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Michal K, Anežka PK, Alexander M, Frédéric S, Harnádková K, Petr H, Eugénia C, Jaroslav B. Automatic variable extraction from 3D coxal bone models for sex estimation using the DSP2 method. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03301-4. [PMID: 39102091 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Thanks to technical progress and the availability of virtual data, sex estimation methods as part of a biological profile are undergoing an inevitable evolution. Further reductions in subjectivity, but potentially also in measurement errors, can be brought by approaches that automate the extraction of variables. Such automatization also significantly accelerates and facilitates the specialist's work. The aim of this study is (1) to apply a previously proposed algorithm (Kuchař et al. 2021) to automatically extract 10 variables used for the DSP2 sex estimation method, and (2) to test the robustness of the new automatic approach in a current heterogeneous population. For the first aim, we used a sample of 240 3D scans of pelvic bones from the same individuals, which were measured manually for the DSP database. For the second aim a sample of 108 pelvic bones from the New Mexico Decedent Image Database was used. The results showed high agreement between automatic and manual measurements with rTEM below 5% for all dimensions except two. The accuracy of final sex estimates based on all 10 variables was excellent (error rate 0.3%). However, we observed a higher number of undetermined individuals in the Portuguese sample (25% of males) and the New Mexican sample (36.5% of females). In conclusion, the procedure for automatic dimension extraction was successfully applied both to a different type of data and to a heterogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuchař Michal
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova, 870, Hradec Králové, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Pilmann Kotěrová Anežka
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Morávek Alexander
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova, 870, Hradec Králové, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Santos Frédéric
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, MCC - UMR 5199 PACEA. Bâtiment B8, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Pessac Cedex, CS 50023, 33615, France
| | - Katarína Harnádková
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Henyš Petr
- Institute of New Technologies and Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, Liberec, 461 17, Czech Republic.
| | - Cunha Eugénia
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, IP., Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Brůžek Jaroslav
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 44, Czech Republic
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, MCC - UMR 5199 PACEA. Bâtiment B8, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Pessac Cedex, CS 50023, 33615, France
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2
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Epain M, Valette S, Zou K, Faisan S, Heitz F, Croisille P, Fracasso T, Fanton L. Sex estimation from coxal bones using deep learning in a population balanced by sex and age. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03268-2. [PMID: 38862820 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In the field of forensic anthropology, researchers aim to identify anonymous human remains and determine the cause and circumstances of death from skeletonized human remains. Sex determination is a fundamental step of this procedure because it influences the estimation of other traits, such as age and stature. Pelvic bones are especially dimorphic, and are thus the most useful bones for sex identification. Sex estimation methods are usually based on morphologic traits, measurements, or landmarks on the bones. However, these methods are time-consuming and can be subject to inter- or intra-observer bias. Sex determination can be done using dry bones or CT scans. Recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have attracted attention in forensic anthropology. Here we tested a fully automated and data-driven machine learning method for sex estimation using CT-scan reconstructions of coxal bones. We studied 580 CT scans of living individuals. Sex was predicted by two networks trained on an independent sample: a disentangled variational auto-encoder (DVAE) alone, and the same DVAE associated with another classifier (Crecon). The DVAE alone exhibited an accuracy of 97.9%, and the DVAE + Crecon showed an accuracy of 99.8%. Sensibility and precision were also high for both sexes. These results are better than those reported from previous studies. These data-driven algorithms are easy to implement, since the pre-processing step is also entirely automatic. Fully automated methods save time, as it only takes a few minutes to pre-process the images and predict sex, and does not require strong experience in forensic anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Epain
- Service of Legal Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France.
