The general odorant receptor GmolOR9 from Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is mainly tuned to eight host-plant volatiles

Trypsin-encoding gene function of efficient star polycation nanomaterial-mediated dsRNA feeding delivery system of Grapholita molesta

BACKGROUND

Grapholita molesta is an important and harmful fruit pest worldwide, with widespread feeding hosts. Trypsin, an indispensable hydrolytic digestive protease in the insect gut, is crucial in digestion, growth and development. We analyzed the characteristics of the trypsin-encoding genes, screened for the optimal dose of RNAi mediated by nanocarriers, and investigated various indices of larval growth and development of G. molesta.

RESULTS

Gut content (GC) and RNase A degraded double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), with a faster degradation rate at higher concentrations. Star polycation (SPc) nanomaterials protected dsGFP from degradation by anion-cation binding and did not migrate through agarose gel. The key conserved motifs of the trypsin-encoding genes were similar, exhibiting high homology with those in other lepidopteran insects. An interference efficiency of ≈70% was achieved with SPc nanomaterial-mediated RNA interference with 0.05 μg dsRNA. The efficiency of continuous interference was stable. Trypsin activity, body weight of 8-day-old larvae, pupal weight and emergence rate were significantly reduced, and the larval stage was significantly prolonged.

CONCLUSION

The investigated trypsin gene is a key target gene in the growth and development of G. molesta. We investigated the efficiency and convenience of feeding SPc nanomaterials in a functional study of insects. Our results provide valuable data for the development of efficient trypsin-targeting pesticides. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Functional analysis of three odorant receptors in Plutella xylostella response to repellent activity of 2,3-dimethyl-6-(1-hydroxy)-pyrazine

Plutella xylostella is an important pest showing resistance to various chemical pesticides, development of botanical pesticides is an effective strategy to resolve above problem and decrease utilization of chemical pesticides. Previous study showed that 2,3-dimethyl-6-(1-hydroxy)-pyrazine has significant repellent activity to P. xylostella adult which mainly effect to the olfactory system, however the molecular targets and mechanism are still unclear. Based on the RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR data, eight ORs (Odorant receptor) in P. xylostella were selected as candidate targets response to repellent activity of 2,3-dimethyl-6-(1-hydroxy)-pyrazine. Here, most of the ORs in P. xylostella were clustered into three branches, which showed similar functions such as recognition, feeding, and oviposition. PxylOR29, PxylOR31, and PxylOR46 were identified as the potential molecular targets based on the results of repellent activity and EAG response tests to the adults which have been injected with dsRNA, respectively. Additionally, the three ORs were higher expressed in antenna of P. xylostella, followed by those in the head segment. Furthermore, it was found that the bindings between these three ORs and 2,3-dimethyl-6-(1-hydroxy)-pyrazine mainly depend on the hydrophobic effect of active cavities, and the binding to PxylOR31 was more stabler and easier with an energy of -16.34 kcal/mol, together with the π-π T-shaped interaction at PHE195 site. These findings pave the way for the complete understanding of pyrazine repellent mechanisms.

Disruption of Zfh3 abolishes mulberry-specific monophagy in silkworm larvae

Feeding behavior is critical for insect survival and fitness. Most researchers have explored the molecular basis of feeding behaviors by identifying and elucidating the function of olfactory receptors (ORs) and gustatory receptors (GRs). Other types of genes, such as transcription factors, have rarely been investigated, and little is known about their potential roles. The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a well-studied monophagic insect which primarily feeds on mulberry leaves, but the genetic basis of its monophagy is still not understood. In this report, we focused on a transcription factor encoded by the Zfh3 gene, which is highly expressed in the silkworm central and peripheral nervous systems, including brain, antenna, and maxilla. To investigate its function, Zfh3 was abrogated using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) mutagenesis. Since Zfh3 knockout homozygotes are not viable, we studied feeding behavior in heterozygotes, and found that disruption of Zfh3 affects both gustation and olfaction. Mutant larvae lose preference for mulberry leaves, acquire the ability to consume an expanded range of diets, and exhibit improved adaptation to the M0 artificial diet, which contains no mulberry leaves. These results provide the first demonstration that a transcription factor modulates feeding behaviors in an insect.

