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Zhou HR, Lin LW, Li ZR, Peng XR, Qiu MH. Four undescribed pyrethrins from seeds of Pyrethrum cinerariifolium and their aphidicidal activity. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2023; 13:22. [PMID: 37415012 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Four undescribed pyrethrins C-F (1-4) as well as four known pyrethrins (5-8) were isolated from seeds of Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev. The structures of compounds 1-4 were elucidated by UV, HRESIMS, and NMR (1H and 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and ROESY), among which the stereostructure of compound 4 was determined by calculated ECD. Furthermore, compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their aphidicidal activities. The insecticidal assay results showed that 1-4 exhibited moderate aphidicidal activities at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL with the 24 h mortality rates ranging from 10.58 to 52.98%. Among them, pyrethrin D (2) showed the highest aphidicidal activity, with the 24 h mortality rate of 52.98%, which was slightly lower than the positive control (pyrethrin II, 83.52%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Wu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Gupta V, Khan S, Verma RK, Shanker K, Singh SV, Rahman LU. Overexpression of chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS) gene in Tagetes erecta leads to the overproduction of pyrethrin. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:625-35. [PMID: 36006545 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethrins are widely accepted as natural insecticides and offers several advantages of synthetic compounds, i.e., rapidity of action, bioactivity against a wide range of insects, comparatively lesser costs and the like. A significant source of pyrethrin is Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium; cultivated in restricted areas, as a result; natural pyrethrins are not produced in a large amount that would meet the ongoing global market demand. However, increasing its content and harnessing the desired molecule did not attract much attention. To enhance the production of pyrethrins in Tagetes erecta, the Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (CDS) gene was overexpressed under the promoter CaMV35S. Hypocotyls were used as explant for transformation, and direct regeneration was achieved on MS medium with 1.5 mg L-1 BAP and 5.0 mg L-1 GA3. Putative transgenics were screened on 10 mgL-1 hygromycin. After successful regeneration, screening and rooting process, the transgenic plants were raised inside the glass house and PCR amplification of CDS and HYG-II was used to confirm the transformation. Biochemical analysis using HPLC demonstrated the expression levels of the pyrethrin, which was approx. twenty-six fold higher than the non-transformed Tagetes plant.
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3
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Sain SK, Monga D, Kranthi S, Hiremani NS, Nagrale DT, Kumar R, Verma SK, Prasad YG. Evaluation of the Bioefficacy and Insecticide Compatibility of Entomopathogens for Management of Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on Upland Cotton Under Laboratory and Polyhouse Conditions. Neotrop Entomol 2022; 51:600-612. [PMID: 35680781 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-00964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogens (EPFs) are potential alternatives to chemical insecticides for managing Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), an invasive pest of the cotton crop. EPFs alone may not always provide enough insect pest control, but combining EPFs with pesticides, provided both components are compatible, can make an integrated pest management program considerably more effective. Hence, the bioefficacy of EPFs against whitefly, their compatibility with pesticides, and the factors responsible for determining compatibility were studied. The highest nymphal mortality was recorded with the Beauveria bassiana strains Bb-4511 (95.1%) and Bb-4565 (89.9%), and Metarhizium anisopliae Ma-1299 (86.7%) at 1 × 106 conidia ml-1. Lower LC50 values were observed for Cordyceps javanica Cj-089 and Bb-4511, 0.2 × 104 and 0.5 × 104 conidia ml-1, respectively. The toxicity index values in insecticide sensitivity assays ranged from 19.4 to 119.6% among all the EPFs. Comparatively, all the EPFs except Bb-4543 and Bb-4565 showed compatible to moderately toxic reactions to neonicotinoids and spinosyns. Organophosphates (ethion) and pyrethrins (bifenthrin) were toxic to very toxic to all the EPFs except Bb-4511, Fv-083, and Ma-1299. Cj-102 and Cj-089 were compatible with 50% of the average recommended dose of bifenthrin and ethion, and the average recommended dose for the field application of neonicotinoids and spinosyns. Principal component analysis showed that spore production and toxicity index values correlate with each other and are responsible for determining the EPF compatibility with insecticides. The EPF spore production and toxicity index are important factors for determining chemical compatibility. Compatible EPFs can be used individually or in combination as promising and compatible biological alternatives to insecticides in the management of whitefly in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar Sain
- ICAR - Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Sirsa, Haryana, India.
