Loing
- IFF-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, Québec, QC G1V 4M6, Canada;
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-525-4444 (ext. 61706); Fax: +1-418-990-8248
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Scott TL, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, D'Orazio JA. Purification and growth of melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r)- defective primary murine melanocytes is dependent on stem cell factor (SFC) from keratinocyte-conditioned media. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 45:577-83. [PMID: 19633898 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a transmembrane G(s)-coupled surface protein found on melanocytes that binds melanocyte-stimulating hormone and mediates activation of adenylyl cyclase and generation of the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP). MC1R regulates growth and differentiation of melanocytes and protects against carcinogenesis. Persons with loss-offunction polymorphisms of MC1R tend to be UV-sensitive (fair-skinned and with a poor tanning response) and are at high risk for melanoma. Mechanistic studies of the role of MC1R in melanocytic UV responses, however, have been hindered in part because Mc1r-defective primary murine melanocytes have been difficult to culture in vitro. Until now, effective growth of murine melanocytes has depended on cAMP stimulation with adenylyl cyclase-activating or phosphodiesterase-inhibiting agents. However, rescuing cAMP in the setting of defective MC1R signaling would be expected to confound experiments directly testing MC1R function on melanocytic UV responses. In this paper, we report a novel method of culturing primary murine melanocytes in the absence of pharmacologic cAMP stimulation by incorporating conditioned supernatants containing stem cell factor derived from primary keratinocytes. Importantly, this method seems to permit similar pigment expression by cultured melanocytes as that found in the skin of their parental murine strains. This novel approach will allow mechanistic investigation into MC1R's role in the protection against UV-mediated carcinogenesis and determination of the role of melanin pigment subtypes on UV-mediated melanocyte responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Scott
- The Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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3
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Warnke PH, Springer IN, Russo PAJ, Wiltfang J, Essig H, Kosmahl M, Sherry E, Acil Y. Innate immunity in human bone. Bone 2006; 38:400-8. [PMID: 16263346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2005] [Revised: 08/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone has exceptional regenerative properties. Oral bone appears to be particularly resistant to infection despite exposure to oral flora, even in circumstances such as oral surgery where the thin mucosal layer covering the bone is disrupted. The goal of this study was to determine whether the innate immune system of antimicrobial peptides exists inside bone. Biopsies of non-infected and chronically infected mandibular bone were harvested from patients during maxillofacial surgical procedures. Bone biopsies from the iliac crest and fibula served as controls. Immunohistochemical staining was performed, directed against the human beta-defensin antimicrobial peptides (hBD) -1, -2 and -3. In addition, cultures of osteoblast-like cells were examined for the presence of each of the three beta-defensins and their mRNA transcripts. All three human beta-defensins were detected within the mineralized bone matrix of chronically infected mandibular bone in the vicinity of the endosteum and osteocytes. hBD-1, -2 and -3 were also found in the cytoplasm of osteocytes. Expression of all three beta-defensins was detected in each of the non-infected bone types including the controls, however, to a lesser degree than that found in the chronically infected mandibular bone. This may reflect upregulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in the presence of chronic infection. Cultures of non-infected osteoblast-like cells were found to express mRNA for each of hBD-1, -2 and -3. Immunohistochemical staining of the cultures was positive for hBD-1 and -2, but not for hBD-3. We provide the first evidence of a previously unrecognized innate immunological function of bone through the demonstration of the presence of the human beta-defensins hBD-1, -2 and -3 in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Warnke
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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4