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the ecdysone receptor isoform (EcR) from the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays a vital role in a series of biological processes, via the nuclear receptors, EcR/USP by activating the ecdysone regulatory cascade. To clarify the role of EcR during the development of Grapholita molesta, the complementary DNA of ecdysone receptor isoform B1 (GmEcR-B1) was obtained from the transcriptome of G. molesta and verified by PCR. Alignment analysis revealed that the deduced protein sequence of GmEcR-B1 was highly homologous to EcR proteins identified in other lepidopteran species, especially the EcR-B1 isoform in Spodoptera litura. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that GmEcRs was expressed at all test developmental stages, and the expression level of GmEcRs was relatively higher during the period of the 3rd day of fifth instar larvae to 2nd of pupa than those in other stages. Moreover, the messenger RNA of GmEcRs was much more strongly expressed in the Malpighian tubule and epidermis than those in other tissues, which suggests that this gene may function in a tissue-specific manner during larval development. Silencing of GmEcRs could significantly downregulate the transcriptional level of ecdysone-inducible genes and result in increased mortality during metamorphosis and prolonged prepupal duration. Taken together, the present results indicate that GmEcRs may directly or indirectly affect the development of G. molesta.

Inundative practice for screening siRNA management candidates against a notorious predatory beetle using olfactory silencing

Calosoma maximoviczi, a predatory pest beetle, poses a significant threat to wild silk farm production due to its predation on wild silkworms. Given the coexistence of this species with beneficial silkworms in the farm orchards, chemical pesticides are not an ideal solution for controlling its population. In this study, we employed a comprehensive multi-target RNA interference (RNAi) approach to disrupt the olfactory perception of C. maximoviczi through independently silencing 16 odorant receptors (ORs) in the respective genders. Specifically, gene-specific siRNAs were designed to target a panel of ORs, allowing us to investigate the specific interactions between odorant receptors and ligands within this species. Our investigation led to identifying four candidate siOR groups that effectively disrupted the beetle's olfactory tracking of various odorant ligands associated with different trophic levels. Furthermore, we observed sex-specific differences in innate RNAi responses reflected by subsequent gene expression, physiological and behavioral consequences, underscoring the complexity of olfactory signaling and emphasizing the significance of considering species/sex-specific traits when implementing pest control measures. These findings advance our understanding of olfactory coding patterns in C. maximoviczi beetles and establish a foundation for future research in the field of pest management strategies.

RNA Sequencing Reveals the Potential Adaptation Mechanism to Different Hosts of Grapholita molesta

Grapholita molesta is an important fruit tree worldwide pest which feeds on hosts extensively and does serious harm. In this paper, the growth and development parameters and protease activities of G. molesta fed on different hosts were compared. Using Illumina RNA sequencing technology, 18 midgut samples from five different hosts (apple, pear, plum, peach and peach shoots) and artificial diet were sequenced and compared with the reference genome, resulting in 15269 genes and 2785 predicted new genes. From 15 comparative combinations, DEGs were found from 286 to 4187 in each group, with up-regulated genes from 107 to 2395 and down-regulated genes from 83 to 2665. KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs were associated with amino acid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and hydrolase activity. A total of 31 co-expression gene modules of different hosts were identified by WGCNA. qRT-PCR showed that the expression pattern of the trypsin gene was consistent with RNA sequencing. In this study, growth and development parameters, protease activity, DEGs, enrichment analysis and qRT-PCR were combined to reveal the adaptation process to different hosts of G. molesta in many aspects. The results of this study provide a basis for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of host adaptation of G. molesta.

