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Ali TFS, Taira N, Iwamaru K, Koga R, Kamo M, Radwan MO, Tateishi H, Kurosaki H, Abdel-Aziz M, Abuo-Rahma GEDAA, Beshr EAM, Otsuka M, Fujita M. HSP70 induction by bleomycin metal core analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127002. [PMID: 32044184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is known to be effective against various diseases. We are interested in HSP70 induction capability of an antitumor antibiotic bleomycin which produces oxidative stress by iron chelate formation and oxygen activation in a cell. The HSP70 induction activity of bleomycin and its six metal core analogs was examined, and a compound HPH-1Trt of 10 μM was found to induce this protein in a pheochromocytoma cell line and some T cell and monocytic cell lines. Its mechanism is increase of HSP70 mRNA, but higher concentration of this compound showed toxicity. Two new derivatives were then synthesized, and one of them named DHPH-1Trt was shown to have less toxicity and higher HSP70 induction activity. This study would lead to a clue for new HSP70 inducer clinically used in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha F S Ali
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Naomi Taira
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Kana Iwamaru
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamo
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kurosaki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | | | - Eman A M Beshr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan.
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Song LL, Cui Y, Yu SJ, Liu PG, He JF. TGF-β and HSP70 profiles during transformation of yak hair follicles from the anagen to catagen stage. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15638-15646. [PMID: 30723905 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) are important for the hair follicle (HF) cycle, but it is unclear whether they participate in HF regression in yak skin. In this study, we investigated the role of TGF-β, TGF-βRII, and HSP70 in the transition from anagen to catagen of HFs. The results showed that TGF-β2 transcription was significantly higher than that of TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 in the same periods. Meanwhile, the expressions of TGF-β2, TGF-βRII, and caspase-3 were higher in the catagen phase than that in mid-anagen, and some TGF-βRII-positive HF cells were terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive. Moreover, the HSP70 protein levels in mid-anagen were higher than those in late-anagen and catagen. These results suggested that TGF-β2 plays a major role in catagen induction in yak HFs, which might be achieved via TGF-βRII-mediated apoptosis in HF epithelial cells. In contrast, HSP70 might protect epithelial cells from apoptosis and ultimately inhibit HF regression. In conclusion, TGF-β2 has positive effects, whereas HSP70 has negative effects, on catagen induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Li Song
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Si-Jiu Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng-Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Feng He
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Assessment of Cytokine Release against Oral Mucosal Cell Line Culture (TR146) Stimulated by Neutrophil Elastase Associated with Behcet's Disease. Int J Dent 2019; 2019:6095628. [PMID: 31263499 PMCID: PMC6556314 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6095628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Cytokines and chemokines may be involved in the onset of oral ulcer in Behcet's disease. The aim of our study is to assess the cytotoxic effects of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines on reconstructed oral mucosal cell line (TR146) when treated with different concentrations of neutrophil elastase (NE). Objective For this purpose, a culture of the oral mucosal model (OMM) prepared from a cell line derived from an oral squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa (TR146) is treated with different concentrations of neutrophil elastase. The cultures were incubated for 4- and 24-hour intervals and designed as follows: culture + artificial saliva served as the negative control; culture + 0.01% SLS (sodium lauryl sulphate) served as the positive control; and culture + NE (10, 50, 100, and 200 nM) served as the treated group. Materials and Methods We used sandwich ELISA technique to isolate IL-1β (interleukin 1β), IL-8, and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor). Results We found no significant level of IL-8 and TNF-α when treated with different concentrations of neutrophil elastase after 4- and 24-hour incubation. The IL-1β level was slightly higher when treated with 100 and 200 nM NE after 24 hours of incubation although a significantly high level was observed at 100 nM NE after 4 hours of incubation. Hence, we found an increase in the level of IL-1β when stimulating the reconstructed oral mucosal model (OMM) with different concentrations of NE. This is a preliminary in vitro study; however, further research is required to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of cytokines and chemokines released when treated with NE. Moreover, high concentrations of NE are recommended to stimulate the release of cytokines and chemokines against the OMM.
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Schmitt L, Marquardt Y, Amann P, Heise R, Huth L, Wagner-Schiffler S, Huth S, Baron JM. Comprehensive molecular characterization of microneedling therapy in a human three-dimensional skin model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204318. [PMID: 30235356 PMCID: PMC6147558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Microneedling therapy is a widely used technique in dermatology. However, little is known about the underlying molecular effects of this therapy on extracellular matrix remodeling, wound healing, and inflammation. The aim of this study was to examine morphological and molecular changes caused by microneedling treatment in a standardized in vitro full-thickness 3D model of human skin. Materials and methods A microneedling device was used to treat full-thickness 3D skin models. Specimens were harvested at specified time points and qRT-PCR and microarray studies were performed. Frozen sections were examined histologically. Results Microneedling treatment caused morphological changes in the skin model resulting in an almost complete recovery of the epidermis five days after treatment. Microarray analysis identified an upregulation of genes that are associated with tissue remodeling and wound healing (e.g. COL3A1, COL8A1, TIMP3), epithelial proliferation and differentiation (KRT13, IGF1), immune cell recruitment (CCL11), and a member of the heat shock protein family (HSPB6). On the other hand, we detected a downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL1α, IL1β, IL24, IL36γ, IL36RN), and antimicrobial peptides (e.g. S100A7A, DEFB4). These data were confirmed by independent RT-PCR analyses. Conclusion We present for the first time the direct molecular effects of microneedling therapy on epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts using a standardized 3D skin model. Treatment resulted in histological alterations and changed the expression of various genes related to epidermal differentiation, inflammation, and dermal remodeling. This data suggests that skin microneedling plays a role in dermal remodeling, increases epidermal differentiation, and might also have a direct effect on collagen synthesis. These findings may increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of human skin repair induced by microneedling therapy and will allow comparisons with competing applications, such as ablative laser therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz Schmitt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Praxis für Dermatologie, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Yvonne Marquardt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Amann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Heise
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Huth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Huth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens-Malte Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Lüling R, John H, Gudermann T, Thiermann H, Mückter H, Popp T, Steinritz D. Transient Receptor Potential Channel A1 (TRPA1) Regulates Sulfur Mustard-Induced Expression of Heat Shock 70 kDa Protein 6 ( HSPA6) In Vitro. Cells 2018; 7:cells7090126. [PMID: 30200301 PMCID: PMC6162519 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemosensory transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel perceives different sensory stimuli. It also interacts with reactive exogenous compounds including the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM). Activation of TRPA1 by SM results in elevation of intracellular calcium levels but the cellular consequences are not understood so far. In the present study we analyzed SM-induced and TRPA1-mediated effects in human TRPA1-overexpressing HEK cells (HEKA1) and human lung epithelial cells (A549) that endogenously exhibit TRPA1. The specific TRPA1 inhibitor AP18 was used to distinguish between SM-induced and TRPA1-mediated or TRPA1-independent effects. Cells were exposed to 600 µM SM and proteome changes were investigated 24 h afterwards by 2D gel electrophoresis. Protein spots with differential staining levels were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nano liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Results were verified by RT-qPCR experiments in both HEKA1 or A549 cells. Heat shock 70 kDa protein 6 (HSPA6) was identified as an SM-induced and TRPA1-mediated protein. AP18 pre-treatment diminished the up-regulation. RT-qPCR measurements verified these results and further revealed a time-dependent regulation. Our results demonstrate that SM-mediated activation of TRPA1 influences the protein expression and confirm the important role of TRPA1 ion channels in the molecular toxicology of SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lüling
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
| | - Harald Mückter
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Tanja Popp
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany.