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Yamaoka J, Imamura S. Analysis of mechanisms of epidermal proliferation induced by intracutaneous injection of cholera toxin by the use of site-specifically mutated cholera toxins. J Dermatol Sci 1998; 16:182-90. [PMID: 9651815 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(97)00050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intracutaneous injection of cholera toxin (CT) into rabbits increases vascular permeability and induces epidermal proliferation. To understand the mechanisms of these effects on the skin, we evaluated the involvement of the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the A subunit of CT and receptor-binding interactions between GM1-ganglioside and the B subunit of CT. We constructed two mutant CTs, E112K and W88K, by site-directed mutagenesis. Mutant CT-E112K, in which glutamic acid at position 112 (E112) of the A subunit of CT was replaced by lysine, has been shown to have lost its biological activity on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells because of its abolished ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Mutant CT-W88K, in which tryptophan at position 88 (W88) of the B subunit of CT was replaced by lysine, has been shown to have lost its binding ability to GM1-ganglioside. Intracutaneous injection of these mutant CTs evoked less vascular permeability and less epidermal proliferation than recombinant wild-type CT. These results suggest that: (1) the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity carried by E112 of the A subunit of CT; and (2) the binding ability to GM1-ganglioside via W88 of the B subunit of CT are essential for these effects of CT on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yamaoka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Hospital, Japan
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Kerkhof PCMVD, Vleuten CJMVD, Gerritsen M, Jong ED. The epidermis as a target for antipsoriatic treatment. J DERMATOL TREAT 1997. [DOI: 10.3109/09546639709160520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PCM van de Kerkhof
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mjp Gerritsen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emgj de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Brysk MM, Arany I, Brysk H, Chen SH, Calhoun KH, Tyring SK. Gene expression of markers associated with proliferation and differentiation in human keratinocytes cultured from epidermis and from buccal mucosa. Arch Oral Biol 1995; 40:855-62. [PMID: 8651890 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(95)00046-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Normal keratinocytes from epidermis and from buccal mucosa underwent dissimilar stages of differentiation in the same culture medium and responded differently to changes in the composition of the medium. Manifestations of these variations were examined in terms of the expression at the mRNA level (as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) of three regulatory genes (cdc2, c-myc, and p53) and five that encode structural proteins (keratins K5, K10 and K13, involucrin, and filaggrin), in three growth-medium formulations. The culture conditions enhanced or retarded maturation; the observed alterations in gene expression correlated with these changes. Except for the proliferation genes, the non-keratinizing buccal mucosa generally responded more weakly than the orthokeratotic epidermis to culture-medium supplementation favouring differentiation. Gene expression in cultured keratinocytes reflected their ability to differentiate in vivo; genes were expressed even when the corresponding protein was not seen in vitro. Although keratin K10 is not prevalent in the buccal mucosa nor keratin K13 in the epidermis, the genes for both were found to be expressed in both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Brysk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA
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7
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Van Ruissen F, Van de Kerkhof PC, Schalkwijk J. Signal transduction pathways in epidermal proliferation and cutaneous inflammation. Clin Dermatol 1995; 13:161-90. [PMID: 7780918 DOI: 10.1016/0738-081x(95)93822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Van Ruissen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Elder JT, Hammerberg C, Cooper KD, Kojima T, Nair RP, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ. Cyclosporin A rapidly inhibits epidermal cytokine expression in psoriasis lesions, but not in cytokine-stimulated cultured keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:761-6. [PMID: 8245502 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the cellular target(s) of cyclosporin action in psoriasis, we have studied the effects of systemic short-term (7 d), low-dose (3-7.5 mg/kg) cyclosporin A administration on the expression of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1 beta in psoriatic lesions. RNA blot hybridization analysis of pretreatment keratome biopsies revealed that expression of both cytokine mRNAs was highly variable from patient to patient. Significant covariation of both cytokine mRNA levels was noted (r = 0.86, p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant correlation between expression of either cytokine and clinical severity, as measured by the pretreatment Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). IL-1 beta protein levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were highly correlated with IL-1 beta mRNA levels, indicating that the differences in transcript levels accurately reflect differences in epidermal cytokine protein. Significant reductions in both cytokine transcripts and in IL-1 beta immunoreactive protein were noted in the high expression subgroup after 1 week of cyclosporin A therapy, prior to detectable clinical improvement. In contrast to its pronounced effects on epidermal cytokine expression in vivo and the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction in vitro, cyclosporine A did not inhibit the induction of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 or IL-8 mRNAs by cultured keratinocytes in response to IL-1 beta or the combination of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma. These data suggest that epidermal keratinocytes respond to signals produced by activated T cells by coordinate expression of multiple cytokines, and that cyclosporin A acts primarily through blockade of T cells, rather than through keratinocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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9
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Hickok NJ, Uitto J. Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression, polyamine levels, and DNA synthetic rates by all-trans-retinoic acid in cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:327-32. [PMID: 1545142 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12499799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression and cell growth by all-trans-retinoic acid in the presence and absence of exogenous putrescine were examined in normal keratinocyte cultures maintained in serum-free medium containing 0.15 mM Ca++. Putrescine and the higher polyamines are negative feedback regulators of ODC synthesis and are essential for cell growth. Human keratinocytes were incubated with and without 1 microM putrescine and the effects of 5 x 10(-7) M retinoic acid on ODC mRNA levels, ODC activity, polyamine levels, and DNA synthetic rates were determined. Northern blot analysis of total RNA isolated from breast reduction keratinocytes treated with retinoic acid up to 24 h showed a time-dependent suppression of ODC mRNA levels that was unaffected by putrescine. ODC activity was suppressed more rapidly in keratinocytes grown in the absence of putrescine; however, at 24 h, ODC activity was suppressed to an equal extent under both culture conditions. The effect of retinoic acid on polyamine levels was determined in the absence of exogenous putrescine. Retinoic acid treatment markedly suppressed putrescine and N1-acetylspermidine levels, whereas spermidine and spermine levels were relatively unaffected. The effect of retinoic acid on DNA synthetic rates, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, was variable. Retinoic acid either stimulated or had little effect on keratinocyte DNA synthetic rates in cells derived from breast reductions and cultured in the absence of putrescine; these effects were not opposed by the presence of exogenous putrescine. In contrast, DNA synthesis in keratinocytes derived from neonatal foreskins was consistently suppressed by retinoic acid, independent of the polyamine status. Our data, therefore, suggest that the effect of retinoic acid on cell growth, as indicated by DNA synthetic rates, does not necessarily parallel its effect on ODC activity and mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Hickok
- Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Brysk MM, Rajaraman S. Cohesion and desquamation of epidermal stratum corneum. PROGRESS IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY 1992; 25:1-53. [PMID: 1470681 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(11)80062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This article attempts to provide a comprehensive review on the roles of various classes of molecules in the cohesion and desquamation of the stratum corneum. In the first part of this monograph we review the field of epidermal differentiation in vivo and vitro, describing the expression and functions of a number of key structural molecules that characterize the process. In the second part we emphasize terminal differentiation and the biogenesis of the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum is a cell layer unique to fully differentiated squamous epithelia such as skin. While it is a dead stratum, it nevertheless is in a homeostatic process of continual shedding and renewal in synchrony with basal cell replication. It is also a degradative layer containing many proteinases and glycosidases in which a variety of intracellular and intercellular macromolecules are degraded. We highlight the molecules localized within the intercorneal matrix that are most likely to play a role in cohesion and desquamation, including: glycoproteins, lipids and enzymes. Because it is difficult to study the stratum corneum and desquamation in the native tissue, we discuss a number of model systems that have been used. The stratum corneum can be