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Siebke I, Abegg C, Fracasso T, Moghaddam N, Obertová Z. Awareness of forensic anthropology in Switzerland: a survey among forensic practitioners, police, and prosecutors. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1067-1077. [PMID: 37964038 PMCID: PMC11003926 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Forensic anthropology (FA) as a specialized discipline has been practised in multi-lingual Switzerland for over a decade. A variety of expertise regarding osteological assessments as well as facial image comparison (FIC) is provided by different centres. Nevertheless, information is lacking about the awareness of FA and its benefits for forensic investigations among forensic stakeholders. Therefore, a survey was sent to Swiss anthropologists (AN) and related professions (police officers, prosecutors, and forensic pathologists) to assess three main aspects: (1) the experience of working (biological/forensic) anthropologists within FA; (2) how FA is perceived by other professions within the legal system; and (3) identify gaps (if any) in understanding of FA with the aim to suggest avenues for improvement if necessary. The results show that awareness of FA varies by occupation and cantonal regions. In areas where close collaborations between forensic anthropologists (FAs) and other stakeholders have been formally established, be it with focus on osteological analyses or FIC, the awareness of FA competencies was superior to areas where this was not the case. An overwhelming majority of forensic actors expressed interest in continuing education related to the role of FA. These findings indicate that facilitation of communication and collaboration leads to improvement in the awareness of the competencies of FAs and their contribution to forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Siebke
- Zurich Forensic Science Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudine Abegg
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tony Fracasso
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Negahnaz Moghaddam
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin de la Vulliette 4, CH - 1000, 25, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Zuzana Obertová
- Zurich Forensic Science Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, School of Social Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Abegg C, Hoxha F, Campana L, Ekizoglu O, Schranz S, Egger C, Grabherr S, Besse M, Moghaddam N. Measuring pelvises in 3D surface scans and in MDCT generated virtual environment: Considerations for applications in the forensic context. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 352:111813. [PMID: 37742459 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Virtual Anthropology (VA) transposes the traditional methods of physical anthropology to virtual environments using imaging techniques and exploits imaging technologies to devise new methodological protocols. In this research, we investigate whether the measurements used in the Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste (DSP) and Ischio-Pubic Index (IPI) differ significantly when 3D models of a bone are generated using 3D surface scans (3DSS) and Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) scans. Thirty pelvises were selected from the SIMON identified skeletal collection. An equal ratio of females to males was sought, as well as a good preservation of the bones. The pelvises were scanned using an MDCT scanner and a 3D surface scanner. The measurements of the DSP and IPI methods on the dry bones (referred to as macroscopic measurements here), and then to the 3D models. The intra- and interobserver, using the Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) and relative Technical Error of Measurement (rTEM) error was assessed, and we aimed to observe if the measurements made on the MDCT and 3DSS generated models were significantly different from those taken on the dry bones. Additionally, the normality of the data was tested (Shapiro-Wilk test) and the differences in measurements was evaluated using parametric (Student t-tests) and non-parametric (Wilcoxon) tests. The TEM and rTEM calculations show high intra and interobserver consistency in general. However, some measurements present insufficient inter- and intraobserver agreement. Student t and Wilcoxon tests indicate potentially significant differences of some measurements between the different environments. The results show that especially in the virtual environment, it is not easy to find the right angle for some of the DSP measurements, However, when comparing the measurement differences between dry and virtual bones, the results show that most of the differences are less than or equal to 2.5 mm. Considering the IPI, the landmarks are already difficult to determine on the dry bone, but they are even more difficult to locate in the virtual environment. Nevertheless, this study shows that quantitative methods may be better suited for application in the virtual environment, but further research using different methods is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Abegg
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fatbardha Hoxha
- Laboratory for Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Campana
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oguzhan Ekizoglu
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland; Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Forensic Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sami Schranz
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Coraline Egger
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Besse
- Laboratory for Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Negahnaz Moghaddam