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Schmitt L, Huth S, Amann PM, Marquardt Y, Heise R, Fietkau K, Huth L, Steiner T, Hölzle F, Baron J. Direct biological effects of fractional ultrapulsed CO2 laser irradiation on keratinocytes and fibroblasts in human organotypic full-thickness 3D skin models. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 33:765-772. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang J, Yu P, Wang H, He Y. HOXC13 and HSP27 Expression in Skin and the Periodic Growth of Secondary Fiber Follicles from Longdong Cashmere Goats Raised in Different Production Systems. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:742-752. [PMID: 29149771 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to identify periodic changes in secondary follicles (SFs) over one year of extensive (grazed) and intensive (housed and fed supplement) farming of Longdong cashmere goats. One-year old goats (n = 24, 12 extensively fed and 12 intensively fed) were studied. The diameter, depth, density, activity, and ultra-structural features of SFs were assessed using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. HOXC13 and HSP27 expression were studied using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence method. The anagen stage in the extensively grazed goats was from April to September, but was longer (April to October) in the housed, supplementary fed group. The depth and activity of the SF in anagen and catagen differed (P < 0.05) between the groups. HSP27 and HOXC13 protein were present in both the epidermis and dermis, with HSP27 immunoreactivity highest in the hair shaft (HS), outer root sheath (ORS) and inner root sheath (IRS). HOXC13 expression was prominent in both the eprdermis and ORS. HSP27 and HOXC13 expression were prominent during anagen, and less so during catagen and telogen. In anagen, HSP27 expression in the HS, IRS, and ORS of the extensively fed group was higher than in the intensively fed group (p < 0.05). In contrast, HOXC13 expression in HS, IRS and ORS of the extensively fed group was lower than in the intensively fed group (P < 0.05). This suggests the growth of cashmere is influenced by nutrition and that housed goats could be used in cashmere production. Anat Rec, 301:742-752, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Second Hospital Affiliated to Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanyu He
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Calapre L, Gray ES, Kurdykowski S, David A, Descargues P, Ziman M. SIRT1 activation mediates heat-induced survival of UVB damaged Keratinocytes. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2017; 17:8. [PMID: 28601088 PMCID: PMC5466784 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-017-0060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Exposure to heat stress after UVB irradiation induces a reduction of apoptosis, resulting in survival of DNA damaged human keratinocytes. This heat-mediated evasion of apoptosis appears to be mediated by activation of SIRT1 and inactivation of p53 signalling. In this study, we assessed the role of SIRT1 in the inactivation of p53 signalling and impairment of DNA damage response in UVB plus heat exposed keratinocytes. Results Activation of SIRT1 after multiple UVB plus heat exposures resulted in increased p53 deacetylation at K382, which is known to affect its binding to specific target genes. Accordingly, we noted decreased apoptosis and down regulation of the p53 targeted pro-apoptotic gene BAX and the DNA repair genes ERCC1 and XPC after UVB plus heat treatments. In addition, UVB plus heat induced increased expression of the cell survival gene Survivin and the proliferation marker Ki67. Notably, keratinocytes exposed to UVB plus heat in the presence of the SIRT1 inhibitor, Ex-527, showed a similar phenotype to those exposed to UV alone; i.e. an increase in p53 acetylation, increased apoptosis and low levels of Survivin. Conclusion This study demonstrate that heat-induced SIRT1 activation mediates survival of DNA damaged keratinocytes through deacetylation of p53 after exposure to UVB plus heat Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12895-017-0060-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Calapre
- School of Medical Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Elin S Gray
- School of Medical Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
| | | | - Anthony David
- GENOSKIN Centre Pierre Potier, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Mel Ziman
- School of Medical Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia. .,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Martin NA, Falder S. A review of the evidence for threshold of burn injury. Burns 2017; 43:1624-1639. [PMID: 28536038 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Burn injury is common and depth is one measure of severity. Although the depth of burn injury is determined by many factors, the relationship between the temperature of the injurious agent and exposure duration, known as the time-temperature relationship, is widely accepted as one of the cornerstones of burn research. Moritz and Henriques first proposed this relationship in 1947 and their seminal work has been cited extensively. However, over the years, readers have misinterpreted their findings and incorporated misleading information about the time-temperature relationship into a wide range of industrial standards, burn prevention literature and medicolegal opinion. AIM The purpose of this paper is to present a critical review of the evidence that relates temperature and time to cell death and the depth of burn injury. These concepts are used by researchers, burn prevention strategists, burn care teams and child protection professionals involved in ascertaining how the mechanism of burning relates to the injury pattern and whether the injury is consistent with the history. REVIEW METHODS This review explores the robustness of the currently available evidence. The paper summarises the research from burn damage experimental work as well as bioheat transfer models and discusses the merits and limitations of these approaches. REVIEW FINDINGS There is broad agreement between in vitro and in vivo studies for superficial burns. There is clear evidence that the perception of pain in adult human skin occurs just above 43°C. When the basal layer of the epidermis reaches 44°C, burn injury occurs. For superficial dermal burns, the rate of tissue damage increases logarithmically with a linear increase in temperature. Beyond 70°C, rate of damage is so rapid that interpretation can be difficult. Depth of injury is also influenced by skin thickness, blood flow and cooling after injury. There is less clinical evidence for a time-temperature relationship for deep or subdermal burns. Bioheat transfer models are useful in research and becoming increasingly sophisticated but currently have limited practical use. Time-temperature relationships have not been established for burns in children's skin, although standards for domestic hot water suggest that the maximum temperature should be revised downward by 3-4°C to provide adequate burn protection for children. CONCLUSION Time-temperature relationships established for pain and superficial dermal burns in adult human skin have an extensive experimental modeling basis and reasonable clinical validation. However, time-temperature relationships for subdermal burns, full thickness burns and burn injury in children have limited clinical validation, being extrapolated from other data, and should be used with caution, particularly if presented during expert evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Martin
- St. Andrews Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Broomfield Hospital, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 7ET, UK.
| | - S Falder
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK.
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Yang X, Cui Y, Yue J, He H, Yu C, Liu P, Liu J, Ren X, Meng Y. The histological characteristics, age-related thickness change of skin, and expression of the HSPs in the skin during hair cycle in yak (Bos grunniens). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176451. [PMID: 28463974 PMCID: PMC5413005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This experiment was conducted to study the histological characteristics, age-related thickness changes, and expression of HSPs in the skin of yak. METHODS A total of 20 yaks (10 males and 10 females) were used. Different regions of the normal skin of three different ages (newborn, half-year-old and adult) of yaks were harvested for histological study and thickness measurement. Biopsy samples were taken from the scapula regions of the skin from the same five approximately 1-year-old yaks during the hair cycle (telogen, anagen and catagen). RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry methods using the mRNA and protein levels were used to detect the expression of HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90. RT-PCR method was used to detect the mRNA expression of CGI-58 and KDF1. The IPP6.0 software was used to analyze the immunohistochemistry and measure the thickness of the skin. RESULTS The general histological structure of hairy yak skin was similar to other domestic mammals. The unique features included prominent cutaneous vascular plexuses, underdeveloped sweat glands, a large number of nasolabial glands in the nasolabial plate, and hair follicle groups composed of one primary follicle and several secondary follicles. The skin, epidermis and dermis thickness did vary significantly between different body regions and different ages. The thickness of the skin, epidermis and dermis increased from newborn to adult in yaks. Yak skin thickness decreased from dorsally to ventrally on the trunk. The skin on the lateral surface was thicker than the skin on the medial surface on the limbs. HSP27, HSP70 and HSP90 showed different expression patterns during the hair cycle using RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry methods. The expression of HSP27 mRNA and protein in the anagen stage was the highest, followed by the catagen stage, and the expression in the telogen stage was the lowest. The expression of HSP70 mRNA and protein in the telogen stage was the highest, followed by the anagen stage, and the expression in the catagen stage was the lowest. The expression of HSP90 mRNA and protein in the anagen stage was the highest, followed by the telogen stage, and the expression in the catagen stage was the lowest. HSPs were mainly expressed in the outer root sheath of hair follicle during the hair cycle, also expressed in epidermis, sebaceous gland and sweat gland in the skin of Yak. The expression of CGI-58 mRNA in the anagen stage was the highest, followed by the catagen stage, and the expression in the telogen stage was the lowest. The expression of KDF1 mRNA in the telogen stage was the highest, followed by the catagen stage, and the expression in the anagen stage was the lowest. MEANING In this study, we examined and fully described the histology of normal skin in Yak and measured the skin thickness of different ages and different regions in Yak. These data may be useful to better understand and appreciate the adaptability features of yak skin. Our investigation reports the expression patterns of HSPs in yak skin for the first time. The different expression pattern of HSPs during the hair cycle suggests they may play different roles in yak hair follicle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Honghong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Penggang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiandong Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yun Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Calapre L, Gray ES, Kurdykowski S, David A, Hart P, Descargues P, Ziman M. Heat-mediated reduction of apoptosis in UVB-damaged keratinocytes in vitro and in human skin ex vivo. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2016; 16:6. [PMID: 27230291 PMCID: PMC4882820 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-016-0043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Background UV radiation induces significant DNA damage in keratinocytes and is a known risk factor for skin carcinogenesis. However, it has been reported previously that repeated and simultaneous exposure to UV and heat stress increases the rate of cutaneous tumour formation in mice. Since constant exposure to high temperatures and UV are often experienced in the environment, the effects of exposure to UV and heat needs to be clearly addressed in human epidermal cells. Methods In this study, we determined the effects of repeated UVB exposure 1 kJ/m2 followed by heat (39 °C) to human keratinocytes. Normal human ex vivo skin models and primary keratinocytes (NHEK) were exposed once a day to UVB and/or heat stress for four consecutive days. Cells were then assessed for changes in proliferation, apoptosis and gene expression at 2 days post-exposure, to determine the cumulative and persistent effects of UV and/or heat in skin keratinocytes. Results Using ex vivo skin models and primary keratinocytes in vitro, we showed that UVB plus heat treated keratinocytes exhibit persistent DNA damage, as observed with UVB alone. However, we found that apoptosis was significantly reduced in UVB plus heat treated samples. Immunohistochemical and whole genome transcription analysis showed that multiple UVB plus heat exposures induced inactivation of the p53-mediated stress response. Furthermore, we demonstrated that repeated exposure to UV plus heat induced SIRT1 expression and a decrease in acetylated p53 in keratinocytes, which is consistent with the significant downregulation of p53-regulated pro-apoptotic and DNA damage repair genes in these cells. Conclusion Our results suggest that UVB-induced p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis are reduced in the presence of heat stress, leading to increased survival of DNA damaged cells. Thus, exposure to UVB and heat stress may act synergistically to allow survival of damaged cells, which could have implications for initiation skin carcinogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12895-016-0043-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Calapre