- University Lyon, Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon-Est Medical School, Lyon, France.
| | | | - Kaifeng Zou
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur, de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie, ICube (UMR 7357), UNISTRA, CNRS, Illkirch, France
| | - Sylvain Faisan
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur, de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie, ICube (UMR 7357), UNISTRA, CNRS, Illkirch, France
| | - Fabrice Heitz
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur, de l'Informatique et de l'Imagerie, ICube (UMR 7357), UNISTRA, CNRS, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Croisille
- CREATIS-LRMN, INSERM U630, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Radiology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Tony Fracasso
- Centre universitaire romand de médecine légale, Lausanne - Genève, Département de médecine communautaire, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Fanton
- Service of Legal Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
- University Lyon, Claude-Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon-Est Medical School, Lyon, France
- CREATIS-LRMN, INSERM U630, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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3
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Rmoutilová R, Brůžek J, Gómez-Olivencia A, Madelaine S, Couture-Veschambre C, Holliday T, Maureille B. Sex estimation of the adult Neandertal Regourdou 1 (Montignac, France): Implications for sexing human fossil remains. J Hum Evol 2024; 189:103470. [PMID: 38552260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Sex is a biological trait fundamental to the study of hominin fossils. Among the many questions that can be addressed are those related to taxonomy, biological variability, sexual dimorphism, paleoobstetrics, funerary selection, and paleodemography. While new methodologies such as paleogenomics or paleoproteomics can be used to determine sex, they have not been systematically applied to Pleistocene human remains due to their destructive nature. Therefore, we estimated sex from the coxal bone of the newly discovered pelvic remains of the Regourdou 1 Neandertal (Southwest France, MIS 5) based on morphological and metric data employing two methods that have been recently revised and shown to be reliable in multiple studies. Both methods calculate posterior probabilities of the estimate. The right coxal bone of Regourdou 1 was partially reconstructed providing additional traits for sex estimation. These methods were cross validated on 14 sufficiently preserved coxal bones of specimens from the Neandertal lineage. Our results show that the Regourdou 1 individual, whose postcranial skeleton is not robust, is a male, and that previous sex attributions of comparative Neandertal specimens are largely in agreement with those obtained here. Our results encourage additional morphological research of fossil hominins in order to develop a set of methods that are applicable, reliable, and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Rmoutilová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600, Pessac, France; Hrdlicka Museum of Man, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Asier Gómez-Olivencia
- Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigacion Sobre Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stéphane Madelaine
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600, Pessac, France; Musée National de Préhistoire, 1 Rue Du Musée, 24620, Les Eyzies-de-Tayac Sireuil, France
| | | | - Trenton Holliday
- Tulane University, Department of Anthropology, 101 Dinwiddie Hall, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA; Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, RSA, South Africa
| | - Bruno Maureille
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, F-33600, Pessac, France
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Abegg C, Hoxha F, Campana L, Ekizoglu O, Schranz S, Egger C, Grabherr S, Besse M, Moghaddam N. Measuring pelvises in 3D surface scans and in MDCT generated virtual environment: Considerations for applications in the forensic context. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 352:111813. [PMID: 37742459 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Virtual Anthropology (VA) transposes the traditional methods of physical anthropology to virtual environments using imaging techniques and exploits imaging technologies to devise new methodological protocols. In this research, we investigate whether the measurements used in the Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste (DSP) and Ischio-Pubic Index (IPI) differ significantly when 3D models of a bone are generated using 3D surface scans (3DSS) and Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) scans. Thirty pelvises were selected from the SIMON identified skeletal collection. An equal ratio of females to males was sought, as well as a good preservation of the bones. The pelvises were scanned using an MDCT scanner and a 3D surface scanner. The measurements of the DSP and IPI methods on the dry bones (referred to as macroscopic measurements here), and then to the 3D models. The intra- and interobserver, using the Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) and relative Technical Error of Measurement (rTEM) error was assessed, and we aimed to observe if the measurements made on the MDCT and 3DSS generated models were significantly different from those taken on the dry bones. Additionally, the normality of the data was tested (Shapiro-Wilk test) and the differences in measurements was evaluated using parametric (Student t-tests) and non-parametric (Wilcoxon) tests. The TEM and rTEM calculations show high intra and interobserver consistency in general. However, some measurements present insufficient inter- and intraobserver agreement. Student t and Wilcoxon tests indicate potentially significant differences of some measurements between the different environments. The results show that especially in the virtual environment, it is not easy to find the right angle for some of the DSP measurements, However, when comparing the measurement differences between dry and virtual bones, the results show that most of the differences are less than or equal to 2.5 mm. Considering the IPI, the landmarks are already difficult to determine on the dry bone, but they are even more difficult to locate in the virtual environment. Nevertheless, this study shows that quantitative methods may be better suited for application in the virtual environment, but further research using different methods is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Abegg