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Moghaddam N, Campana L, Abegg C, Vilarino R, Voland C, Dedouit F, Genet P, Fracasso T. Hidden lesions: a case of burnt remains. Forensic Sci Res 2023; 8:163-169. [PMID: 37621452 PMCID: PMC10445669 DOI: 10.1093/fsr/owad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the many challenging cases that forensic pathologists, anthropologists, and forensic imaging experts have to face are burnt human remains. Perpetrators frequently attempt to hide/destroy evidence and make the body unidentifiable by exposing it to fire. We present a case of a partially burnt body found in an apartment after an explosion. First, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images and the following autopsy revealed several lesions on the cranium. Forensic anthropologists were involved in order to specify the aetiology of the lesions observed on the cranium. Through an interdisciplinary approach bringing together MDCT scans, 3D surface scans, and anthropological analysis, it was possible to answer the questions raised during the autopsy. Analyses demonstrated that there were signs of blunt force trauma on the cranium vault that the perpetrator likely attempted to hide by exposing the body to fire. This case demonstrates the importance of close collaboration between forensic anthropologists, imaging experts, and forensic pathologists. This multidisciplinary approach allows for a better, more complete reconstitution of forensic cases. Key points The analyses of burnt human remains are one of the many challenging tasks that forensic pathologists and anthropologists have to face.We present an occurrence of a partially burnt body after an explosion and forensic anthropologists were asked whether the nature of the lesions observed on the cranium could be further specified.Anthropological analyses of the skull were consistent with the radiological and autopsy report. It was possible to reconstruct the various lesions on the dry bone.The case demonstrates the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and the close collaboration between forensic anthropologists, imaging experts, and forensic pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negahnaz Moghaddam
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Campana
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudine Abegg
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Vilarino
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Voland
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Dedouit
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Hôpital Rangeuil, France
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de Toulouse, Hôpital Rangeuil, France
| | - Pia Genet
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tony Fracasso
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Forensic Medicine, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Abegg C, Balbo I, Dominguez A, Grabherr S, Campana L, Moghaddam N. Virtual anthropology: a preliminary test of macroscopic observation versus 3D surface scans and computed tomography (CT) scans. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 6:34-41. [PMID: 34007514 PMCID: PMC8110187 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1817270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual anthropology (VA) is based on applying anthropological methods currently used to analyse bones to 3D models of human remains. While great advances have been made in this endeavour in the past decade, several interrogations concerning how reliable these models are and what their proper use should be remain unanswered. In this research, a fundamental assumption of VA has been investigated: if the way we perceive and apply an anthropological method is truly similar when looking at bones macroscopically and through various 3D media. In order to answer, 10 skulls of known age and sex were scanned using a computed tomography (CT) scanner and a 3D surface scanner. Two observers separately applied a defined staging method to eight suture sites on these skulls, first looking at the bone macroscopically, then at the 3D surface scan, and finally on the CT scan. Two rounds of observation were carried out by each observer. Intra- and inter-observer error were evaluated, and two sample t-tests used to evaluate if the different types of medium used yielded significantly different observations. The results show a high degree of inter-observer error, and that data obtained from 3D surface scans differ from macroscopic observation (confidence level 95%, P ≤ 0.05). CT scans, in these settings, yielded results comparable to those obtained through macroscopic observations. These results offer many possibilities for future research, including indications on the kind of anthropological methods and anatomical landmarks that might be reliably transferable to the virtual environment. All current methods used in traditional anthropology should be tested, and if they prove unreliable, new techniques to analyse bones from virtual models should be developed.Key points Large discrepancies between observation on dry bones and computer-generated 3D models (surface scans or CT scans) could lead to the re-evaluation of the suitability of traditional anthropological methods for application on 3D models. This preliminary study evaluates whether macroscopic, 3D surface scans, and CT scans viewings generate different observations. The results indicate that the data are not always coherent across all three media of observation. Explanations include the aspect given to the bone by the 3D software, differences between handling bones in real life versus on a computer, and level of expertise of the observers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Abegg
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Balbo
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Dipartimento di Scienze biologiche, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alejandro Dominguez
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Campana
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Negahnaz Moghaddam