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Elin S Gray
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia
| | | | - Anthony David
- GENOSKIN Centre Pierre Potier, Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Prue Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Perth, 6008, Australia
| | | | - Mel Ziman
- School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA, 6027, Australia. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Jones SA, McArdle A, McArdle F, Jack CIA, Jackson MJ. Lack of protection of prior heat shock against UV-induced oxidative stress in human skin fibroblasts. Redox Rep 2013; 8:199-204. [PMID: 14599343 DOI: 10.1179/135100003225002691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of prior hyperthermia on UV-induced oxidative stress was studied in human skin fibroblasts. UV radiation alone induced an increased release of superoxide anions and increased lipid peroxidation in skin fibroblasts accompanied by a rise in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. Hyperthermia was found to induce a significant rise in the cell content of heat-shock proteins, HSP60 and HSP70, but this treatment prior to UV radiation did not influence any indicators of oxidative stress in the fibroblasts. In contrast, the combination of heat shock prior to UV-exposure reduced fibroblast cell viability compared with UV radiation-exposure alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Biologic activities of molecular chaperones and pharmacologic chaperone imidazole-containing dipeptide-based compounds: natural skin care help and the ultimate challenge: implication for adaptive responses in the skin. Am J Ther 2012; 19:e69-89. [PMID: 20861720 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e3181e71fb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of molecular damage and increased molecular heterogeneity are hallmarks of photoaged skin and pathogenesis of human cutaneous disease. Growing evidence demonstrates the ability of molecular chaperone proteins and of pharmacologic chaperones to decrease the environmental stress and ameliorate the oxidation stress-related and glycation disease phenotypes, suggesting that the field of chaperone therapy might hold novel treatments for skin diseases and aging. In this review, we examine the evidence suggesting a role for molecular chaperone proteins in the skin and their inducer and protecting agents: pharmacologic chaperone imidazole dipeptide-based agents (carcinine and related compounds) in cosmetics and dermatology. Furthermore, we discuss the use of chaperone therapy for the treatment of skin photoaging diseases and other skin pathologies that have a component of increased glycation and/or free radical-induced oxidation in their genesis. We examine biologic activities of molecular and pharmacologic chaperones, including strategies for identifying potential chaperone compounds and for experimentally demonstrating chaperone activity in in vitro and in vivo models of human skin disease. This allows the protein to function and traffic to the appropriate location in the skin, thereby increasing protein activity and cellular function and reducing stress on skin cells. The benefits of imidazole dipeptide antioxidants with transglycating activity (such as carcinine) in skin care are that they help protect and repair cell membrane damage and help retain youthful, younger-looking skin. All skin types will benefit from daily, topical application of pharmacologic chaperone antioxidants, anti-irritants, in combination with water-binding protein agents that work to mimic the structure and function of healthy skin. General strategies are presented addressing ground techniques to improve absorption of usually active chaperone proteins and dipeptide compounds, include encapsulation into hydrophobic carriers, a combination with penetration enhancers, active electrical transport, or chemical modification to increase hydrophobicity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To alert physician to timely recognition and current treatment of recurrent hypopyon iridocyclitis or panuveitis in ocular Behçet disease (OBD). RECENT FINDINGS Interferon-α, rituximab, intravitreal triamcinolone, and biological response modifiers by tumor necrosis factor inhibitors such as infliximab and adalimumab are being used increasingly for the treatment of severe sight-threatening ocular inflammation including retinal vasculitis and cystoid macular edema (CME). SUMMARY Biological agents offer tremendous potential in the treatment of OBD. Given that OBD predominantly afflicts the younger adults in their most productive years, dermatologist, rheumatologist, internist, or general practitioners supervising patients with oculo-articulo-oromucocutaneous syndromes should be aware of systemic Behçet disease. Early recognition of ocular involvement is important and such patients should strongly be instructed to visit immediately an ophthalmologist, as uveitis management differs from extraocular involvements with high ocular morbidity from sight-threatening complications due to relapsing inflammatory attacks in the posterior segment of the eye. A single infliximab infusion should be considered for the control of acute panuveitis, whereas repeated long-term infliximab infusions were proved to be more effective in reducing the number of episodes in refractory uveoretinitis with faster regression and complete remission of CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Evereklioglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
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Pathophysiology of the Behçet's Disease. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2012:493015. [PMID: 21977335 PMCID: PMC3184427 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic relapsing oral-genital ulcers and uveitis. Multiple systemic associations including articular, gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary, neurologic, and vascular involvement are also observed in BD. Although the etiopathogenesis of the disease remains unknown, increased neutrophil functions such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide anion, which may be responsible for oxidative tissue damage seen in BD, and also immunological alterations, T lymphocyte abnormalities in both subpopulation and function have been considered to be correlated with the etiopathogenesis of BD. There is some clinical evidence suggesting that emotional stress and hormonal alterations can influence the course and disease activity of BD.
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Black AT, Hayden PJ, Casillas RP, Heck DE, Gerecke DR, Sinko PJ, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Regulation of Hsp27 and Hsp70 expression in human and mouse skin construct models by caveolae following exposure to the model sulfur mustard vesicant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 253:112-20. [PMID: 21457723 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to the vesicant sulfur mustard causes marked inflammation and tissue damage. Basal keratinocytes appear to be a major target of sulfur mustard. In the present studies, mechanisms mediating skin toxicity were examined using a mouse skin construct model and a full-thickness human skin equivalent (EpiDerm-FT™). In both systems, administration of the model sulfur mustard vesicant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, 100-1000μM) at the air surface induced mRNA and protein expression of heat shock proteins 27 and 70 (Hsp27 and Hsp70). CEES treatment also resulted in increased expression of caveolin-1, the major structural component of caveolae. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Hsp27, Hsp70 and caveolin-1 were localized in basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Caveolin-1 was also detected in fibroblasts in the dermal component of the full thickness human skin equivalent. Western blot analysis of caveolar membrane fractions isolated by sucrose density centrifugation demonstrated that Hsp27 and Hsp70 were localized in caveolae. Treatment of mouse keratinocytes with filipin III or methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which disrupt caveolar structure, markedly suppressed CEES-induced Hsp27 and Hsp70 mRNA and protein expression. CEES treatment is known to activate JNK and p38 MAP kinases; in mouse keratinocytes, inhibition of these enzymes suppressed CEES-induced expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70. These data suggest that MAP kinases regulate Hsp 27 and Hsp70; moreover, caveolae-mediated regulation of heat shock protein expression may be important in the pathophysiology of vesicant-induced skin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne T Black
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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17
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Orringer JS, Rittié L, Baker D, Voorhees JJ, Fisher G. Molecular mechanisms of nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing. Br J Dermatol 2011; 163:757-68. [PMID: 20854401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing improves the texture of treated skin, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie clinical improvements. OBJECTIVES We sought to examine and quantify the time course and magnitude of dermal matrix changes that occur in response to nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing, with the dual goals of better understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie clinical improvements and of gaining knowledge that will enable evidence-based treatment parameter optimization. METHODS Twenty patients (mean age 58 years) with photodamaged skin were focally treated on dorsal forearms with a nonablative fractionated laser. Serial skin samples were obtained at baseline and at various times after treatment. Biopsies were examined with real-time polymerase chain reaction technology and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS Laser treatment resulted in an initial inflammatory response as indicated by statistically significant induction of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α). This was followed by substantial increases in levels of several matrix metalloproteinases and later by significant induction of type I collagen. Dermal remodelling was noted with both low and high microbeam energy treatment parameters. CONCLUSIONS Nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing induces a well-organized wound-healing response that leads to substantial dermal remodelling and collagen induction. Surprisingly, only minimal differences were observed between lower and higher microbeam energy settings. These data suggest that lower microbeam energy/higher microbeam density treatment parameters, which are generally better tolerated by patients, may yield dermal changes similar to those that result from higher microbeam energy/lower microbeam density treatment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Orringer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0314, USA.