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fatbardha Hoxha
- Laboratory for Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Campana
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oguzhan Ekizoglu
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Forensic Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sami Schranz
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Coraline Egger
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Besse
- Laboratory for Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Negahnaz Moghaddam
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Ortiz Rosa E, Crosato EM, Castro CC, Oliveira RE, Biazevic MGH. Comparative study of sex estimates in adult skulls using direct measurement and tomographic image reconstruction. Braz Oral Res 2023; 37:e064. [PMID: 37341235 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2023.vol37.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex estimation is an important procedure in forensic anthropology for human identification. The development of new technologies, such as three-dimensional computed tomography (CT), has provided excellent alternatives for this purpose. This study examined and compared a morphological method for sex estimation using two different approaches - direct measurement of physical structures and tomographic analysis using 3D images. A total of 111 skulls from the Museum of Human Anatomy at the University of São Paulo (MAH-USP) were used, (60 males and 51 females). All specimens were scanned by Philips Brilliance 64 CT scanner equipment and their corresponding images were reconstructed in three-dimensional (3D) models. The morphological characteristics of the skulls were analyzed by an observer who was blinded to the sex of the specimens. Five cranial structures were analyzed: external occipital crest, mastoid process, supraorbital margin, glabella, and mental eminence. The structures were scored 1 to 5 according to Buikstra and Ubelaker and validated by Walker. The success rates of the sex estimates obtained through direct measurement of the dry skulls ranged from 67.4% to 70.4% as compared to 60.2% to 68.1% for CT reconstruction. When analyzed separately, the maximum accuracy of the method was 68.33% in males and 88.24% in females in the physical analysis of structures. The glabella and mastoid process were the most effective structures to estimate sex through both techniques, respectively. Our results show that 3D CT images can be accurately used in the morphological analysis for sex estimation, representing a viable alternative in forensic anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Ortiz Rosa
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Community Dentistry Department, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edgard Michel Crosato
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Community Dentistry Department, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Campi Castro
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Medicine, Radiology Department, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Elias Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Museum of Archeology and Ethnology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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6
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Avent PR, Hughes CE, Garvin HM. Applying posterior probability informed thresholds to traditional cranial trait sex estimation methods. J Forensic Sci 2021; 67:440-449. [PMID: 34799862 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation methods using traditional cranial nonmetric traits utilize predictive models to produce a final sex estimation, using the resulting model's score to classify the individual. When sex estimations are assigned from discriminant scoring alone, statistical confidence in the resultant estimate is not always assessed or reported. Although some forensic anthropologists may qualitatively report their confidence in the assessment (e.g., "probable male"), these statements are subjective, not standardized, and not necessarily based on statistical results in a uniform way. The goals of this study were to evaluate how posterior probability-informed thresholds (PPITs) impacted accuracy rates, assess the balance between sample inclusion and accuracy for the proposed PPIT approach, and make recommendations for the use and interpretation of specific thresholds in casework. Using a sample of U.S. Black and White females and males (n = 292), we examined how PPITs can standardize the decision-making process of inferring sex for two methods using nonmetric cranial traits. We found that using PPITs of at least 0.85 increased accuracy (over 92% for some PPITs) yet remained highly inclusive of the sample. PPITs < 0.75 did not produce classification accuracy rates significantly higher than chance, and when using these cranial trait sex estimation methods, cases with posterior probabilities (PPs) <0.75 should be reported as "indeterminate." The 0.75-0.84 PPIT interval had an accuracy rate of 76%, which was both statistically significantly different from chance as well as from the higher (>0.85) groups, suggesting that although sex estimation at this level may be acceptable, the results hold lower confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Avent
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Cris E Hughes
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather M Garvin
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
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7