- Unit of Forensic Imaging and Anthropology, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Human Institute of Forensic Taphonomy, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abegg C, Desideri J. A probable case of multiple myeloma in a female individual from the Simon Identified Skeletal Collection (late 19th-early 20th century, Vaud, Switzerland). Int J Paleopathol 2018; 21:158-165. [PMID: 29776886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the case of an individual from the Simon Identified Skeletal Collection (Vaud, Switzerland) who appears to have been affected by a form of neoplastic disease. A detailed description and differential diagnosis of the lesions was conducted and is presented here. Considering the biological profile of the individual, the distribution of the lesions, and their appearance, a case is made for multiple myeloma as the most likely diagnosis. This case study demonstrates the importance of adopting a detailed approach for recording the metric and non-metric traits of lesions, using multiple methods of analysis, and providing graphic and photographic documentation in order to provide valuable comparison material through publication. The good preservation of the remains and the background information available for the individual also make this case ideal for inclusion in future comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Abegg
- Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Jocelyne Desideri
- Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Ilha L, Martins AB, Abegg C. Oral impact on daily performance: need and use of dental prostheses among Brazilian adults. J Oral Rehabil 2015; 43:119-26. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ilha
- Department of Preventive Social Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - A. B. Martins
- Department of Preventive Social Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - C. Abegg
- Department of Preventive Social Dentistry; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brasil
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Savoldelli GL, Schiffer E, Abegg C, Baeriswyl V, Clergue F, Waeber JL. Comparison of the Glidescope, the McGrath, the Airtraq and the Macintosh laryngoscopes in simulated difficult airways*. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:1358-64. [PMID: 19032306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Several indirect laryngoscopes have recently been developed, but relatively few have been formally compared. In this study we evaluated the efficacy and the usability of the Macintosh, the Glidescope, the McGrath and the Airtraq laryngoscopes. Sixty anaesthesia providers (20 staff, 20 residents, and 20 nurses) were enrolled into this study. The volunteers intubated the trachea of a Laerdal SimMan manikin in three simulated difficult airway scenarios. In all scenarios, indirect laryngoscopes provided better laryngeal exposure than the Macintosh blade and appeared to produce less dental trauma. In the most difficult scenario (tongue oedema), the Macintosh blade was associated with a high rate of failure and prolonged intubation times whereas indirect laryngoscopes improved intubation time and rarely failed. Indirect laryngoscopes were judged easier to use than the Macintosh. Differences existed between indirect devices. The Airtraq consistently provided the most rapid intubation. Laryngeal grade views were superior with the Airtraq and McGrath than with the Glidescope.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Savoldelli
- Department of Anaesthesia, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abegg C, Petit O, Thierry B. Variability in behavior frequencies and consistency in transactions across seasons in captive Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Aggress Behav 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ab.10034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mjör I, Moorhead J, Greenspan D, Canchola A, Tuominen R, Abegg C, Croucher R. Br Dent J 2001; 191:78-78. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate the level of routines and flexibility of people's daily activity and to identify how tooth cleaning fits into these activities; and (2) to evaluate the impact of different levels of routines and flexibility in daily living on pattern (frequency of tooth cleaning), structure (range of items used in tooth cleaning), performance (relative effectiveness of tooth cleaning) and the outcome of performance (gingival bleeding on probing) in tooth cleaning. METHODS A convenience sample of 471 Brazilians aged 24 to 44 years was selected from factories, offices, banks, shops, and hospitals. Behavioral, socioeconomic, and clinical data were collected through structured interviews. Dental plaque and gingival bleeding were assessed by clinical examination. Data were analyzed by means of logistic regression. RESULTS A highly significant relationship was observed between routines of daily activities and tooth-cleaning pattern (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.34, 3.92) after adjusting for age, sex, marital status, and socioeconomic status. No significant associations were observed between routines of daily activities and gingival bleeding. A significant association was observed between tooth-cleaning frequency (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.07, 2.49), performance (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.77, 4.14), outcome (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.31, 3.18), and flexibility of daily activities. Those who had more flexibility of daily activities had lower gingival bleeding scores. CONCLUSION People who have a less routinized and more flexible day have higher tooth-cleaning frequency than those who have a less flexible and more routinized day. In this study, those with a more flexible day also cleaned their teeth more effectively than those who had a less flexible day, and had reduced gingival bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abegg
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, London Medical School.