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18
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Babizhayev MA, Nikolayev GM, Nikolayeva JG, Yegorov YE. A survey and analysis of the role of molecular chaperone proteins and imidazole-containing dipeptide-based compounds as molecular escorts into the skin during stress, injury, water structuring and other types of cutaneous pathophysiology. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:1-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kanagasabai R, Karthikeyan K, Vedam K, Qien W, Zhu Q, Ilangovan G. Hsp27 protects adenocarcinoma cells from UV-induced apoptosis by Akt and p21-dependent pathways of survival. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1399-412. [PMID: 20858736 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of p53 target genes, due to DNA damage, causes either apoptosis or survival by cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. However, the regulators of the choice between cell death and survival signaling have not been completely elucidated. Here, we report that human adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) survive UV-induced DNA damage by heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27)-assisted Akt/p21 phosphorylation/translocation. Protein levels of the p53 target genes, such as p21, Bcl-2, p38MAPK, and Akt, showed a positive correlation to Hsp27 level during 48 hours postirradiation, whereas p53 expression increased initially but started decreasing after 12 hours. Hsp27 prevented the G(1)-S phase cell cycle arrest, observed after 8 hours of post-UV irradiation, and PARP-1 cleavage was inhibited. Conversely, silencing Hsp27 enhanced G(1)-S arrest and cell death. Moreover, use of either Hsp27 or Akt small interference RNA reduced p21 phosphorylation and enhanced its retention in nuclei even after 48 hours postirradiation, resulting in enhanced cell death. Our results showed that Hsp27 expression and its direct chaperoning interaction increases Akt stability, and p21 phosphorylation and nuclear-to-cytoplasm translocation, both essential effects for the survival of UV-induced DNA-damaged cells. We conclude that the role of Hsp27 in cancer is not only for enhanced p53 proteolysis per se, rather it is also a critical determinant in p21 phosphorylation and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragu Kanagasabai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heartand Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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20
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Dickel H, Gambichler T, Kamphowe J, Altmeyer P, Skrygan M. Standardized tape stripping prior to patch testing induces upregulation of Hsp90, Hsp70, IL-33, TNF-α and IL-8/CXCL8 mRNA: new insights into the involvement of ‘alarmins’. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 63:215-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Deniz E, Guc U, Buyukbabani N, Gul A. HSP 60 expression in recurrent oral ulcerations of Behçet's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:196-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Contreras-Sesvold CL, Sambuughin N, Blokhin A, Deuster PA. A protocol comparison for the analysis of heat shock protein A1B +A1538G SNP. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:205-9. [PMID: 19657725 PMCID: PMC2866985 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins act as molecular chaperones, assist in peptide maturation, and transport nascent peptides across membranes. One commonly studied single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for one of the proteins is HSPA1B (+A1538G). However, several studies of this polymorphism have failed to achieve Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for their sample. We compared various published procedures for analyzing the HSPA1B +A1538G SNP and report reasons for HWE discrepancies. Samples from 141 apparently healthy, physically active, volunteers (99 men and 42 women) were analyzed. The first protocol, initially described by Schröder et al., resulted in a genotypic distribution of 22 GG (15.6%), 119 AG (84.4%), and 0 AA; results were confirmed by reanalysis and sequencing. Two other published protocols, one described by Klausz et al. and another by Fekete et al., were used to confirm these results: both resulted in 22 GG (15.6%), 46 AA (32.6%), and 73 AG (51.7%). Additionally, the results were within HWE and confirmed by sequence analysis. Of the original 119 subjects genotyped as AG by the Schröder protocol, 46 of those were confirmed as AA with the Klausz and Fekete methods. Mixing primers from the Schröder and Klausz protocol resulted in 100% concordance with the data generated by the Klausz and Fekete protocols. Some published data on HSP genotyping deviate from HWE; thus, primers used for analyzing these highly homologous genes must be carefully considered. Our results highlight the importance of reinvestigating data when HWE is not achieved for the HSPA1B, or another, polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Contreras-Sesvold
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20184, USA.
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23
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Song AS, Diller KR. Modeling Heat Shock Protein Expression Produced by a Heat Wrap. J Biomech Eng 2009; 131:074510. [DOI: 10.1115/1.3143030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The healing effect of therapeutic hyperthermia induced by widely available heat wrap products is understood to be based on concomitant temperature dependent vasodilation and increase in mass transport. We hypothesize that an additional mechanism of healing associated with increased heat shock protein (HSP) expression is also a contributing factor. HSP expression is controlled by the level and duration of heating and can have a potent effect on healing. We have developed a combined thermal stress and HSP expression model for bioheat transport into the tissues of the back produced by a therapeutic heat wrap. The model predicts temperature distribution in the deep tissues of the back by a modified version of the Pennes (1948, “Analysis of Tissue and Arterial Blood Temperatures in the Resting Human Forearm,” J. Appl. Physiol., 1(2), pp. 93–122) bioheat equation. The model also predicts HSP70/actin concentrations based on existing empirical expression data from our laboratory as a function of heating time and temperature. Thermal boundary conditions were input for a typical heat wrap worn for its functional duration of 8 h or more. Temperatures in the paraspinal muscles of the back increase by a minimum of 1°C after 1 h of heating and persist for at least 2 h. HSP70/actin expression is increased 1.7-fold above the control. The model demonstrates that elevated HSP expression may provide an important contribution to the healing process in injured tissue when a therapeutic heat wrap is worn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred S. Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Kenneth R. Diller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0800, Austin, TX 78712
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24
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Roh BH, Kim DH, Cho MK, Park YL, Whang KU. Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 in Human Skin Cells as a Photoprotective Function after UV Exposure. Ann Dermatol 2008; 20:184-9. [PMID: 27303188 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2008.20.4.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human skin is exposed to various environmental stresses, such as heat, cold, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) induced by temperature elevations, as a physiologic response to mediate repair mechanisms and reduce cellular damage. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the induction of HSPs in human skin cells after UV exposure. METHODS We performed immunoblotting using a specific monoclonal antibody to the HSP70 family, one of the best-conserved stress proteins in humans, with cultured normal human keratinocytes, A431 cells, human melanocytes, SK30 cells, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). RESULTS Our results indicated that high expression of HSP70 in the unstressed state was noted in epidermal cells, including normal human keratinocytes, A431 cells, human melanocytes, and SK30 cells, but epidermal cells showed no additional up-regulation of HSP70 after UV irradiation. On the other hand, HDF expressed very small amounts of HSP70 at baseline, but significantly higher amounts of HSP70 after UV exposure. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that constitutive expression of HSP70 in epidermal cells may be an important mechanism for protection of the human epidermis from environmental stresses, such as sunlight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Hwa Roh
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Kyun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Lip Park
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Uang Whang
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Korea
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MURAMATSU T, HATOKO M, TADA H, SHIRAI T, OHNISHI T. Age-related decrease in the inductability of heat shock protein 72 in normal human skin. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Howell MD, Fairchild HR, Kim BE, Bin L, Boguniewicz M, Redzic JS, Hansen KC, Leung DYM. Th2 cytokines act on S100/A11 to downregulate keratinocyte differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2248-58. [PMID: 18385759 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease associated with frequent skin infection and impaired skin barrier function. Recent studies indicate that increased Th2 cytokine expression contributes to reduction in antimicrobial peptides and reduced filaggrin (FLG) expression, however, the mechanisms leading to this effect is unknown. Using proteomics, we found the S100 calcium-binding protein A11 (S100/A11) to be significantly downregulated in the presence of IL-4 and IL-13. Culturing keratinocytes with increased calcium concentrations significantly induced S100/A11 expression. This corresponded with an increase in human beta-defensin (HBD)-3 and FLG expression. Interference of S100/A11 expression, by siRNA, inhibited induction of HBD-3 and FLG. Furthermore p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor downstream of S100/A11, was required for calcium-mediated induction of HBD-3 and FLG. Importantly, transduction of p21-recombinant protein into keratinocytes prevented IL-4/IL-13-mediated inhibition of FLG and HBD-3 expression. S100/A11 and p21 gene expression was also found to be significantly lower in acute and chronic AD skin. This study demonstrates an important role for S100/A11 and p21 in regulating skin barrier integrity and the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Howell