Antibiotic Treatment Reduced the Gut Microbiota Diversity, Prolonged the Larval Development Period and Lessened Adult Fecundity of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Grapholita molesta, the oriental fruit moth, is a serious pest of fruit trees with host transfer characteristics worldwide. The gut microbiota, which plays a crucial part in insect physiology and ecology, can be influenced by many elements, such as antibiotics, temperature, diet, and species. However, the effects of antibiotics on G. molesta gut microbiota are still unclear. In this study, we selected five common antibiotic agents to test the inhibition of G. molesta gut microbiota, and found ciprofloxacin shown the best antibacterial activity. After feeding 1 μg/mL of ciprofloxacin, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria decreased significantly, while that of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased. PICRUSt2 analysis indicated that most functional prediction categories were enriched in the G. molesta gut, including amino acid transport and metabolism, translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, transcription, cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis, and energy production and conversion. Finally, ciprofloxacin feeding significantly affected larval growth, development, and reproduction, resulting in prolonged larval development duration, shortened adult longevity, and significantly decreased single female oviposition and egg hatchability. In addition, we isolated and purified some culturable bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and cellulase-producing bacteria from the G. molesta midgut. In brief, our results demonstrate that antibiotics can have an impact on G. molesta gut bacterial communities, which is beneficial for host growth and development, as well as helping female adults produce more fertile eggs. These results will thus provide a theoretical reference for developing new green control technology for G. molesta.

Identification and Functional Characterization of Sex Pheromone Receptors in the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is a worldwide pest that damages Rosaceae fruit trees. Sex pheromones play an important role in controlling this pest; however, the corresponding chemosensation mechanism is currently unknown. In this study, 60 candidate odorant receptors, including eight pheromone receptors (PRs), were identified by antennal transcriptome analysis. Expression profiles indicated that most PRs were highly expressed in the males, except GmolOR21 and GmolOR22, which were specifically expressed in the females. Among them, GmolOR2 was identified in response to the main sex pheromone Z8-12:OAc and E8-12:OAc, and its in vivo function was confirmed by RNA interference analysis. Electrophysiological analysis showed that the males had a significantly reduced sensitivity to the main pheromones after the knockdown of GmolOR2. Our research makes a better understanding of pheromone chemoreception and provides a theoretical basis to developing novel, efficient, and environmentally friendly insect attractants.

Penicillium fungi mediate behavioral responses of the yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) to apple fruits via altering the emissions of host plant VOCs

Plant-associated microbes have been reported as important but overlooked drivers of plant-herbivorous insect interactions. Influence of plant-associated microbes on plant-insect interactions is diverse, including beneficial, detrimental, and neutral. Here, we determined the effects of three Penicillium fungi, including Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium sumatrense, and Penicillium digitatum, on the oviposition selection and behavior of the yellow peach moth (YPM), Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée). Compared with fungi noninfected apples (NIA), mechanically damaged apples (MDA), and P. citrinum in potato dextrose agar medium (PC), the oviposition selection and four-arm olfactometer experiments both showed that mated YPM females preferred to P. citrinum-infected apples (PCA). For P. sumatrense or P. digitatum, we also found that mated YPM females preferred to P. sumatrense-infected apples (PSA) or P. digitatum-infected apples (PDA), respectively. Among three Penicillium fungi-infected apples, the selection rates including oviposition and olfactometer behavior of mated YPM females on PDA were both higher than those on PSA and PCA. Further analyses of host plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by GC-MS showed that the absolute contents of ethyl hexanoate and (Z, E)-α-farnesene in PCA, PSA, and PDA were all higher than those in NIA, and a total of 16 novel VOCs were detected in fungi-infected apples (PCA, PSA, and PDA), indicating that fungi infection changed the components and proportions of apple VOCs. Taken together, three Penicillium fungi play significant roles in mediating the host selection of YPMs via altering the emissions of VOCs. These findings will be beneficial for developing formulations for field trapping of YPMs in the future.

