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Xu L, Wu Z, Li J, Xu Y, Zhou F, Zhang F, Li D, Zhou L, Liu R. The low-lethal concentrations of rotenone and pyrethrins suppress the population growth of Rhopalosiphum padi. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16570. [PMID: 39019954 PMCID: PMC11255243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
As an important pest on winter wheat, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) causes damage to the wheat yield by sucking plant nutrients, transmitting plant viruses and producing mildew. R. padi has been reported to develop resistance to pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. To explore potential alternative approaches for R. padi control, the activity of 10 botanical insecticides was evaluated. Results suggested that the toxicity of rotenone and pyrethrins to R. padi were the highest and near to the commonly used chemical insecticides. When exposed to the low-lethal concentrations (LC10, LC30) of rotenone or pyrethrins for 24 h, the lifespan and fecundity of adults in F0 generation decreased significantly compared to control. The negative effect could also be observed in the F1 generation, including the decreased average offspring, longevity of adult, and prolonged nymph period. The population parameters in F1 generation of R. padi were also inhibited by exposing to the low-lethal concentrations of rotenone or pyrethrins, including the decreased net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of natural increase, finite rate of population increase, and gross reproduction rate. Co-toxocity factor results showed that mixtures of rotenone and thiamethoxam, pyrethrins and thiamethoxam showed synergistic effect. Our work suggested that rotenone and pyrethrins showed negative effect on the population growth under low-lethal concentrations. They are suitable for R. padi control as foliar spraying without causing population resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhenghua Wu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jingkun Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yihao Xu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Fulong Zhang
- Beijing Kingbo Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 101399, China
| | - Dongzhi Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Plant Protection College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Runqiang Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation & Intelligent Pesticide Residue Sensor Detection, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Mizumoto N, Hellemans S, Engel MS, Bourguignon T, Buček A. Extinct and extant termites reveal the fidelity of behavior fossilization in amber. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2308922121. [PMID: 38442141 PMCID: PMC10963005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308922121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Fossils encompassing multiple individuals provide rare direct evidence of behavioral interactions among extinct organisms. However, the fossilization process can alter the spatial relationship between individuals and hinder behavioral reconstruction. Here, we report a Baltic amber inclusion preserving a female-male pair of the extinct termite species Electrotermes affinis. The head-to-abdomen contact in the fossilized pair resembles the tandem courtship behavior of extant termites, although their parallel body alignment differs from the linear alignment typical of tandem runs. To solve this inconsistency, we simulated the first stage of amber formation, the immobilization of captured organisms, by exposing living termite tandems to sticky surfaces. We found that the posture of the fossilized pair matches trapped tandems and differs from untrapped tandems. Thus, the fossilized pair likely is a tandem running pair, representing the direct evidence of the mating behavior of extinct termites. Furthermore, by comparing the postures of partners on a sticky surface and in the amber inclusion, we estimated that the male likely performed the leader role in the fossilized tandem. Our results demonstrate that past behavioral interactions can be reconstructed despite the spatial distortion of body poses during fossilization. Our taphonomic approach demonstrates how certain behaviors can be inferred from fossil occurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Mizumoto
- Evolutionary Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa904-0495, Japan
- Computational Neuroethology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa904-0495, Japan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL36849
| | - Simon Hellemans
- Evolutionary Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa904-0495, Japan
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY10024-5192
| | - Thomas Bourguignon
- Evolutionary Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa904-0495, Japan
| | - Aleš Buček
- Evolutionary Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa904-0495, Japan
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České BudějoviceCZ-37005, Czech Republic
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Zanola D, Czaczkes TJ, Josens R. Ants evade harmful food by active abandonment. Commun Biol 2024; 7:84. [PMID: 38216747 PMCID: PMC10786876 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive ants, such as the Argentine ant, pose a severe economic and ecological threat. Despite advancements in baiting techniques, effectively managing established ant populations remains a daunting challenge, often ending in failure. Ant colonies employ behavioural immunity against pathogens, raising the question of whether ants can collectively respond to toxic baits. This study investigates whether ant colonies actively abandon palatable but harmful food sources. We provided two sucrose feeders, each generating a new foraging trail, with one transitioning to offering toxic food. Six hours later, ant activity on that path decreases, while activity on the non-toxic food and the trunk trail remains unaffected, excluding factors like population decline or satiation as reasons for the activity decline. Laboratory experiments confirmed that ants remained alive six hours after ingesting toxic food. Ant presence remains low on the toxic food path for days, gradually decreasing along the nearest section of the trunk trail. This abandonment behaviour minimises the entry of harmful food into the nest, acting as a protective social mechanism. The evasion of toxic bait-treated areas likely contributes considerably to control failures. Understanding the behavioural response to toxic baits is essential for developing effective strategies to combat invasive ant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zanola
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIBYNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomer J Czaczkes
- Animal Comparative Economics Laboratory, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roxana Josens