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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27
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Shi B, Grahn JC, Reilly DA, Dizon TC, Isseroff RR. Responses of the 27-kDa heat shock protein to UVB irradiation in human epidermal melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 2007; 17:108-14. [PMID: 18031542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major environmental hazard for the skin, and UVB (280-320 nm) has been proposed to be a main factor for melanoma development. In response to sunlight exposure, the skin has adapted a number of innate resistance mechanisms. Among them is the small heat shock protein of 27 kDa (HSP27) known to play a role in the protection of cells from variety of environmental insults including UV irradiation. In this study, we demonstrated that UVB irradiation of cultured normal epidermal melanocytes initiates changes in HSP27 phosphorylation and localization. In unstressed melanocytes, HSP27 was present as the non-phosphorylated isoform. UVB irradiation with a physiological dose (7-25 mJ/cm(2)) resulted in the formation of a mono-phosphorylated isoform and sometimes a bi-phosphorylated isoform. The UVB-induced HSP27 phosphorylation was inhibited when melanocytes were treated with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine or inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase prior to UVB exposure, suggesting that UVB induced HSP27 phosphorylation through reactive oxygen species/p38 MAP kinase pathway. In response to UBV irradiation, HSP27 in melanocytes translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The HSP27 responses may provide some protective role against UVB-induced cell damage in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Shi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Brown SA, Farkas JP, Arnold C, Hatef DA, Kim J, Hoopman J, Kenkel JM. Heat shock proteins 47 and 70 expression in rodent skin model as a function of contact cooling temperature: Are we overcooling our target? Lasers Surg Med 2007; 39:504-12. [PMID: 17659589 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The degree of protective cooling required during laser therapy to achieve an optimal result is unknown. The expression of heat shock proteins, Hsp47 and Hsp70, were examined in the epidermis and dermis as biomarkers to quantify the degree and depth of tissue affected by non-ablative laser treatment using variable protective cooling parameters. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a 1,319 nm Nd:YAG laser using a sapphire cooling plate attached to the hand piece. A 4 cmx4 cm area on each side of the rat was treated with the same energy and pulse settings, with variable contact cooling. Protective cooling parameters, for each degree increment, ranging from 0 to 25 degrees C were studied. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blot and PCR were performed to evaluate the effects of superficial cooling on Hsp47, and Hsp70 expressions. RESULTS Our data showed the extent of topical cooling needed to produce a thermal effect at different depths in the dermis, quantified by the expression of Hsp47 and Hsp70. Significant Hsp expression was observed with cooling of 13 degrees C and warmer; no identifiable cellular reaction was observed when cooling below 5 degrees C. There was no evidence of epidermal injury when treating the skin with any protective cooling ranging from 0 to 25 degrees C. CONCLUSION Our data would suggest contact cooling temperatures 5 degrees C and below completely protects through the entire dermis. There was no evidence of epidermal injury with protective cooling at any temperature between 0 and 25 degrees C. Warmer temperatures are safe and adequately protect the epidermis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Brown
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Clinical Center for Cosmetic Laser Treatment, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-8650, USA
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Shi B, Han B, Schwab IR, Isseroff RR. UVB Irradiation-Induced Changes in the 27-kd Heat Shock Protein (HSP27) in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Cornea 2006; 25:948-55. [PMID: 17102673 DOI: 10.1097/01.ico.0000224643.43601.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the presence of the 27-kd heat shock protein (HSP27) and its responses to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation in human corneal epithelium and in cultured corneal epithelial cells. METHODS Human corneal epithelial cells including presumed corneal epithelial stem cells were cultured in vitro. HSP27 expression and intracellular localization in normal corneas or cultured corneal cells were examined using immunofluorescence staining. The expression of HSP27 in cultured corneal cells was also detected using western blotting, and the phosphorylated isoforms of HSP27 were identified using isoelectric focusing. RESULTS In normal corneal tissue, HSP27 was present in limbal basal and suprabasilar epithelial cells. In cultured epithelial corneal cells, HSP27 expression was heterogeneous: Some cells expressed virtually no HSP27 and others showed relatively strong expression. HSP27 was localized to the cytoplasm in nonstressed cells and translocated to the perinuclear and nuclear areas after UVB irradiation. UVB irradiation also induced the phosphorylation of HSP27, resulting in the increase in monophosphorylated isoform and formation of biphosphorylated isoform. UV induced the phosphorylation of HSP27 apparently through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. CONCLUSION HSP27 is present mainly as a nonphosphorylated isoform in corneal epithelium and cultured corneal epithelial cells under nonstressed conditions. The constitutional expression of HSP27 suggests that it plays a physiologic role in the cornea. After UVB irradiation, HSP27 undergoes rapid phosphorylation and translocation. This stress response may be related to a protective role of HSP27 for survival of UVB-exposed corneal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Shi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Rafiee P, Theriot ME, Nelson VM, Heidemann J, Kanaa Y, Horowitz SA, Rogaczewski A, Johnson CP, Ali I, Shaker R, Binion DG. Human esophageal microvascular endothelial cells respond to acidic pH stress by PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK-regulated induction of Hsp70 and Hsp27. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C931-45. [PMID: 16790501 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00474.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The heat shock response maintains cellular homeostasis following sublethal injury. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are induced by thermal, oxyradical, and inflammatory stress, and they chaperone denatured intracellular proteins. Hsps also chaperone signal transduction proteins, modulating signaling cascades during repeated stress. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) affects 7% of the US population, and it is linked to prolonged esophageal acid exposure. GERD is characterized by enhanced and selective leukocyte recruitment from esophageal microvasculature, implying activation of microvascular endothelium. We investigated whether phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and MAPK regulate Hsp induction in primary cultures of human esophageal microvascular endothelial cells (HEMEC) in response to acid exposure (pH 4.5). Inhibitors of signaling pathways were used to define the contribution of PI3K/Akt and MAPKs in the heat shock response and following acid exposure. Acid significantly enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and MAPKs in HEMEC as well as inducing Hsp27 and Hsp70. The PI3K inhibitor LY-294002, and Akt small interfering RNA inhibited Akt activation and Hsp70 expression in HEMEC. The p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB-203580) and p38 MAPK siRNA blocked Hsp27 and Hsp70 mRNA induction, suggesting a role for MAPKs in the HEMEC heat shock response. Thus acidic pH exposure protects HEMEC through induction of Hsps and activation of MAPK and PI3 kinase pathway. Acidic exposure increased HEMEC expression of VCAM-1 protein, but not ICAM-1, which may contribute to selective leukocyte (i.e., eosinophil) recruitment in esophagitis. Activation of esophageal endothelial cells exposed to acidic refluxate may contribute to GERD in the setting of a disturbed mucosal squamous epithelial barrier (i.e., erosive esophagitis, peptic ulceration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Rafiee
- Dept. of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Wagstaff MJD, Shah M, McGrouther DA, Latchman DS. The heat shock proteins and plastic surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006; 60:974-82. [PMID: 17662462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2006.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are diverse and essential components of cell physiology. Their expression is elevated in the cell undergoing stress, where they protect the cell from death by necrosis or apoptosis and accelerate recovery. Significant advances have been made in studies relevant to plastic surgery regarding these proteins and their manipulation. This review introduces the heat shock proteins and appraises these studies in skin, ultraviolet light exposure, neoplasia, wound healing, ageing, burns, and reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J D Wagstaff
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.