dispersed into single squames in different ways; these include mechanical dispersion as well as agents such as detergents and enzymes. The solubilized molecules and the structures remaining can then be studied as to their specific roles in desquamation. Using this approach it is possible to reconstitute multilayered structures that resemble a real stratum corneum. We have shown that glycoproteins play a key role in squame reaggregation and that this process can be modulated with amino sugars in a lectin-like fashion. Cohesion and desquamation can also be studied in tissue culture. Depending on the culture system, the extent of terminal differentiation and squame accumulation varies. Yet desquamation does not normally occur. It can be induced however by the inclusion of exogenous agents such as IFN-gamma which are found in the native epidermis but are absent in vitro. Modulation of desquamation by other exogenous agents is likely to yield further knowledge of how shedding occurs in vivo. Insight has also come from studies of scaling skin disorders. The glycoprotein and lipid profiles are altered in the stratum corneum in many diseases of aberrant terminal differentiation. A number of abnormalities in the levels of cytokines and growth factors have also been reported in the lesional tissue of such diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Brysk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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Olsen DR, Hickok NJ, Uitto J. Suppression of ornithine decarboxylase gene expression by retinoids in cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 94:33-6. [PMID: 2295835 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12873328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression by retinoids was analyzed in human keratinocyte cultures maintained in serum-free medium containing 0.15 mM Ca++. Cells were incubated with all-trans-retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid or arotinoid Ro15-0778 (10(-10) to 10(-5) M), total RNA was isolated, and mRNA transcripts for ODC were analyzed by Northern and slot blot hybridizations with a human ODC cDNA. Treatment of cells for 24 h resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in ODC mRNA levels, with an estimated IC50 of approximately 1 X 10(-8) M for all-trans- and 13-cis-retinoic acid, while Ro15-0778 was somewhat less effective (IC50 approximately 1-5 X 10(-7) M). The suppression of ODC mRNA levels by retinoids was detectable at approximately 3 h of incubation, with essentially a maximal inhibition at 12 h. Reduced ODC mRNA levels noted after 24 h of incubation with 5 X 10(-7) M all-trans-retinoic acid were accompanied by a reduction in ODC enzyme activity. To determine if all-trans-retinoic acid was regulating ODC gene expression directly, or if protein synthesis was required, ODC expression was analyzed in cultures treated with protein synthesis inhibitors. In the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin, all-trans-retinoic acid did not suppress ODC mRNA levels. These findings suggest that suppression of ODC gene expression is not a direct effect of all-trans-retinoic acid, but depends on ongoing protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Olsen
- Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Abstract
Proceeding from the cultivation of human epidermal cells we succeeded in cultivating mucosal cells from ethmoidal sinuses and in characterizing them by scanning electron microscopy. In particular, the reaction of ciliated cells and goblet cells in vitro and their ability to reproduce were compared with the reaction of keratinocytes. Ethmoidal sinus cells show adhesion and spreading rates similar to those of skin cells; they proliferate faster (3 days up to monolayer) and differentiate in vitro to ciliated epithelia. It would seem possible to use them for lining of plastic prostheses for the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, Humboldt University, Berlin, GDR
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13
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Yamanishi K, Kishimoto S, Yasuno H. Cyclic AMP as a negative regulator of DNA synthesis in FRSK cells, a fetal rat epidermal cell line. J Dermatol 1989; 16:2-6. [PMID: 2470796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1989.tb01211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In FRSK cells, a cell line derived from fetal rat epidermal cells, cyclic AMP-elevating agents forskolin (10 microM) and cholera toxin (10 ng/ml) increased cellular cyclic AMP content and suppressed [3H] thymidine incorporation. These effects of forskolin were enhanced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.1 mM). Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1 mM), an analog of cyclic AMP, decreased not only basal but also both tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate- and epidermal growth factor-stimulated [3H] thymidine incorporation. From these results, we suggest that cyclic AMP may be a negative regulatory factor of DNA synthesis in FRSK cells.