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Cao Y, Ma Y, Vieira DN, Guo Y, Wang Y, Deng K, Chen Y, Zhang J, Qin Z, Chen F, Huang P, Zhang J. A potential method for sex estimation of human skeletons using deep learning and three-dimensional surface scanning. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2409-2421. [PMID: 34459973 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep learning based on radiological methods has attracted considerable attention in forensic anthropology because of its superior classification capacities over human experts. However, radiological instruments are limited in their nature of high cost and immobility. Here, we integrated a deep learning algorithm and three-dimensional (3D) surface scanning technique into a portable system for pelvic sex estimation. Briefly, the images of the ventral pubis (VP), dorsal pubis (DP), and greater sciatic notch (GSN) were cropped from virtual pelvic samples reconstructed from CT scans of 1000 individuals; 80% of them were used to train and internally evaluate convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that were then evaluated externally with the remaining samples. An additional 105 real pelvises were documented virtually with a handheld 3D surface scanner, and the corresponding snapshots of the VP, DP, and GSN were predicted by the trained CNN models. The CNN models achieved excellent performance in the external testing using CT-based images, with accuracies of 98.0%, 98.5%, and 94.0% for VP, DP, and GSN, respectively. When the CT-based models were applied to 3D scanning images, they obtained satisfactory accuracies above 95% on the VP and DP images compared to the GSN with 73.3%. In a single-blind trial, a multiple design that combined the three CNN models yielded a superior accuracy of 97.1% with 3D surface scanning images over two anthropologists. Our study demonstrates the great potential of deep learning and 3D surface scanning for rapid and accurate sex estimation of skeletal remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Cao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Medical Imaging, 3201 Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Duarte Nuno Vieira
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Yucheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifei Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijiu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Kuchař M, Henyš P, Rejtar P, Hájek P. Shape morphing technique can accurately predict pelvic bone landmarks. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:1617-1626. [PMID: 33502550 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diffeomorphic shape registration allows for the seamless geometric alignment of shapes. In this study, we demonstrated the use of a registration algorithm to automatically seed anthropological landmarks on the CT images of the pelvis. We found a high correlation between manually and automatically seeded landmarks. The registration algorithm makes it possible to achieve a high degree of automation with the potential to reduce operator errors in the seeding of anthropological landmarks. The results of this study represent a promising step forward in effectively defining the anthropological measures of the human skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kuchař
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Henyš
- Institute of New Technologies and Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Rejtar
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hájek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Šimkova 870, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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9
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Jerković I, Bašić Ž, Anđelinović Š, Kružić I. Adjusting posterior probabilities to meet predefined accuracy criteria: A proposal for a novel approach to osteometric sex estimation. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 311:110273. [PMID: 32272305 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The osteometric methods are the most reliable way to estimate the sex of skeletons when DNA analysis is not used. However, as osteometric studies usually ignore the overlap in male and female skeletal dimensions, they rarely achieve accuracy sufficient for forensic application. To resolve this issue, recent studies suggest sex estimation only when posterior probability (pp) is greater than 0.95, but that approach does not always provide sufficient accuracy and creates a large proportion of unsexed skeleton. Thus, our study aimed to explore whether it is possible to adjust pp on skeletal measurements with pronounced sexual dimorphism to meet 95% accuracy and to enable sex estimation on a reasonable proportion of individuals. From 207 skeletons, we included 65 postcranial measurements and selected 10% of variables with the highest sexual dimorphism. We computed univariate and bivariate discriminant functions using pp threshold of 0.5, 0.95, and the threshold required to achieve accuracy of ≥ 95%. Discriminant functions with pp=0.5 obtained accuracy of 85%-93%, while those with pp≥0.95 and adjusted posterior probabilities obtained 94%-99%. However, we showed that by selecting a particular threshold, sex could be estimated on a greater proportion of individuals than for pp≥0.95: 42%-86% vs. 24%-62% for univariate and 69%-95% vs. 49%-78% for bivariate functions. Therefore, when developing sex estimation models, we suggest not to use fixed pp level, but to adjust pp to achieve 95% accuracy and to minimize the percentage of unsexed skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jerković
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Željana Bašić
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Šimun Anđelinović
- University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; Clinical Department for Pathology, Legal Medicine and Cytology, University Hospital Center Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kružić