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIBYNE, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Du C, Lyu H, Wang L, Mao L, Li L, Yang X, Wang C. Foraging Behaviors of Red Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in Response to Bait Containing Different Concentrations of Fipronil, Abamectin, or Indoxacarb. INSECTS 2023; 14:852. [PMID: 37999051 PMCID: PMC10671866 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is a severe pest with agricultural, ecological, and medical significance. The baiting treatment is one of the main methods to control S. invicta. However, few studies have evaluated the acceptance of fire ant bait. Here, field and laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the foraging behaviors of S. invicta responding to fire ant baits containing different concentrations of active ingredients (fipronil, abamectin, or indoxacarb). Field studies showed that S. invicta transported significantly less 0.0125% fipronil bait than control bait (without toxicant) and 0.0001% fipronil bait. The number of foraging ants significantly decreased with an increase in fipronil concentration. Our previous study showed that S. invicta usually buries the food treated with repellent chemicals, and interestingly, significantly more soil particles were transported into tubes containing 0.0001% fipronil bait than tubes containing control bait or 0.0125% fipronil bait. In addition, S. invicta transported significantly less 0.0005% abamectin bait than control bait, and significantly fewer ants were found in tubes containing 0.0125% abamectin bait than control bait. However, there was no significant difference in bait transport, number of foraging ants, and weight of soil particles relocated in tubes containing different concentrations of indoxacarb bait. In addition, laboratory studies showed that S. invicta transported significantly less 0.0125% fipronil bait than control bait and bait containing abamectin (0.0025% or 0.0125%) or indoxacarb (0.0125% or 0.0625%). In addition, the transport speed for the 0.0125% fipronil bait was the slowest. These results show that specific concentrations of some active ingredients may negatively affect bait acceptance for S. invicta, and should be avoided in fire ant bait production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengju Du
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.D.)
| | - Hailong Lyu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.D.)
| | - Lanfeng Wang
- Guangzhou Guangjian Construction Engineering Testing Center Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510699, China
| | - Lei Mao
- Guangzhou Guangjian Construction Engineering Testing Center Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510699, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.D.)
| | - Xinya Yang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.D.)
| | - Cai Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (C.D.)
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Wen C, Wang C, Guo X, Li H, Xiao H, Wen J, Dong S. Object use in insects. INSECT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 37828914 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms in the animal kingdom, and some species exhibit complex social behaviors. Although research on insect object use is still in its early stages, insects have already been shown to display rich object-use behaviors. This review focuses on patterns and behavioral flexibility in insect object-use behavior, and the role of cultural evolution in the development of object-use behaviors. Object use in insects is not widespread but has been documented in a diverse set of taxa. Some insects can use objects flexibly and display various object-use patterns. Like mammals and birds, insects use objects in diverse activities, including foraging, predator defense, courtship, and play. Intelligence, pre-existing manipulative behaviors, and anatomical structure affect innovations in object use. In addition, learning and imitation are the main mechanisms underlying the spread of object-use behaviors within populations. Given that insects are one of the major animal groups engaging in object use, studies of insect object use could provide general insights into object use in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wen
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Xiao
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Junbao Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shikui Dong
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Shen L, Wen C, Chen X, Hua Y, Du C, Cai J, Wen X, Wang L, Wang C. Paving Behavior in Ants and Its Potential Application in Monitoring Two Urban Pest Ants, Solenopsis invicta and Tapinoma melanocephalum. INSECTS 2023; 14:219. [PMID: 36975904 PMCID: PMC10054563 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study discovered that two urban pest ants, red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Formicidae: Myrmicinae), and ghost ants, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae), can pave viscose surfaces with particles to facilitate food search and transport. We hypothesize that this paving behavior can be applied to monitor S. invicta and T. melanocephalum. In the present study, 3998 adhesive tapes, each with a food source (sausage), were placed in 20 locations around Guangzhou, China (181-224 tapes per location), and their efficiency to detect S. invicta and T. melanocephalum was compared with two traditional ant-monitoring methods, baiting and pitfall trapping. Overall, S. invicta was detected by 45.6% and 46.4% of baits and adhesive tapes, respectively. In each location, the percentage of adhesive tapes detecting S. invicta and T. melanocephalum was similar when compared to baits and pitfall traps. However, significantly more non-target ant species showed up on bait and pitfall traps. Seven non-target ant species-Pheidole parva Mayr (Formicidae: Myrmicinae), Pheidole nodus Smith (Formicidae: Myrmicinae), Pheidole sinica Wu & Wang (Formicidae: Myrmicinae), Pheidole yeensis Forel (Formicidae: Myrmicinae), Carebara affinis (Jerdon) (Formicidae: Myrmicinae), Camponotus nicobarensis Mayr (Formicidae: Formicinae), and Odontoponera transversa (Smith) (Formicidae: Ponerinae)-also showed tape paving behavior, but they can be easily distinguished morphologically from S. invicta and T. melanocephalum. Our study showed that the paving behavior occurs in different subfamilies of ants (i.e., myrmicinae, dolichoderinae, formicinae, and ponerinae). In addition, paving behavior can potentially be used to develop more specific monitoring methods for S. invicta and T. melanocephalum in urban areas in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Shen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chao Wen
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801, USA
| | - Yan Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Chengju Du
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiacheng Cai
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801, USA