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Merwald H, Kokesch C, Klosner G, Matsui M, Trautinger F. Induction of the 72-kilodalton heat shock protein and protection from ultraviolet B-induced cell death in human keratinocytes by repetitive exposure to heat shock or 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2. Cell Stress Chaperones 2006; 11:81-8. [PMID: 16572732 PMCID: PMC1400615 DOI: 10.1379/csc-89r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that hyperthermia protects keratinocytes from ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cell death in culture and in vivo. This effect is mediated by the antiapoptotic effect of heat shock proteins that are transiently induced after exposure to heat at sublethal temperatures. Consequently, induction of Hsp has been proposed as a novel means of photoprotection. However, in the face of daily UVB exposure of human skin in vivo, this approach would not be useful if keratinocytes become less sensitive to Hsp induction with repeated exposure to the inducing agent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether repeated exposure to hyperthermia or to the stress protein activating cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2) leads to adaptation of the cells, attenuation of the heat shock response, and abrogation of the protective effect. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and the carcinoma-derived cell line A431 were exposed to either 42 degrees C or to 15dPGJ2 for 4 hours at 24-hour intervals for 4 consecutive days. The intracellular level of the 72-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp72) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cells were exposed to UVB from a metal halide source after the last heat or 15dPGJ2 treatment, and survival was determined 24 hours after exposure by a MTT assay. Our results demonstrate that (1) heat shock and 15dPGJ2 are potent inducers of Hsp72 expression and lead to increased resistance to UVB-induced cell death in human keratinocytes; (2) re-exposure to heat shock leads to a superinduction without attenuation of the absolute increase in Hsp72 and of its UVB-protective effect; (3) the UVB tolerance induced by 15dPGJ2 is enhanced by repeated exposure without a further increase of Hsp72; (4) repeated heat shock and 15dPGJ2 up to a concentration of 1 microg/mL have no influence on cell growth over a period of 4 days. We conclude that through repeated exposure to Hsp-inducing factors, stress tolerance can be maintained without additional toxicity in human keratinocytes. These results provide a basis for the development of nontoxic Hsp inducers that can be repeatedly applied without loss of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Merwald
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Special and Environmental Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Adly MA, Assaf HA, Hussein MR. Expression of the heat shock protein-27 in the adult human scalp skin and hair follicle: Hair cycle–dependent changes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:811-7. [PMID: 16635662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein (HSP) is a molecular chaperone involved in protein folding, assembly, and transport and in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. HSP27 protein is expressed in murine hair follicle (HF) and in human skin during fetal development. In this investigation we hypothesized that HSP27 protein is expressed in the human scalp skin and its expression in HF changes with the transitions form anagen --> catagen --> telogen stages. METHODS To test this hypothesis, the immunoreactivity of HSP27 protein was examined in human scalp skin by immunofluorescent method. A total of 50 normal human scalp skin biopsy specimens were examined (healthy women, age 53-57 years). In each case, 50 HF were analyzed (35, 10, and 5 follicles in anagen, catagen, and telogen, respectively). RESULTS HSP27 protein expression was prominent in human scalp anagen, and weak in both catagen and telogen HFs. Within HF, HSP27 protein immunoreactivity was prominent in the outer root sheath, inner root sheath, precorteocytes, and corteocytes of the hair shaft. In addition, HSP27 protein expression was prominent in the epidermis, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles. LIMITATIONS Only some types of heat shock proteins are known to date. Also, our knowledge about the exact molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions among these protein and other molecular chaperones is still incomplete. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation reports, for the first time, the expression patterns of HSP27 in human scalp skin and HF. The differential expression of HSP27 during HF cycling suggests its possible roles in human HF biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Adly
- Department of Zoology, Sohâg Faculty of Science, Sohag, Egypt
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Huang CM, Elmets CA, van Kampen KR, Desilva TS, Barnes S, Kim H, Tang DCC. Prospective highlights of functional skin proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:647-660. [PMID: 15376279 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although a wide variety of protein profiles have been extensively constructed via proteomic analysis, the comprehensive proteomic profiling of the skin, which is considered to be the largest organ of the human body, is still far from complete. Our efforts to establish the functional skin proteome, a protein database describing the protein networks that underlie biological processes, has set in motion the identification and characterization of proteins expressed in the epidermis and dermis of the BALB/c mice. In this review, we will highlight various cutaneous proteins we have characterized and discuss their biological functions associated with skin distress, immunity, and cancer. This type of research into functional skin proteomics will provide a critical step toward understanding disease and developing successful therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a common and chronic skin disorder under active investigation around the world. Despite this, determination of its genetic basis, role of the immune system in the disease pathophysiology and development of effective therapy, have been hampered severely by the absence of any spontaneous psoriatic skin disease in animals. Furthermore, until recently, validated animal models designed to create psoriasis were unavailable to investigative skin biologists and clinical scientists. However, there is at least one animal model which has been established and validated; it uses human skin engrafted on to severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. In addition, there are several other rodent models which do not involve transplantation technology that share some (but not all) features in common with psoriasis. This review will summarise these available animal models and critique their relevance with respect to illuminating the immunogenetic basis of psoriasis and their value in screening novel treatments in a preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Nickoloff
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, 2160 S. First Avenue, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Abstract
The development of tissue engineered skin substitutes has reached a mature stage; major remaining questions relate to areas of greatest potential utility. Research is mainly concerned with extending indications of existing products, including treatment of the full range of acute, chronic, surgical and cosmetic wounds, and in other applications such as soft tissue augmentation and gene delivery. Among the few advances in the composition of skin substitutes is the inclusion of endothelial cells to provide a pathway for vascularisation by the host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mansbridge
- Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc., 10933 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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37
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Bayramgürler D, Ozkara SK, Apaydin R, Erçin C, Bilen N. Heat shock proteins 60 and 70 expression of cutaneous lichen planus: comparison with normal skin and psoriasis vulgaris*. J Cutan Pathol 2004; 31:586-94. [PMID: 15330989 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed by most living cells and play fundamental roles in many biological processes. Their synthesis increases by a variety of stresses in order to enable cellular survival. Although it is known that they play an important role in immune and inflammatory responses of the skin, the role of HSPs in the pathogenesis of skin diseases has been studied in only limited skin diseases. Lichen planus (LP) is a relatively common papulosquamous dermatosis, and cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Although an altered expression of certain HSPs was reported in oral LP lesions, the expression of HSPs in cutaneous lesions of LP has not been investigated. In this immunohistochemical study, we aimed at investigating the role of HSPs in the pathogenesis of LP by studying whether there is any difference in HSP expression in cutaneous lesions of LP when compared to normal skin and psoriasis vulgaris (PV). METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimen blocks from LP patients (n = 39), patients with psoriasis (n = 20), and normal skin controls (n = 20) were used in the study. Antibodies to HSPs 60 and 70 were applied immunohistochemically by using streptavidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase complex. An immunoreactivity intensity distribution index (IRIDI) was calculated to express the proportion of the immunoreactive cells as well as the staining intensity in different layers of the epidermis. RESULTS The mean IRIDI scores for HSP60 expression in the basal, suprabasal, and superficial epidermal layers of cutaneous LP were moderately higher than those of normal skin, but not different from those of PV skin. These scores for HSP70 in lesions of LP were moderately lower than those for normal skin in the basal layer, but not significantly different from normal in the other two layers. Scores for HSP70 in PV lesions were markedly lower in all three layers. In the cells of the inflammatory infiltrates (mostly lymphocytes), HSP60 scores for LP were moderately higher, compared to those for PV, whereas scores for HSP70 were much lower for LP and very much lower for PV. CONCLUSIONS Significantly altered levels of HSP proteins were found in cutaneous LP lesions in comparison with normal skin and psoriasis, suggesting the role of HSPs in the pathogenesis of LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Bayramgürler
- Department of Dermatology, Kocaeli University, School of Medicine, Izmit, Turkey.