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Kotěrová A, Králík V, Rmoutilová R, Friedl L, Růžička P, Velemínská J, Marchal F, Brůžek J. Impact of 3D surface scanning protocols on the Os coxae digital data: Implications for sex and age-at-death assessment. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 68:101866. [PMID: 31518882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The 3D imaging technologies have become of paramount importance for example in disciplines such as forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology, where they are being used more and more frequently. There are several new possibilities that they offer; for instance, the easier and faster sharing of data among institutions, the possibility of permanent documentation, or new opportunities of data analysis. An important requirement, however, is whether the data obtained from different scanning devices are comparable and whether the possible varying outputs could affect further analyses, such as the estimation of the biological profile. Therefore, we aimed to investigate two important questions: (1) whether 3D models acquired by two different scanning technologies (structured light and laser) are comparable and (2) whether the scanning equipment has an effect on the anthropological analyses, such as age-at-death estimation and sex assessment. 3D models of ossa coxa (n = 29) were acquired by laser (NextEngine) and structured light (HP 3D Structured Light Scanner PRO 2) scanners. The resulting 3D models from both scanners were subjected to age-at-death analyses (via the quantitative method of Stoyanova et al., 2017) and sex analyses (via Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste 2 of Brůžek et al., 2017). Furthermore, high quality scans of a small sample (n = 5) of pubic symphyseal surfaces with the RedLux Profiler device were acquired as reference surfaces to which the outputs from both scanners were compared. Small deviations between surfaces were more evident in more rugged surfaces (in areas of depression and protrusion). Even though small differences from the reference surfaces were found, they did not have a significant effect on the age and sex estimates. It never resulted in the opposite sex assignment, and no significant differences were observed between age estimates (with the exception of those with the TPS/BE model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Kotěrová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Vlastimil Králík
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, CTU in Prague, Technická 4, Prague, 166 07, Czech Republic
| | - Rebeka Rmoutilová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic; Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université Bordeaux, CS 50023, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Lukáš Friedl
- Department of Anthropology, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, 30614, Czech Republic; Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Faculdade das Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Pavel Růžička
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, CTU in Prague, Technická 4, Prague, 166 07, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - François Marchal
- UMR 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille University, EFS, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic; Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université Bordeaux, CS 50023, Pessac, 33615, France
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11
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d'Oliveira Coelho J, Curate F. CADOES: An interactive machine-learning approach for sex estimation with the pelvis. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109873. [PMID: 31382223 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pelvis is consistently regarded as the most sexually dimorphic region of the human skeleton, and methods for sex estimation with the pelvic bones are usually very accurate. In this investigation, population-specific osteometric models for the assessment of sex with the pelvis were designed using a dataset provided by J.A. Serra (1938) that included 256 individuals (131 females and 125 males) from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection and 38 metric variables. The models for sex estimation were operationalized through an online application and decision support system, CADOES. Different classification algorithms generated high accuracy models, ranging from 85% to 92%, with only three variables; and from 85.33% to 97.33%, with all 38 variables. CADOES conveys a probabilistic prediction of skeletal sex, as well as a suite of attributes with educational applicability in the fields of human skeletal anatomy and statistics. This study upholds the value of the pelvis for the estimation of skeletal sex and provides models for that can be applied with high accuracy and low bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- João d'Oliveira Coelho
- Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Curate
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Santos F, Guyomarc'h P, Rmoutilova R, Bruzek J. A method of sexing the human os coxae based on logistic regressions and Bruzek's nonmetric traits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:435-447. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Santos
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – MCC, UMR 5199 PACEA Pessac France
| | - Pierre Guyomarc'h
- Université Aix Marseille – CNRS – EFS, UMR 7268 ADES Marseille France
| | - Rebeka Rmoutilova
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – MCC, UMR 5199 PACEA Pessac France
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Bruzek
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS – MCC, UMR 5199 PACEA Pessac France
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
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13