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Reiss M, Dibble CL. Reinitiation of DNA synthesis in quiescent mouse keratinocytes; regulation by polypeptide hormones, cholera toxin, dexamethasone, and retinoic acid. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1988; 24:537-44. [PMID: 2455703 DOI: 10.1007/bf02629088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cloned mouse keratinocytes (MK-1 cells) display density-dependent growth arrest when reaching confluency in a serum-free medium with a calcium concentration less than 0.1 mM, supplemented only with insulin and transferrin. In this quiescent state, greater than 95% of the cell population is in the Go/1 phase of the cell cycle. Treatment of quiescent MK-1 cells with 1 to 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF) resulted in a sharp burst of DNA synthetic activity. Both insulin and cholera toxin potentiated the mitogenic effect of EGF, but neither agent was necessary or sufficient to induce thymidine incorporation into DNA. Dexamethasone abolished the effect of insulin, but not the mitogenic effect of EGF alone. In contrast, retinoic acid (RA) did not possess any mitogenic effect for quiescent MK-1 cells, nor did it modulate the actions of EGF or dexamethasone. A number of commercially available crude extracts of bovine brain and pituitary were also capable of initiating DNA synthesis in resting MK-1 cells. Finally, transforming growth factor type beta (TGF beta) proved to be a potent inhibitor of the mitogen-induced DNA synthesis in MK-1 cells (IC50:10 pM). This defined culture system is eminently suited to study the regulation of DNA synthesis of epidermal cells. In addition, it can be used as a sensitive bioassay for the detection of epidermal mitogens, as well as inhibitors of DNA synthesis such as TGF beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reiss
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fransson
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Stanulis-Praeger BM, Yaar M, Redziniak G, Meybeck A, Gilchrest BA. An extract of bovine thymus stimulates human keratinocyte growth in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90:749-54. [PMID: 2452215 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12560950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An extract prepared from newborn calf thymus stimulated proliferation of human keratinocytes cultured from newborn foreskins and from skin biopsies of 26 adult volunteers aged 19 to 70 years. Growth over the 7-day assay period in the basal medium was age-dependent, with newborn cultures achieving a 10-fold increase in cell number over seeding density, old adult cultures barely maintaining their seeding density and young adult cultures intermediate in proliferative capacity. Maximally stimulatory extract concentration was 5-fold higher for newborn than for adult keratinocytes, with adult cultures experiencing toxicity at doses still growth-promoting for newborn cultures. At optimal extract concentration the maximal average increase in cell yield (66.3% for newborn, 53.6% for young adult, and 18.1% for old) indicated decreased mitogen responsiveness or increased inhibitor sensitivity with increasing donor age. Stimulation of cholera toxin-treated cultures was equally high, ranging from 39.4% to 145.9%, suggesting that the extract acts through a cyclic AMP-independent pathway. Thymic extract did not increase colony forming efficiency. Our findings provide further support for the concept of functional interactions between the skin and the immune system, in addition to the recognized morphologic similarities between thymic cells and keratinocytes. Furthermore, these data confirm earlier findings of an inverse relationship between mitogen responsiveness and donor age for cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Stanulis-Praeger
- United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
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17
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Whitfield JF, Durkin JP, Franks DJ, Kleine LP, Raptis L, Rixon RH, Sikorska M, Walker PR. Calcium, cyclic AMP and protein kinase C--partners in mitogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1987; 5:205-50. [PMID: 3030578 DOI: 10.1007/bf00046999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is steadily mounting that the proto-oncogenes, whose products organize and start the programs that drive normal eukaryotic cells through their chromosome replication/mitosis cycles, are transiently stimulated by sequential signals from a multi-purpose, receptor-operated mechanism (consisting of internal surges of Ca2+ and bursts of protein kinase C activity resulting from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate breakdown and the opening of membrane Ca2+ channels induced by receptor-associated tyrosine-protein kinase activity) and bursts of cyclic AMP-dependent kinase activity. The bypassing or subversion of the receptor-operated Ca2+/phospholipid breakdown/protein kinase C signalling mechanism is probably the basis of the freeing of cell proliferation from external controls that characterizes all neoplastic transformations.
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Pentland AP, Marcelo CL, Jordan MA, Voorhees JJ. Effects of gas tension on epidermal keratinocyte DNA synthesis and prostaglandin production. J Invest Dermatol 1986; 86:177-80. [PMID: 2427598 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12284228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase partial pressure of O2 (PO2) overlying mouse keratinocyte cultures controls the rate of DNA synthesis of these cells by an undefined mechanism. In these studies, both PO2 and PCO2 tensions overlying primary cell cultures were varied within the physiologic range. The prostaglandin (PG) production of cells grown under several varying gas tensions was then determined using radioimmune assay. The cultures were grown under a PO2 of either 7.5% (physiologic for in vivo epidermis) or 21% (atmospheric; culture conditions and wound healing) for 5 days. The PCO2 was either 5 or 10%, 2 CO2 tensions routinely used in tissue culture studies. DNA synthesis was quantitated using [3H]dThd uptake into DNA and autoradiography. The PGE2 and PGF2 alpha syntheses by the cultures over specific time periods were determined. Changing the PO2 from 21 to 7.5% decreased the rate of DNA synthesis, while PG production remained constant. When the PCO2 was varied from 5 to 10%, keratinocyte DNA synthesis remained unchanged but PG production was markedly stimulated. The PCO2 effect on PG production was greatest at the highest oxygen tension. The data indicated that under this set of variables, PG production by keratinocytes is not directly related to the rate of DNA synthesis of the cells. Apparently the amount of oxygen in the gas phase can have a permissive effect on epidermal keratinocyte PG production.