Expression Profiling and Functional Analysis of Candidate Odorant Receptors in Galeruca daurica

Simple Summary

Odorant receptors (ORs) play an important role in the olfactory system in insects. However, there is no functional research on the odorant receptors of Galeruca daurica. In this study, 21 OR genes were identified from the transcriptome database of G. daurica adults. Most GdauORs were mainly expressed in antennae, and the expression levels of GdauORs in adults were affected by age. When GdauOR4, GdauOR15, and GdauORco were silenced by RNAi, the electrophysiological responses to host plant volatiles were significantly decreased.

Abstract

Galeruca daurica (Joannis) is an oligophagous pest in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China, which feed mainly on Allium spp. Odorant receptors (ORs) play an important role in the olfactory system in insects, and function together with olfactory co-receptor (ORco). In this study, 21 OR genes were identified from the transcriptome database of G. daurica adults, and named GdauOR1-20 and GdauORco. The expression profiles were examined by RT-qPCR and RNA interference (RNAi) and electroantennogram (EAG) experiments were conducted to further identify the olfactory functions of GdauOR4, GdauOR11, GdauOR15, and GdauORco. It was found that 15 GdauORs (OR1, OR3-6, OR8, OR11-13, OR15, OR17-20, and ORco) were mainly expressed in antennae, and the expression levels of GdauORs in adults were affected by age. When GdauOR4, GdauOR15, and GdauORco were silenced by RNAi, the electrophysiological responses to host plant volatiles were significantly decreased in G. daurica. This study lays a necessary foundation for clarifying the mechanism on finding host plants in G. daurica.

Ionotropic receptor 8a is involved in the attraction of Helicoverpa armigera to acetic acid

Ionotropic receptors (IRs) were first found in Drosophila melanogaster, and derive from ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), which are implicated in detecting acids, ammonia, amine, temperature and humidity. Although IRs are involved in sensing acid odors in a few insects, such as D. melanogaster, Aedes aegypti, and Manduca sexta, the function of IRs in Helicoverpa armigera is still unknown. IR8a was confirmed to be a co-receptor associated with acid detection. From the results of phylogenetic analysis, HarmIR8a displayed high similarity compared to homologs in D. melanogaster, M. sexta, and A. aegypti, suggesting that HarmIR8a might have a consistent function as a co-receptor for acid detection. In this study, clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated genome editing was implemented to knockout HarmIR8a for in vivo functional analysis. Electrophysiological and behavioral assays were performed to compare the differences between HarmIR8a knockout mutants and wild type individuals. From electroantennogram (EAG) analysis, we found that wild type H. armigera adults could detect short-chain carboxylic acids. In addition, wind tunnel experiments showed that 1% acetic acid attracted wild type H. armigera adults. However, acid sensing and attraction were reduced or abolished in the HarmIR8a knockout mutants. Our data suggest that HarmIR8a is important for H. armigera to detect short-chain carboxylic acids and mediate attraction behavior to acetic acid.

Functional analysis of the odorant receptor coreceptor in odor detection in Grapholita molesta (lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The olfactory system must detect and discriminate various semiochemicals in the environment. In response to such diversity, insects have evolved a family of odorant-gated ion channels composed of a common receptor (coreceptor, Orco) and a ligand-binding tuning odorant receptor (OR) that confers odour specificity. This study aims to examine the expression pattern of Orco gene of Grapholita molesta (GmolOrco) and to elucidate the role of GmolOrco in detecting G. molesta sex pheromone and green leaf volatiles by using gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi) coupled antennal electrophysiological (EAG). Multiple sequence alignment showed that GmolOrco shared high sequence similarities with the Orco ortholog of lepidopterans. The results of real-time quantitative PCR detection demonstrated that GmolOrco was predominantly expressed in adult antennae and had the highest expression quantity in adult period among the different developmental stages. Compared with the noninjected controls, GmolOrco expression in GmolOrcodouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-injected males was reduced to 39.92% and that in females was reduced to 40.43%. EAG assays showed that the responses of GmolOrco-dsRNA injected males to sex pheromones (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8-12:OAc) and (Z)-8-dodecenyl alcohol (Z8-12:OH) were significantly reduced, and the GmolOrco-dsRNA-injected female to green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate also significantly declined. We inferred that Orco-mediated olfaction was different in male and female G. molesta adults and was mainly involved in recognizing the sex pheromones released by female moths.