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Rodriguez Paz A, Banner J, Villa C. Validity of the probabilistic sex diagnosis method (DSP) on 3D CT-scans from modern Danish population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medleg.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Kranioti EF, Šťovíčková L, Karell MA, Brůžek J. Sex estimation of os coxae using DSP2 software: A validation study of a Greek sample. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:371.e1-371.e6. [PMID: 30851999 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation methods based on skeletal remains vary on the selection of skeletal element, data acquisition and statistical approach resulting in variable classification accuracies that are highly dependent on the sample population. The only exception of this rule seems to be the os coxa, that appears to differ consistently between males and females across the globe. Currently sex estimation based on the os coxa can be easily estimated by taking ten measurements, inputting these in the DPS2 software and getting a sex estimate and the probability of correct group assessment. The performance of the software is highly reliable as confirmed by a validation study by Brůžek et al. (2017). Yet, there are still many populations not represented in the reference sample used to develop the software. The current study aimed to validate DPS2 using a sample from Crete, Greece. A total of 133 os coxae were measured following instructions on DSP2. Data were used to estimate sex with the software and to create population specific formulae for Greeks. DSP2 classified 117/133 (85.7%) of the sample with over 95% posterior probability (PP) of correct classification. Of the individuals classified with over 95% PP, only 3 were misclassified (2.6%).The best population specific formula only improved this percentage by 2.1% which indicates that DSP2 is a reliable tool for sex estimation in the Greek sample and it is recommended as method of choice in sex estimation of remains of unknown ancestry. If Greek ancestry is confirmed, population-specific formulae can be used in conjunction with DSP2 for a more reliable sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F Kranioti
- Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Greece; Edinburgh Unit for Forensic Anthropology, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, 4 Teviot Place, EH8 9AG, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Lada Šťovíčková
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vini9cná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Mara A Karell
- Edinburgh Unit for Forensic Anthropology, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, 4 Teviot Place, EH8 9AG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vini9cná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic; UMR 5199 PACEA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac, France
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15
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Bonczarowska JH, Bonicelli A, Papadomanolakis A, Kranioti EF. The posterior portion of the ilium as a sex indicator: A validation study. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 294:216.e1-216.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Sex estimation using the mandibular canine index components. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2018; 15:191-197. [PMID: 30535911 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-018-0051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mandibular canine index (MCI) has been described as a suitable methodology for sex estimation in forensic scenarios but there are contradictory reports about its accuracy. Moreover, the two mandibular canine teeth must be available, which is not always a viable option. The aim of this study was to strip the MCI by analyzing the MCI itself and its components, in order to optimize its use for sex estimation. The mesiodistal dimensions of the mandibular canine crown and the mandibular canine arch width were measured in a sample of 120 cast models. Five predictor variables were considered in this study: the standard MCI, a variation of the MCI using the left canine, and MCI components (MD43, MD33 and D33-43). Multivariate binary logistic regression was performed using stepwise forward approach to select the most statistical relevant variables on the probability of a cast being from a female. The estimated probability was then analyzed with respect to performance in sex classification (ROC analysis and optimal cut-offs accuracy) and compared with the performance of the univariate variables. MCI43 and MCI33 presented the lowest performance (64.2% and 63.3% respectively), and the highest overall accuracy was attained using the MD43 and MD33 (85.8% in both cases). The multivariate logistic model obtained (using MD43 and MD33) exhibited the same accuracy as the logistic model based solely on MD43 (85.8%). Our results suggest that MD43 should be used instead of MCI for sex estimation.
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Application and validation of Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste V2 tool in a miscegenated population. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 290:351.e1-351.e5. [PMID: 30077496 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hip bone (os coxae) is the skeletal element that presents the greatest level of sexual dimorphism. Therefore, methods involving the analysis of the os coxae provide the most accurate sex estimation, and DSP2 (Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste v.2) is one of the most accurate tools used in this identification. The goal of this study is to apply and validate DSP2 in the identification of 103 os coxae (53 male and 50 female) belonging to a Brazilian-identified skeletal collection. Differences between sexes were statistically significant for all measurements, except for the acetabulo-symphyseal and spino-auricular lengths. From the 103 os coxae analyzed, there was a 9.43% error in male individuals and a 14% error in females. The results revealed that DSP2 can be applied to Brazilian-mixed populations with a good index of accuracy, although at a lower accuracy than other population samples. This study also clearly demonstrates that metric variation of the os coxae is extremely useful in sex estimation and reinforces the notion that pelvic sexual dimorphism is not population-specific.