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Jensen PK, Nørgård JO, Bolund L. Changes in basal cell subpopulations and tissue differentiation in human epidermal cultures treated with epidermal growth factor and cholera toxin. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1985; 49:325-40. [PMID: 2417407 DOI: 10.1007/bf02912110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell kinetic studies on cultured human epidermal cells have indicated that cycling basal cells may be divided into at least two subpopulations that seem to differ with respect to the rate of DNA replication. The present study was undertaken in order to elucidate the biological significance of these subpopulations. The proliferation characteristics of cultured basal cells were changed by the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and cholera toxin to the culture medium. It was shown that EGF and cholera toxin stimulated the growth of human epidermal cells in culture. Simultaneously, the terminal differentiation of the cells was inhibited resulting in a reduced multilayering and a reduced formation of the cornified envelope. However, only minor differences in the protein synthesis pattern were observed between cultures maintained in the presence or absence of the growth stimulators. The effect of EGF and cholera toxin on the basal cell subpopulations was investigated after 3H-thymidine labelling followed by cell sorting and autoradiography. In the presence of EGF and cholera toxin dramatic changes were induced in the labelling pattern of sorted S-phase cells indicating significant alterations in the balance between the subpopulations of cycling basal cells. Our results with these substances are in accord with the hypothesis that the observed cell kinetic subpopulations may be related to regeneration or early events in the differentiation process of the keratinocyte.
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Iizuka H, Ohkuma N, Ohkawara A. Effects of retinoids on the cyclic AMP system of pig skin epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1985; 85:324-7. [PMID: 2995498 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12276915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although retinoids reveal various biologic and biochemical activities on epidermal keratinocytes, their effects on the epidermal cyclic AMP (cAMP) system has been less well characterized. In order to elucidate the relation between them, an in vitro pig skin-slice incubation system was employed. After a long-term (up to 24 h) incubation in vitro, control skin responded to epinephrine only slightly. The addition of Ro 10-1670, an active derivative of Ro 10-9359 (etretinate) in the incubation medium, resulted in an increase of the beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase response of epidermis. On the other hand, histamine-induced cAMP accumulation was decreased by the retinoid treatment after long-term incubation. The augmentation of the beta-adrenergic response was observed at 1 microM concentration and the maximal effect was observed at 10 microM. There was no significant difference in cAMP phosphodiesterase activities between the control and retinoid-treated skin. The effect was also observed by the addition of all-trans-retinoic acid, retinol, and Ro 10-9359; the latter two compounds revealed much lesser effects. The addition of combinations of various drugs (Ro 10-1670 and hydrocortisone; Ro 10-1670 and colchicine) resulted in more marked (additive or synergistic) effects than the single addition of each chemical. On the other hand, the addition of Ro 10-1670 and all-trans-retinoic acid resulted in neither additive nor synergistic effect, suggesting that they probably work on the same site. Our data indicate that the epidermal beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase response is modulated by retinoids probably as an independent mechanism stimulated by glucocorticoids or colchicine.
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Kragballe K, Desjarlais L, Voorhees JJ. Leukotrienes B4, C4 and D4 stimulate DNA synthesis in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 1985; 113:43-52. [PMID: 2990516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes in psoriatic skin lesions are potent mediators of inflammation. We have studied the capacity of leukotrienes to stimulate the DNA synthesis of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. At concentrations ranging from 10(-12) to 10(-8) M, LTB4 produced a 100% increase of DNA synthesis determined both as the incorporation of [3H] thymidine and as the labelling index. In comparison, LTB4 had no effect on the DNA synthesis of dermal fibroblast cultures. 5S,12S-LTB4 and 5S,12S-all-trans-LTB4 did not change the DNA synthesis of keratinocytes, but the effect of LTB4 was abolished in the presence of 5S,12S-all-trans HLTB4. Being less potent than LTB4 the peptidoleukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4) also stimulated keratinocyte DNA synthesis. The effect of the peptidoleukotrienes, but not of LTB4, was antagonized by FPL 55712. These results show that leukotrienes B4, C4 and D4 exert potent and stereospecific mitogenic effects on cultured human keratinocytes. The presence of these arachidonic acid metabolites in psoriatic skin lesions may be pertinent to both inflammation and aberrant epidermal growth in psoriasis.
