1
|
Jung K, Pawluk MA, Lane M, Nabai L, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Related Skin Diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C170-C189. [PMID: 35442832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00052.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The predominant function of the skin is to serve as a barrier - to protect against external insults and to prevent water loss. Junctional and structural proteins in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, are critical to the integrity of the epidermal barrier as it balances ongoing outward migration, differentiation, and desquamation of keratinocytes in the epidermis. As such, epidermal barrier function is highly susceptible to upsurges of proteolytic activity in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Granzyme B is a serine protease scarce in healthy tissues but present at high levels in tissues encumbered by chronic inflammation. Discovered in the 1980s, Granzyme B is currently recognized for its intracellular roles in immune cell-mediated targeted apoptosis as well as extracellular roles in inflammation, chronic injuries, tissue remodeling, and processing of cytokines, matrix proteins, and autoantigens. Increasing evidence has emerged in recent years supporting a role for Granzyme B in promoting barrier dysfunction in the epidermis by direct cleavage of barrier proteins and eliciting immunoreactivity. Likewise, Granzyme B contributes to impaired epithelial function of the airways, retina, gut and vessels. In the present review, the role of Granzyme B in cutaneous epithelial dysfunction is discussed in the context of specific conditions with an overview of underlying mechanisms as well as utility of current experimental and therapeutic inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan A Pawluk
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Lane
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Layla Nabai
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Altonsy MO, Kurwa HA, Lauzon GJ, Amrein M, Gerber AN, Almishri W, Mydlarski PR. Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, a human skin colonizer, induces the canonical nuclear factor-κB inflammatory signaling pathway in human skin cells. Immun Inflamm Dis 2020; 8:62-79. [PMID: 31912662 PMCID: PMC7016847 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum (C. t.) is a ubiquitous bacterium that colonizes human skin. In contrast to other members of the genus Corynebacterium, such as toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae or the opportunistic pathogen Corynebacterium jeikeium, several studies suggest that C. t. may play a role in skin health and disease. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. METHODS To investigate whether C. t. induces inflammatory pathways in primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and human cutaneous squamous carcinoma cells (SCCs), cell culture, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence microscopy, Western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR, small interfering RNA knockdown and luciferase reporter expression system were used. RESULTS Herein, we demonstrate that C. t. upregulates the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of inflammatory mediators in two human skin cell lines, HEKs and SCCs. We further show activation of the canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway in response to C. t. infection, including phosphorylation of the inhibitor of κB (IκB), the nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit (NF-κB-P65 ) and the recruitment of NF-κB-P65 and RNA polymerase to the NF-κB response elements at the promoter region of the inflammatory genes. Lastly, the data confirm that C. t.-induced tumor necrosis factor mRNA expression in HEKs is toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2 ) dependent. CONCLUSION Our results offer a mechanistic model for C. t.-induced inflammation in human keratinocytes via TLR2 and activation of IκB kinase and downstream signaling through the canonical NF-κB pathway. Relevance to chronic inflammatory diseases of the skin and cutaneous oncology is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O. Altonsy
- Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of ScienceSohag UniversitySohagEgypt
| | - Habib A. Kurwa
- Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Gilles J. Lauzon
- Division of Dermatology, Department of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Matthias Amrein
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Anthony N. Gerber
- Department of MedicineNational Jewish HealthDenverColorado
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ColoradoDenverColorado
| | - Wagdi Almishri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roye O, Delhem N, Trottein F, Remoué F, Nutten S, Decavel JP, Delacre M, Martinot V, Cesbron JY, Auriault C, Wolowczuk I. Dermal Endothelial Cells and Keratinocytes Produce IL-7 In Vivo After Human Schistosoma mansoni Percutaneous Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The parasite Schistosoma mansoni infects its definitive mammalian host through an obligatory cutaneous penetration. In this work, we studied early immune response following migration of larvae through human skin, the first immunocompetent organ encountered by the parasite. For this purpose we used an experimental model of severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with human skin and injected with autologous PBL. Six days after percutaneous infection, we observed an infiltration of lymphocytes within the human skin, predominantly composed of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, among the cytokines potentially present in the infected skin, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed an in vivo expression of IL-7 in the epidermal layers and strikingly at the level of vascular endothelium. Using an in vitro coculture system, we showed that the S. mansoni larvae directly trigger IL-7 production by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells but not by keratinocytes. Finally, measurements of IL-7 concentrations in plasma of 187 S. mansoni-infected individuals showed that the youngest, which are also the most infected, displayed the highest IL-7 levels. Together, these findings describe dermal endothelial cells as a novel source of IL-7, a cytokine particularly important in schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Roye
- *Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1854, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nadirah Delhem
- †Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 167, Physiopathologie des Affections Neurodégénératives Transmissibles, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- ‡Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 167, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
| | - Franck Remoué
- ‡Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 167, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
- §Laboratoire de SOR, European Special Program for Operational and Integrated Research, Saint Louis, Sénégal
| | - Sophie Nutten
- ‡Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 167, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Decavel
- ‡Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 167, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- *Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1854, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Martinot
- ¶Service de Chirurgie Plastique et Reconstructive, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille, France; and
- ∥Université de Lille II, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Yves Cesbron
- †Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 167, Physiopathologie des Affections Neurodégénératives Transmissibles, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
- ∥Université de Lille II, Lille, France
| | - Claude Auriault
- *Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1854, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Wolowczuk
- *Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 1854, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|