| | - Dilip Monga
- ICAR - Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Sirsa, Haryana, India
| | - Sandhya Kranthi
- International Cotton Advisory Committee, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Rishi Kumar
- ICAR - Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Sirsa, Haryana, India
| | - Surender Kumar Verma
- ICAR - Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Sirsa, Haryana, India
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4
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Matsuda K. Chemical and biological studies of natural and synthetic products for the highly selective control of pest insect species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:1-11. [PMID: 34694357 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tanacetum cinerariifolium was known to produce pyrethrins, but the mechanism of pyrethrin biosynthesis was largely unclear. The author showed that the non-mevalonate and oxylipin pathways underlie biosynthesis of the acid and alcohol moieties, respectively, and a GDSL lipase joins the products of these pathways. A blend of the green leaf volatiles and (E)-β-farnesene mediates the induction of wounding responses to neighboring intact conspecies by enhancing pyrethrin biosynthesis. Plants fight against herbivores underground as well as aboveground, and, in soy pulps, some fungi produce compounds selectively modulating ion channels in insect nervous system. The author proposed that indirect defense of plants occurs where microorganisms produce defense substances in the rhizosphere. Broad-spectrum pesticides, including neonicotinoids, may affect non-target organisms. The author discovered co-factors enabling functional expression of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This led to understanding the mechanism of insect nAChR-neonicotinoid interactions, thus paving new avenues for controlling pests and disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan.,Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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5
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Qiu J, Wheeler SS, Reed M, Goodman GW, Xiong Y, Sy ND, Ouyang G, Gan J. When vector control and organic farming intersect: Pesticide residues on rice plants from aerial mosquito sprays. Sci Total Environ 2021; 773:144708. [PMID: 33582339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conflicts often exist between the use of pesticides for public health protection and organic farming. A prominent example is the use of insecticides for mosquito control in rice fields designated for organic farming. Rice fields, with static water and other conducive conditions, are favorable mosquito habitats. Best management practices are urgently needed to ensure the integrity of organic farming while addressing the need for public health protection. In this study, we evaluated aerial ultra-low-volume (ULV) applications of two classes of mosquito adulticides, pyrethrins and organophosphates, and their deposition and residues on rice plants throughout an active growing season in the Sacramento Valley of California. Frequent applications of pyrethrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and rotating applications of synergized pyrethrins and naled, an organophosphate, were carried out on two large blocks of rice fields. Aerial ULV application of either synergized pyrethrins or naled was able to generate uniform droplets above the fields with high efficacy for mosquito control. Rice leaf samples were collected before and after a subset of applications, and rice grains were sampled at harvest. Frequent applications of synergized pyrethrins resulted in some accumulation of the synergist PBO on rice leaves, but pyrethrins and naled dissipated rapidly from the leaves after each application with no noticeable accumulation over repeated applications. At harvest, no detectable residues of the pesticides or PBO were found in the rice grains. The absence of pesticide residues in the rice grains at harvest suggested that the ULV aerial application led to deposition of only very low levels of residues on rice plants during the growing season. When coupled with the short persistence and/or poor mobility of the insecticides, such applications resulted in negligible pesticide residues in rice grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlang Qiu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Sarah S Wheeler
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA 95624, USA
| | - Marcia Reed
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA 95624, USA
| | - Gary W Goodman
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA 95624, USA
| | - Yaxin Xiong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nathan D Sy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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6
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Barile FA, Berry SC, Blaauboer B, Boobis A, Bolt H, Borgert CJ, Dekant W, Dietrich D, Domingo JL, Gori GB, Greim H, Hengstler J, Kacew S, Marquardt H, Pelkonen O, Savolainen K, Heslop-Harrison P, Tsatsakis A, Vermeulen NP. Critique of the "Comment" etitled "Pyrethroid exposure: Not so harmless after all" by Demeneix et al. (2020) published in the lancet diabetes endocrinology. Toxicol Lett 2021; 340:1-3. [PMID: 33412252 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Chen M, Du Y, Zhu G, Takamatsu G, Ihara M, Matsuda K, Zhorov BS, Dong K. Action of six pyrethrins purified from the botanical insecticide pyrethrum on cockroach sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2018; 151:82-89. [PMID: 30704718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, cinerin I, cinerin II, jasmolin I and jasmolin II are six closely related insecticidal active esters, known as pyrethrins, found in the pyrethrum extract from the dry flowers of Tanacetum cinerariifolium. The chemical structures of the six compounds differ only in the terminal moieties at the acid and alcohol ends, but the compounds' in vivo toxicities are substantially different. Pyrethrins are lead compounds for pyrethroids, a large family of synthetic insecticides that alter nerve functions by prolonging the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. However, data on the mechanism of action of natural pyrethrins are very limited. In this study, we examined the actions of all six pyrethrins on cockroach sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Although the six compounds showed comparable potencies in inhibiting the inactivation of sodium channels, they had greatly variable potencies in inhibiting channel deactivation. Furthermore, unlike pyrethroids, the action of pyrethrins neither depend on nor were enhanced by repeated channel activation. We created a NavMs-based model of the cockroach sodium channel, in which pyrethrin II was docked at the pyrethroid receptor site 1 (PyR1), and proposed a rationale for the observed structure-activity relationship of the six pyrethrins. Our study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of pyrethrum action on sodium channels and reveled differences in the modes of action of the six bioactive constitutes of pyrethrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yuzhe Du
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Genki Takamatsu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Makoto Ihara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Boris S Zhorov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology & Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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8
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Ismail AA, Almalki M, Agag A, Solan YM, Bani IA. Pesticide Application and Khat Chewing as Predictors of the Neurological Health Outcomes among Pesticide Applicators in a Vector Control Unit, Saudi Arabia. Int J Occup Environ Med 2018; 9:32-44. [PMID: 29319053 PMCID: PMC6466969 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2018.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Pesticide applicators are at risk of developing neurological symptoms and neurobehavioral deficits. This risk may increase if the applicator chews stimulant plants like khat.