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18
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Bašić Ž, Kružić I, Jerković I, Anđelinović D, Anđelinović Š. Sex estimation standards for medieval and contemporary Croats. Croat Med J 2017; 58:222-230. [PMID: 28613039 PMCID: PMC5470124 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2017.58.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To develop discriminant functions for sex estimation on medieval Croatian population and test their application on contemporary Croatian population. Methods From a total of 519 skeletons, we chose 84 adult excellently preserved skeletons free of antemortem and postmortem changes and took all standard measurements. Sex was estimated/determined using standard anthropological procedures and ancient DNA (amelogenin analysis) where pelvis was insufficiently preserved or where sex morphological indicators were not consistent. We explored which measurements showed sexual dimorphism and used them for developing univariate and multivariate discriminant functions for sex estimation. We included only those functions that reached accuracy rate ≥80%. We tested the applicability of developed functions on modern Croatian sample (n = 37). Results From 69 standard skeletal measurements used in this study, 56 of them showed statistically significant sexual dimorphism (74.7%). We developed five univariate discriminant functions with classification rate 80.6%-85.2% and seven multivariate discriminant functions with an accuracy rate of 81.8%-93.0%. When tested on the modern population functions showed classification rates 74.1%-100%, and ten of them reached aimed accuracy rate. Females showed higher classification rates in the medieval populations, whereas males were better classified in the modern populations. Conclusion Developed discriminant functions are sufficiently accurate for reliable sex estimation in both medieval Croatian population and modern Croatian samples and may be used in forensic settings. The methodological issues that emerged regarding the importance of considering external factors in development and application of discriminant functions for sex estimation should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željana Bašić
- Željana Bašić, University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia,
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19
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Brůžek J, Santos F, Dutailly B, Murail P, Cunha E. Validation and reliability of the sex estimation of the human os coxae using freely available DSP2 software for bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:440-449. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Brůžek
- Laboratoire PACEA - De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture; Environnement et Anthropologie, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, CS 50023; Pessac 33615 France
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics; Faculty of Science, Charles University; Prague 2 12000 Czech Republic
| | - Frédéric Santos
- Laboratoire PACEA - De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture; Environnement et Anthropologie, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, CS 50023; Pessac 33615 France
| | - Bruno Dutailly
- Laboratoire PACEA - De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture; Environnement et Anthropologie, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, CS 50023; Pessac 33615 France
| | - Pascal Murail
- Laboratoire PACEA - De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture; Environnement et Anthropologie, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, CS 50023; Pessac 33615 France
| | - Eugenia Cunha
- Centre for Functional Ecology; Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Life Sciences Department, University of Coimbra; Coimbra 3000-456 Portugal
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Rmoutilová R, Dupej J, Velemínská J, Brůžek J. Geometric morphometric and traditional methods for sex assessment using the posterior ilium. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2017; 26:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Sex determination using the DSP (probabilistic sex diagnosis) method on the coxal bone: Efficiency of method according to number of available variables. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 272:190-193. [PMID: 27856048 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The DSP method (probabilistic sex diagnosis) was applied to100 contemporary coxal bones from elderly individuals of the South of France. Ten variables with a posterior probability greater or equal to a 0.95 threshold were used. There was no statistical difference between right side and left side measurements. There was no mistake for sex assignment but the level of indetermination varied a great deal. It was higher in females than in males. The best combinations were obtained when using all 10 variables, some combination of 9 variables (all except SS or SIS or VEAC) or the first 8 variables. We conclude that the DSP method is of great interest in forensic anthropology, thanks to a very weak possibility of mistake when using the software for sex determination of the coxal bone. The main drawback is the level of indetermination that can be high depending on the available variables.