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38
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins are of fundamental importance in cutaneous biology, from protection against UV-induced damage to wound healing and repair. Heat shock proteins have important regulatory roles in the control of apoptosis, regulation of steroid aporeceptors, kinases, and other protein remodelling events. They are also implicated in the control of cell growth, and as such, are potential targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Currently, emphasis is being placed on the potential use of these proteins in the prevention and treatment of disease. Therapeutic manipulation of these proteins may ultimately lead to novel treatments for diseases as diverse as melanoma to epidermolysis bullosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Morris
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND p53 is a key regulator of the cellular stress response. p53 modulates the transcription of several genes. OBJECTIVES To examine the influence of p53 on expression of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72). METHODS Two model systems were used. (i) HSP72 expression was studied by Western blot on extracts from p53-proficient or p53-deficient primary mouse keratinocytes, and (ii) archival human anogenital skin from fibroepithelial polyps, human papillomavirus (HPV) 16/18-associated lesions or squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) was subjected to immunostaining for HSP72. RESULTS Basal HSP72 expression was higher in keratinocytes from p53-deficient than from p53-proficient mice. Immunostaining for HSP72 was higher in HPV 16/18 lesions and SCCs, which have reduced p53 protein. CONCLUSIONS p53 status may influence the basal level of HSP72.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Quenneville
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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40
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Nánási PP, Jednákovits A. Multilateral in vivo and in vitro protective effects of the novel heat shock protein coinducer, bimoclomol: results of preclinical studies. CARDIOVASCULAR DRUG REVIEWS 2002; 19:133-51. [PMID: 11484067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2001.tb00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bimoclomol, the recently developed non-toxic heat shock protein (HSP) coinducer, was shown to display multilateral protective activities against various forms of stress or injuries at the level of the cell, tissue or organism. The compound enhanced the transcription, translation and expression of the 70 kD heat shock protein (HSP-70) in myogenic and HeLa cell lines exposed to heat stress, and increased cell survival on exposure to otherwise lethal thermal injury. Bimoclomol increased contractility of the working mammalian heart, this effect was associated with the increased intracellular calcium transients due to increased probability of opening of ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In healthy tissues these cardiac effects were evident only at relatively high concentrations of the drug, while in the ischemic myocardium bimoclomol exerted significant cardioprotective and antiarrhythmic effects at submicromolar concentrations. It decreased ischemia-induced reduction of contractility and of cardiac output, and dramatically decreased the elevation of the ST-segment during ischemia as well as the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation upon reperfusion. Bimoclomol was also active in various pathological animal models subjected to acute or chronic stress. In the spontaneously hypertensive rats chronic pretreatment with bimoclomol restored sensitivity of aortic rings to acetylcholine; this effect was accompanied by accumulation of HSP-70 in the tissues. Bimoclomol pretreatment significantly diminished the consequences of vascular disorders associated with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy were prevented or diminished, while wound healing was enhanced by bimoclomol. Enhancement of wound healing by bimoclomol was observed after thermal injury as well as following ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. In addition to the beneficial effects on peripheral angiopathies, bimoclomol antagonized the increase in permeability of blood-brain barrier induced by subarachnoid hemorrhager or arachidonic acid. A general and very important feature of the above effects of bimoclomol was that the drug failed to cause alterations under physiological conditions (except the enhanced calcium release from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum). Bimoclomol was effective only under conditions of stress. Consistent with its HSP-coinducer property, bimoclomol alone had very little effect on HSP production. Its protective activity became apparent only in the presence of cell damage. Currently, bimoclomol reached the end of the Phase II clinical trial in a group of 410 patients with diabetic complications. Results of this trial will answer the question, whether a compound with promising in vitro and in vivo preclinical findings will produce the anticipated beneficial effects in humans. In the event of a positive outcome of this trial, the indications for bimoclomol will be substantially extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Nánási
- Department of Physiology, University Medical School of Debrecen, P.O. Box 22, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Ergun T, Ince U, Ekşioğlu-Demiralp E, Direskeneli H, Gürbüz O, Gürses L, Aker F, Akoğlu T. HSP 60 expression in mucocutaneous lesions of Behçet's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45:904-9. [PMID: 11712037 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2001.117728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein (60 kd HSP) has been implicated in the etiology of Behçet's disease, but its expression at sites of inflammation is unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate local HSP 60 expression and to quantify T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma delta-positive cells, which are known to respond to HSP peptides. METHODS Patients with active Behçet's disease (n = 21) and controls (n = 18) were included. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on peripheral blood to investigate TCR gamma delta-positive cell counts. Biopsies were performed on active skin lesions, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed by a streptavidin-biotin method using the monoclonal ML-30 antibody; HSP staining intensity and distribution were evaluated in a blinded fashion. Immunohistochemical studies were performed to quantify TCR gamma delta-positive cells at lesional sites. RESULTS Mucocutaneous lesions of patients with Behçet's disease had statistically significantly increased expression of HSP 60/65. Peripheral blood TCR gamma delta-positive cell counts were similar in both groups. However, lesional skin of patients with Behçet's disease had significantly increased gamma delta-positive T-cell counts. CONCLUSION Up-regulation of HSP expression was found at lesional skin sites in Behçet's disease. The increased number of TCR gamma delta-positive cells, which are known to respond to HSP peptides, may support the function of HSPs in the etiology of Behçet's disease. However, these findings may also be an epiphenomenon that needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ergun
- Department of Dermatology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins (hsps) are ubiquitous and known to be expressed in all organisms. These stress proteins are likely to be induced in the wound environment and may play a critical role in the overall process of wound repair. Linear incisions were made in Sprague-Dawley rats. Serial skin biopsies were taken, the dermis and epidermis were separated and a protein lysate made. The expression of hsp 72, 47, and 32 were analyzed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. There were distinct patterns of expression of hsp 72, 47, and 32 in the wound. In unwounded dermis, there was no constitutive expression of any of the heat shock proteins studied. In the epidermis, there was constitutive expression of hsp 32 and 72, but not hsp 47. With wounding, all hsps exhibited increased expression both in the dermis and epidermis. These patterns of protein expression are suggestive of the individual heat shock proteins' molecular function, such as hsp 72's role as an indicator of cellular stress and injury, hsp 47's role in collagen synthesis, and hsp 32's role as an antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Keagle
- UCSF Surgical Research Laboratory at San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1302, USA
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Souil E, Capon A, Mordon S, Dinh-Xuan AT, Polla BS, Bachelet M. Treatment with 815-nm diode laser induces long-lasting expression of 72-kDa heat shock protein in normal rat skin. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144:260-6. [PMID: 11251556 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that skin closure is improved by photoirradiation of the wound margins with an 815-nm diode laser system. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the beneficial effects of laser treatment involve the overexpression of the inducible 72-kDa heat shock protein, Hsp70. METHODS Expression of Hsp70 was investigated by immunocytochemistry in normal hairless rat dorsal skin and compared with its expression after laser photoirradiation. RESULTS Constitutive expression of Hsp70 was mainly confined to the upper epidermal layer. Laser irradiation further increased epidermal expression of Hsp70 while inducing de novo synthesis of the protein in dermal structures, particularly around blood vessels, hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Laser-induced expression of Hsp70 was still present 7 days after photoirradiation. CONCLUSIONS Laser-induced expression of Hsp70 might contribute to improved tissue regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Souil
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Respiratoire et de Biologie Cellulaire, UFR Cochin Port-Royal, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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44
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Liu K, Yang Y, Mansbridge J. Comparison of the stress response to cryopreservation in monolayer and three-dimensional human fibroblast cultures: stress proteins, MAP kinases, and growth factor gene expression. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2000; 6:539-54. [PMID: 11074940 DOI: 10.1089/107632700750022189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses induced in fibroblasts by cryopreservation were compared in suspension or three-dimensional cultures at various times up to 5 days of recovery. Cryopreservation caused an 86% inhibition in [(35)S]methionine incorporation, with recovery over 2 days to 45% ±: 14% of its original value. Stress proteins, including heat shock protein (hsp) and glucose-regulated proteins (GRP), detected by immunoblotting, responded with transient increases in cellular content (hsp27 and hsp90 in suspension and three-dimensional culture, and hsp70 only in three-dimensional culture), decreases at 24 h (hsp56, hsp70, hsp90, and GRP78 in three-dimensional culture and hsp90 in suspension), or little change (hsp70 in suspension). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [(35)S]methionine-labeled proteins showed transient induction of hsp47 within 4 h, and increased synthesis of hsp90 and GRP78 and other unidentified proteins at 24 h, but no change in hsp70. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, p38, showed a transient increase after thawing, followed by a peak in extracellular signal-regulated kinase at 24 h. The stress-activated protein kinase (JNK) was not activated. In both stress protein and MAP kinase responses, the three-dimensional cultures showed a more intense response than fibroblasts in suspension. Although some responses were related to osmotic and cold stress during freezing, others were unique. Cryopreservation induced mRNA for selected growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A chain, which increased 5- to 20- fold at 48 h returning to basal levels by 120 h. Our results indicate the novel finding that cryopreservation of fibroblasts grown in three-dimensional culture induced a specific cellular stress response including growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Liu
- Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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45
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Wong JW, Shi B, Farboud B, McClaren M, Shibamoto T, Cross CE, Isseroff RR. Ultraviolet B-mediated phosphorylation of the small heat shock protein HSP27 in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:427-34. [PMID: 10951279 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of human keratinocytes to environmental stress is known to induce changes in the expression, phosphorylation, and subcellular relocalization of the 27 kDa heat shock protein. This study demonstrates that ultraviolet B (280-320 nM) irradiation with physiologic doses induces a dose-dependent phosphorylation of 27 kDa heat shock protein, generating the more acidic 27 kDa heat shock protein B, C, and D isoforms. Ultraviolet B also induces perinuclear cytoplasmic relocation and nuclear translocation of 27 kDa heat shock protein and caused aggregation of cytoplasmic actin filaments into a broad perinuclear distribution. The ultraviolet B-induced phosphorylation is reversible, returning to baseline levels 4 h after exposure, and this coincides with the reversal of ultraviolet B-induced actin reorganization. The ultraviolet B-induced phosphorylation is not affected by the protein kinase C inhibitor, GF 109203X, is partially inhibited by epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PD 153035, and is substantially inhibited by the specific p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, SB 203580. In addition, pretreatment of cells with the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine partially inhibits ultraviolet B-and oxidant-induced 27 kDa heat shock protein phosphorylation. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is thus the major transduction pathway for ultraviolet B-induced 27 kDa heat shock protein phosphorylation, and reactive oxygen species generated in response to ultraviolet B also contribute to this phosphorylation. As 27 kDa heat shock protein phosphorylation and relocalization has been associated with increased cell survival after environmental insult, our data suggest that ultraviolet B, in addition to initiating recognized cytotoxic events in keratinocytes, also initiates a signaling pathway that may provide cellular protection against this ubiquitous environmental insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Wong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Chen N, Baudino T, MacDonald PN, Green M, Kelley WL, Burnett JW, Buller RM. Selective inhibition of nuclear steroid receptor function by a protein from a human tumorigenic poxvirus. Virology 2000; 274:17-25. [PMID: 10936084 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The poxvirus molluscum contagiosum (MC) has a worldwide distribution and its prevalence is on the rise. Here we report that the MCV MC013L protein inhibits glucocorticoid and vitamin D, but not retinoid or estrogen, nuclear receptor transactivation. A direct interaction of MC013L with glucocorticoid and vitamin D receptor is supported by yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, and far Western blot analyses. Glucocorticoids act as potent inhibitors of keratinocyte proliferation, while vitamin D and retinoids promote and block terminal differentiation, respectively. Therefore, MC013L may promote efficient virus replication by blocking the differentiation of infected keratinocytes. MC013L may be the first member of a new class of poxvirus proteins that directly modulate nuclear receptor-mediated transcription.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Calcitriol/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Growth Substances/genetics
- HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Heat-Shock Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molluscum contagiosum virus/genetics
- Molluscum contagiosum virus/metabolism
- Molluscum contagiosum virus/physiology
- Receptors, Calcitriol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/physiology
- Virus Replication/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Lambot MA, Peny MO, Fayt I, Haot J, Noël JC. Overexpression of 27-kDa heat shock protein relates to poor histological differentiation in human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2000; 36:326-30. [PMID: 10759946 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Various stress conditions such as heat, chemical and mechanical stresses are known to play a major role in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma development. Our goal was to evaluate whether changes in stress-induced 27-kDa heat shock protein (HSP27) expression could be demonstrated during oesophageal carcinogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS HSP27 expression was studied using immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 21 oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas occurring in smokers and/or alcohol abusers. Oesophagus from healthy patients (controls) (five), chemical (eight) and infectious oesophagitis (six) were also included in the study. In normal oesophagus, the protein is present only in the upper epithelial layers. In contrast, in chemical or infectious oesophagitis its expression is strong and occurs in all the epithelial layers including the basal layer. In non-tumoral oesophageal mucosa from smoking and/or drinking patients adjacent to invasive carcinoma, the distribution of the protein is patchy and irregular. In malignant areas, HSP27 protein expression increases drastically from dysplastic lesions to invasive carcinoma, being highest in the less differentiated areas. CONCLUSIONS In human oesophagus, HSP27 expression is induced by various stresses but alcohol and tobacco generate focal perturbations in the stress response. Tumour immunoreactivity for this protein increases with the anaplasia of the tumour, as in some other tumours in which it is considered to play a role in drug resistance. To our knowledge, these data have not been previously described for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lambot
- Department of Pathology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
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Vanmuylder N, Dourov N. Immunocytochemical investigations of heat shock proteins expression during thymic apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids. Pathol Res Pract 2000; 196:119-24. [PMID: 10707369 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(00)80043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate a possible expression of different HSPs in rat's thymuses after hydrocortisone administration. The thymuses of 41 young rats (25 to 45 days age old) were studied immunocytochemically: 12 rats were not injected, 8 received an injection of physiological serum, and 21 received HC (125 mg/kg). HSP27, 70 and 110 expression was investigated following the PAP method. HSPs27 were expressed neither in normal thymic lobules nor in the cortical thymic cells after HC injection. HSPs70 were objectivated only in 1 control animal, but were frankly expressed in cortical thymic cells 1 to 48 hours after HC injection and remained significantly expressed until the 7th day after HC injection. HSPs 110 were present in only 1 control animal and appeared to be distinctly expressed 48 hours after HC injection. HSPs 70 and 110 were never expressed in the regenerated thymuses 14 and 21 days after HC injection. This report objectivates for the first time 70 and 110 kDa "stress proteins" expression during the thymic apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vanmuylder
- Department of Pathology and Electron Microscopy, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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Edwards MJ, Nazmi N, Mower C, Daniels A. Hsp72 antigen expression in the proliferative compartment of involved psoriatic epidermis. J Cutan Pathol 1999; 26:483-9. [PMID: 10599938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1999.tb01794.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage to growth regulatory proteins has been implicated in the aetiology of psoriasis. However, the transient synthesis of heat shock proteins has been shown to protect cells against the adverse effects of oxidative and other forms of physiological stress. This study has used an hsp72 monoclonal antibody to measure inducible 72 kDa heat shock protein expression in heat stressed normal human skin and established plaque psoriasis. Hsp72 was detected in the basal and suprabasal layer cells of heat-stressed normal skin, and in 12 involved psoriasis lesions. Hsp72 expression was not detected in unstressed normal skin or in 12 cases of uninvolved psoriasis. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting of cell lysates from heat stressed normal skin and involved psoriasis lesions confirmed the presence of a 72 kDa polypeptide with hsp72 immunoreactivity. The MIB-1 monoclonal antibody was used to determine the proliferative fraction of normal and involved psoriastic epidermis. The Ki67 antigen was localised to the nuclei of basal and suprabasal layer cells of normal and involved psoriatic epidermis. Involved psoriatic epidermis contained a higher number of proliferating keratinocytes when compared with normal skin. The study has also demonstrated a strong correlation between hsp72 expression and keratinocyte proliferation in involved psoriatic epidermis (r=0.864, p<0.001). We believe that the 72 kDa inducible heat shock protein performs a protective function in the proliferative compartment of normal and involved psoriatic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Edwards
- University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Faculty of Community Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, UK.
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McMurtry AL, Cho K, Young LJ, Nelson CF, Greenhalgh DG. Expression of HSP70 in healing wounds of diabetic and nondiabetic mice. J Surg Res 1999; 86:36-41. [PMID: 10452866 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (HSPs) stabilize intracellular processes of cells under stress. Little is known about the role of HSPs in wound healing, or whether their expression is altered by systemic disease. The focus of this study was to examine the local heat shock response to wounding in diabetic mice. METHODS Congenitally diabetic and phenotypically normal mice underwent standardized full-thickness cutaneous wounding. Mice were sacrificed at sequential time points and the wound beds excised. Tissues underwent immunohistochemical (IHC) and RT-PCR analyses for inducible HSP70. RESULTS HSP70 protein expression in the wound bed by IHC peaked at 24 h in the nondiabetic mice. Expression of HSP70 was delayed in the diabetic mice until Day 3, which correlates with the clinical delay in healing seen in this model. The protein was especially prominent in the epithelium and in inflammatory cells migrating into the granulation tissue matrix. RT-PCR demonstrated upregulation of HSP70 mRNA within 12 h after wounding, lasting until Day 3, and decreasing thereafter in both the nondiabetic and the diabetic animals. CONCLUSION Cutaneous wounding produces a HSP response in inflammatory cells, and expression of inducible HSP70 is delayed in diabetic mice. This delay may be related to the impaired inflammatory response of diabetics, and may contribute to impaired wound healing. The wound may be a continuing source of the heat shock response in inflammatory cells after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L McMurtry
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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