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Iizuka H, Kishiyama K, Ohkuma N, Ohkawara A. Modulation of pig epidermal adenylate-cyclase responses by protein-synthesis inhibitors: its relation to glucocorticoid and colchicine effects. Arch Dermatol Res 1985; 277:466-72. [PMID: 4051556 DOI: 10.1007/bf00510064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of protein-synthesis inhibitors (actinomycin D, puromycin, and cycloheximide) on epidermal adenylate-cyclase responses were investigated. When pig skin (epidermis) was incubated in RPMI-1640 medium, the beta-adrenergic adenylate-cyclase response (epinephrine-induced cyclic-AMP accumulations) decreased, whereas the adenosine and histamine responses increased after long-term (up to 48 h) incubation. The addition of actinomycin D or puromycin to the incubation medium resulted in a marked increase in epinephrine-induced cyclic-AMP accumulations and a decrease in adenosine- and histamine-induced cyclic-AMP accumulations. Cycloheximide had a weak effect on the epinephrine response, and had apparently stronger effects on the adenosine and histamine responses than actinomycin D or puromycin. Histologically, various degenerative changes of keratinocytes (with or without acantholytic changes) were observed after long-term incubation with these protein-synthesis inhibitors. Both low- and high-Km cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activities were moderately decreased by the protein-synthesis inhibitors. However, augmentation effects on the beta-adrenergic response were also observed in the presence of the cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, theophylline. We have described previously similar augmentation effects on the beta-adrenergic response caused by glucocorticoids and colchicine. Comparison of the effects of these chemicals with those of protein-synthesis inhibitors revealed that the most marked effects on the beta-adrenergic response were produced by actinomycin D, puromycin and colchicine; glucocorticoid had a moderate effect (hydrocortisone), while cycloheximide had only a weak effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Ellis VM. Catecholamine excretion in patients with psoriasis. Australas J Dermatol 1984; 25:118-20. [PMID: 6534372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.1984.tb00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Marcelo CL, Gold RC, Fairley JA. Effect of 1.2 mmol/l calcium, triamcinolone acetonide, and retinoids on low-calcium regulated keratinocyte differentiation. Br J Dermatol 1984; 111 Suppl 27:64-72. [PMID: 6204678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb15583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal mouse keratinocytes cultured in low calcium (0.01 mmol/l) show rapid growth and little stratification when compared with cells grown in normal 1.2 mmol/l calcium. The effect of low calcium on the amount and synthesis of specific differentiation proteins was studied; additionally, the effect of 10(-8) mol/l triamcinolone acetonide, and 6 micrograms/ml of retinoic acid and of etretinate (Ro 10-9359) on low-calcium regulated keratinocyte hyperproliferation and differentiation was determined. Low-calcium regulated keratinocytes contained less non-covalently cross-linked and disulphide cross-linked keratins, less cell envelopes, much greater amounts of SDS-soluble viable cell proteins, and slightly more keratohyaline granule-related proteins than normal-calcium regulated keratinocytes. A 24 h switching time to 1.2 mmol/l calcium medium did not affect the amounts or synthesis of these proteins. Both retinoids and triamcinolone acetonide inhibited by approximately 50% the proliferation of the low-calcium regulated keratinocytes. Growth of low-calcium cells in these drugs for 9 days increased the amounts of both keratins and cell envelope proteins in the cultures. We concluded that calcium-dependent processes can regulate epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Our studies suggest that these calcium-regulated events may occur via changes in calcium-dependent proteins.
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