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Spradley MK. Metric Methods for the Biological Profile in Forensic Anthropology: Sex, Ancestry, and Stature. Acad Forensic Pathol 2016; 6:391-399. [PMID: 31239914 DOI: 10.23907/2016.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The biological profile, conducted by a forensic anthropologist, is necessary for severely decomposed or skeletonized remains. The biological profile consists of estimates of sex, age, ancestry, and stature. It is crucial to have a correct estimate of sex, as this designation will narrow down the search through missing persons reports by half (e.g., searching through NamUs). However, sex estimates can be population specific, necessitating accurate ancestry estimation. When estimates of age and stature are added, the search narrows further. If these estimates are incorrect, the unidentified human remains may never be identified. These biological profile components are estimated based on either metric or nonmetric methods (visual observation and recording of categorical data). While age is inherently nonmetric, stature is inherently metric. Estimates of sex and ancestry can take a metric or nonmetric approach. The purpose of this review article is to review metric methods in forensic anthropology (sex, ancestry, and stature), to provide general knowledge of why and how these metric methods work, and to highlight that estimates of sex, ancestry, and stature do not subscribe to a "one size fits all" model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kate Spradley
- Texas State University - San Marcos - Department of Anthropology
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23
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Candelas González N, Rascón Pérez J, Chamero B, Cambra-Moo O, González Martín A. Geometric morphometrics reveals restrictions on the shape of the female os coxae. J Anat 2016; 230:66-74. [PMID: 27485947 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The methodology for sex determination in human skeletal remains depends on the different bone morphologies presented by men and women. Due to their direct implications in reproduction, the whole pelvis, particularly the os coxae, shows different characteristics in either sex. The sacrum and the os coxae constitute the birth canal. In this research study, the os coxae shape is analyzed using geometric morphometrics, providing information on morphology, regardless of size or any other factor beyond the geometry itself. A total of 46 adult ossa coxae from a Spanish archaeological collection were studied using geometric morphometrics. The results show that there is a restriction on the shape of female os coxae. In contrast, male os coxae presents a greater range of variation. The biological reason for this difference is the obstetrical dilemma; a concept defined as the anatomical conflict between bipedalism and the full-term birth of a neonate whose large head requires greater dimensions in the pelvic cavity. Our experimental data reinforce the validity of the obstetrical dilemma as source of the restriction on the shape of female ossa coxae. Additionally, according to the results obtained, size itself does not represent a condition for belonging to one sex or another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Candelas González
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Rascón Pérez
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Oscar Cambra-Moo
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Armando González Martín
- Laboratorio de Poblaciones del Pasado (LAPP), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kotěrová A, Velemínská J, Dupej J, Brzobohatá H, Pilný A, Brůžek J. Disregarding population specificity: its influence on the sex assessment methods from the tibia. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:251-261. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Krishan K, Chatterjee PM, Kanchan T, Kaur S, Baryah N, Singh RK. A review of sex estimation techniques during examination of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology casework. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:165.e1-8. [PMID: 26926105 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex estimation is considered as one of the essential parameters in forensic anthropology casework, and requires foremost consideration in the examination of skeletal remains. Forensic anthropologists frequently employ morphologic and metric methods for sex estimation of human remains. These methods are still very imperative in identification process in spite of the advent and accomplishment of molecular techniques. A constant boost in the use of imaging techniques in forensic anthropology research has facilitated to derive as well as revise the available population data. These methods however, are less reliable owing to high variance and indistinct landmark details. The present review discusses the reliability and reproducibility of various analytical approaches; morphological, metric, molecular and radiographic methods in sex estimation of skeletal remains. Numerous studies have shown a higher reliability and reproducibility of measurements taken directly on the bones and hence, such direct methods of sex estimation are considered to be more reliable than the other methods. Geometric morphometric (GM) method and Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste (DSP) method are emerging as valid methods and widely used techniques in forensic anthropology in terms of accuracy and reliability. Besides, the newer 3D methods are shown to exhibit specific sexual dimorphism patterns not readily revealed by traditional methods. Development of newer and better methodologies for sex estimation as well as re-evaluation of the existing ones will continue in the endeavour of forensic researchers for more accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | | | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College (Affiliated to Manipal University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sandeep Kaur
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Baryah
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - R K Singh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, Government of Chhattisgarh, India
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