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Abstract
This study tested whether there is a relationship between levels of flexibility of working time schedule and the pattern (frequency of tooth cleaning), structure (range of items used in tooth cleaning), and performance (relative effectiveness of tooth cleaning measured by levels of dental plaque) of tooth cleaning. 471 Brazilian workers from both sexes aged 24 to 44 years were selected from factories, offices, banks, shops and hospitals. Behavioural, socio-economic and clinical data were collected through structured interviews and clinical examination. Data analysis included frequency distribution and simple and multiple logistic regression. The response rate was 92.5%. Simple logistic regression showed there was a highly statistically significant relationship between flexibility of the working time schedule and tooth cleaning frequency, the range of oral hygiene aids used and the level of dental plaque. All 3 associations remained highly statistically significant after adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status and marital status. Socio-economic status was statistically significantly associated with tooth cleaning frequency, the use of oral hygiene aids and the level of dental plaque. It was concluded that high flexibility of working time schedule is related to pattern, structure and performance of tooth cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abegg
- Departamento de Odontologia Preventiva e Social, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
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Abstract
AIMS This study sought to analyse the oral hygiene habits (toothbrushing frequency, use of toothpick and dental floss), of a group of Brazilian adults, in relation to socio-demographic variables. The level of dental plaque and number of teeth with gums bleeding after probing were also investigated. METHODOLOGY The sample was composed of 234 women and 237 men, from two socioeconomic status. The age range was from 24 to 44 years. Data was collected through structured interviews and clinical examinations. RESULTS Daily toothbrushing was frequent. The median and mode were three, and it was associated with sex and socio-economic status. The majority of the sample population (67.5%), reported using dental floss and its use was associated with sex and socio-economic status. The use of toothpicks was frequent: 54.6% of the study group used them, and their use was also associated with sex, age and social class. The majority of the sample population had a moderate level of dental plaque (62.6%). The level of dental plaque was associated with social class. A quarter of the subjects did not have teeth with gums bleeding after probing. Bleeding gums were associated with age and social class. CONCLUSION Oral hygiene habits were considered good for most of the participants of the study. However, improvements, are necessary among men and members of low social class.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abegg
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil.
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Petit O, Abegg C, Thierry B. A Comparative Study of Aggression and Conciliation in Three Cercopithecine Monkeys (Macaca Fuscata, Macaca Nigra, Papio Papio). BEHAVIOUR 1997. [DOI: 10.1163/156853997x00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPatterns of aggression and reconciliation were studied in three captive groups of monkeys belonging to different species: Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), crested macaques (M. nigra) and Guinea baboons (Papio papio). Consistent differences were found comparing same dyads of individuals in the three groups. Aggression was often followed by retaliation and reconciliation in the group of crested macaques, such responses occurred less frequently in the group of Japanese macaques, more variable results were found in the group of Guinea baboons. Aggressive manual contacts occurred more frequently in crested macaques than in the other two groups. Rates of biting did not differ consistently among groups but bites could induce bleeding in the group of Japanese macaques. The use of peaceful interventions in conflicts was common in crested macaques, rare in Guinea baboons and unobserved in Japanese macaques. Data from other studies indicate that the contrasts found between groups could be due to interspecific variation. The present results suggest that the covariation between conciliation rates, degree of symmetry in conflicts and level of intensity in aggression may stem from phylogenetic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Petit
- 1Ethologie & Neurobiologie, CNRS-URA 1295, Université Louis Pasteur, 7 rue de l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - C. Abegg
- 2Ethologie & Neurobiologie, CNRS-URA 1295, Université Louis Pasteur, 7 rue de l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - B. Thierry
- 3Ethologie & Neurobiologie, CNRS-URA 1295, Université Louis Pasteur, 7 rue de l'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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