| | - Xiujun Wen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cai Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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7
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Siddiqui JA, Fan R, Naz H, Bamisile BS, Hafeez M, Ghani MI, Wei Y, Xu Y, Chen X. Insights into insecticide-resistance mechanisms in invasive species: Challenges and control strategies. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1112278. [PMID: 36699674 PMCID: PMC9868318 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Threatening the global community is a wide variety of potential threats, most notably invasive pest species. Invasive pest species are non-native organisms that humans have either accidentally or intentionally spread to new regions. One of the most effective and first lines of control strategies for controlling pests is the application of insecticides. These toxic chemicals are employed to get rid of pests, but they pose great risks to people, animals, and plants. Pesticides are heavily used in managing invasive pests in the current era. Due to the overuse of synthetic chemicals, numerous invasive species have already developed resistance. The resistance development is the main reason for the failure to manage the invasive species. Developing pesticide resistance management techniques necessitates a thorough understanding of the mechanisms through which insects acquire insecticide resistance. Insects use a variety of behavioral, biochemical, physiological, genetic, and metabolic methods to deal with toxic chemicals, which can lead to resistance through continuous overexpression of detoxifying enzymes. An overabundance of enzymes causes metabolic resistance, detoxifying pesticides and rendering them ineffective against pests. A key factor in the development of metabolic resistance is the amplification of certain metabolic enzymes, specifically esterases, Glutathione S-transferase, Cytochromes p450 monooxygenase, and hydrolyses. Additionally, insect guts offer unique habitats for microbial colonization, and gut bacteria may serve their hosts a variety of useful services. Most importantly, the detoxification of insecticides leads to resistance development. The complete knowledge of invasive pest species and their mechanisms of resistance development could be very helpful in coping with the challenges and effectively developing effective strategies for the control of invasive species. Integrated Pest Management is particularly effective at lowering the risk of chemical and environmental contaminants and the resulting health issues, and it may also offer the most effective ways to control insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Ali Siddiqui
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China & China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruidong Fan
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China & China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Hira Naz
- Research and Development Centre for Fine Chemicals, National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Muhammad Hafeez
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Imran Ghani
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China & China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China
| | - Yiming Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyulong Chen
- College of Agriculture, College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,International Jointed Institute of Plant Microbial Ecology and Resource Management in Guizhou University, Ministry of Agriculture, China & China Association of Agricultural Science Societies, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China,Guizhou-Europe Environmental Biotechnology and Agricultural Informatics Oversea Innovation Center in Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department, Guiyang, China,College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyulong Chen,
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Liang M, Zhang S, Zheng X, Deng J, Yang J, Liang Y, Li Z, Yue X, Lu Y, Xu Y, Wang L. Efficacy of Matrine, Rotenone, and Pyrethrin Against Red Imported Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Their Impact on Aquatic Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:948-957. [PMID: 36130186 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals, including toxic bait and dusts, are the main means of controlling the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta (abbreviation 'RIFA'), which is a serious invasive pest. To identify environmentally friendly chemicals for controlling RIFA, we tested the toxicity and horizontal transfer of three botanical insecticides-matrine, rotenone, and pyrethrin-and their impact on aquatic organisms (i.e., three fish and one shrimp). The LD50 value of matrine, rotenone, and pyrethrin was 0.24, 50.929, and 13.590 ng/ant, respectively. Matrine, rotenone, and pyrethrin had effective horizontal transfer and caused significant secondary mortality. After exposure to donor workers, 90.75%, 90.75%, and 100% of recipient workers in the 0.025% matrine, 1.0% rotenone, and 0.3% pyrethrin dust treatments, respectively, died within 48 h. Furthermore, 0.025% matrine dust caused significant tertiary mortality (49.5%). Tertiary mortality caused by 1.0% rotenone and 0.3% pyrethrin dusts was very low, only 7.75% and 18.5%, respectively. In a field trial, the comprehensive mortality effect of 0.05% matrine, 1.50% rotenone, and 0.375% pyrethrin dust was 74.96%, 30.10%, and 29.27%, respectively, after 14 d of treatment. Matrine had low toxicity to the fish Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and 37.5 mg/L pyrethrin had low toxicity to the fish Cirrhinus molitorella, H. molitrix, and Oreochromis niloticus. However, rotenone was highly toxic to all three fish. The shrimp Neocaridina denticulate was not sensitive to matrine, rotenone, or pyrethrin. Matrine dust has highly effective horizontal transfer, and 0.05% matrine dust has great potential for managing RIFA in organic farms, aquaculture farms of H. molitrix, and water resource regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrong Liang
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Senquan Zhang
- Shenzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Promotion Center, Shenzhen Administration for Market Regulation, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiefu Deng
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuling Liang
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Shenzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Promotion Center, Shenzhen Administration for Market Regulation, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xinlu Yue
- Shenzhen Agricultural Science and Technology Promotion Center, Shenzhen Administration for Market Regulation, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yongyue Lu
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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