Two classic OBPs modulate the responses of female Holotrichia oblita to three major ester host plant volatiles

Insects possess a fairly sophisticated olfactory system in their antennae to detect odorants essential for their survival and reproduction. Among them, insect first perceives odour sources by odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) to locate host-plants. Methyl salicylate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and dibutyl phthalate are major volatile components of Ulmus pumila and Ricinus communis and elicit strong responses of the scarab beetle Holotrichia oblita adults. However, olfactory perception of the scarab beetle to these odorant compounds is unclear. In the current study, we cloned the OBP6 and OBP7 of H. oblita. The expression pattern shows that the two genes were highly expressed in the antennae of female beetles. Binding assays verified that the HoblOBP6 had a better binding affinity to methyl salicylate, and so did HoblOBP7 to (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and dibutyl phthalate. The effect on the responses of female beetles to the three compounds was decreased significantly after these two genes were silenced by RNA interference. These results indicate that HoblOBP6 and HoblOBP7 are essential for female H. oblita perception of methyl salicylate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and dibutyl phthalate. Our study provides important insights into the olfactory mechanism of female H. oblita to ester plant volatiles and could facilitate the development of potential pest control strategies in the field.

Comparison of Gut Bacterial Communities of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Reared on Different Host Plants

Intestinal symbiotic bacteria have played an important role in the digestion, immunity detoxification, mating, and reproduction of insects during long-term coevolution. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is an important fruit tree pest worldwide. However, the composition of the G. molesta microbial community, especially of the gut microbiome, remains unclear. To explore the differences of gut microbiota of G. molesta when reared on different host plants, we determined the gut bacterial structure when G. molesta was transferred from an artificial diet to different host plants (apples, peaches, nectarines, crisp pears, plums, peach shoots) by amplicon sequencing technology. The results showed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes are dominant in the gut microbiota of G. molesta. Plum-feeding G. molesta had the highest richness and diversity of gut microbiota, while apple-feeding G. molesta had the lowest. PCoA and PERMANOVA analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the gut microbiota structure of G. molesta on different diets. PICRUSt2 analysis indicated that most of the functional prediction pathways were concentrated in metabolic and cellular processes. Our results confirmed that gut bacterial communities of G. molesta can be influenced by host diets and may play an important role in host adaptation.

Detecting Host-Plant Volatiles with Odorant Receptors from Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Grapholita molesta is a global pest of stone and pome fruits. The sensitive olfactory system plays a crucial role in regulating key behavioral activities of insects and G. molesta relies heavily on general odorant receptors (ORs) to detect host-plant volatiles. In this study, three general OR genes from G. molesta (GmolOR12, GmolOR20, and GmolOR21) were identified. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that GmolORs expression was considerably higher in adults and adult antennae than in any other life stages and body parts, respectively. Moreover, the expression of GmolORs was significantly higher in the antennae of females than in those of males, with a peak in the antennae of 3-days-old adult females. GmolOR20 and GmolOR21 displayed no responses to any of the odorant compounds tested in the Xenopus oocyte system. GmolOR12 was tuned mainly to 5 of the 47 odorant components tested (including decanol, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, and decanal), and the response to aldehydes among the 5 components was the highest. Additionally, they all elicited female and male antennae electroantennogram responses, and the aldehydes elicited the highest response among the 5 components. These results suggested that GmolOR12 in the G. molesta olfactory system plays an important role in sensing aldehydes and that GmolOR12 is involved in sensing host-plant volatiles. These findings provide insight into the possibility of using host-plant volatiles for the control of G. molesta.