Objective:
To examine the sociodemographic and exposure determinants of neurological symptoms presentation, neurobehavioral performance, and cholinesterase activity among pesticide applicators in a vector control unit, Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
In a cross-sectional study, 30 pesticide applicators and 32 non-applicators from a vector control unit in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia, were studied. The study participants completed an exposure and medical questionnaire, and a neurobehavioral test battery. Their blood samples were also tested for the measurement of butyryl cholinesterase (BChE).
Results:
The mean blood BChE level was no significantly different between the applicators and non-applicators. Working in pesticide application and chewing khat were significant predictors of the neurological symptoms presentation and neurobehavioral deficits among the study participants. Each factor was associated with about 40% of the symptoms included in the questionnaire. Exposure to pyrethroids was significantly associated with a decrement in symbol digit test latency, tapping (TAP) non-preferred hand, and TAP alternating hands measures, representing the executive and motor speed/coordination functions. Khat chewing was associated with TAP preferred and non-preferred hands and serial digit learning measures, representing the memory and motor speed/coordination functions.
Conclusion:
It seems that being exposed to pyrethroids and chewing khat are associated with neurological and neurobehavioral drawbacks among pesticide applicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Ismail
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. .,Community Medicine and Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Almalki
- Department of Health Service Management and Policy, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Agag
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya M Solan
- Public Health Directorate, Ministry of Health, Gizan, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Bani
- Vice Presidency for Development and Quality Management, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Papanikolaou NE, Kalaitzaki A, Karamaouna F, Michaelakis A, Papadimitriou V, Dourtoglou V, Papachristos DP. Nano-formulation enhances insecticidal activity of natural pyrethrins against Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and retains their harmless effect to non-target predators. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:10243-10249. [PMID: 28210947 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The insecticidal activity of a new nano-formulated natural pyrethrin was examined on the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and the predators Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur (Hemiptera: Miridae), in respect with the nano-scale potential to create more effective and environmentally responsible pesticides. Pyrethrin was nano-formulated in two water-in-oil micro-emulsions based on safe biocompatible materials, i.e., lemon oil terpenes as dispersant, polysorbates as stabilizers, and mixtures of water with glycerol as the dispersed aqueous phase. Laboratory bioassays showed a superior insecticidal effect of the pyrethrin micro-emulsions compared to two commercial suspension concentrates of natural pyrethrins against the aphid. The nano-formulated pyrethrins were harmless, in terms of caused mortality and survival time, to L3 larvae and four-instar nymphs of the predators C. septempunctata and M. pygmaeus, respectively. We expect that these results can contribute to the application of nano-technology in optimization of pesticide formulation, with further opportunities in the development of effective plant protection products compatible with integrated pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos E Papanikolaou
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Str, 14561, Kifisia, Greece
| | - Argyro Kalaitzaki
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
- MTM Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Filitsa Karamaouna
- Department of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Str, 14561, Kifisia, Greece
| | - Antonios Michaelakis
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Str, 14561, Kifisia, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Papadimitriou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios P Papachristos
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta Str, 14561, Kifisia, Greece.
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10
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Feng X, Pan L, Wang C, Zhang H. Residue analysis and risk assessment of pyrethrins in open field and greenhouse turnips. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:877-886. [PMID: 29067611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective method was developed and validated for the determination of pyrethrin residues in turnips (turnip leaves, turnip tubers, and the whole of plant) and cultivated soil using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six major components of pyrethrins (pyrethrin I and II, cinerin I and II, and jasmolin I and II) were separated and identified. The method involving solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup led to satisfactory average recoveries (88.1-104%) with limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.05 mg/kg. The dissipation and final residue of pyrethrins in six provinces (among these places, two experiments were conducted in greenhouse and other four experiments in open filed) in China were studied. The trial results suggested that the half-lives of pyrethrins in the whole of turnips and soil were 0.5-1.6 and 1.0-1.3 days, respectively, and the degradation of pyrethrins in the greenhouse was quicker than that in open fields. The final residues of pyrethrins in turnip leaves and tubers were all below the maximum residue limit (MRL) established by the EU (1.0 mg/kg). A pre-harvest interval of 2 days and MRL of 1.0 mg/kg are recommended to ensure food safety standards for pyrethrins in turnips. Long-term risk assessment and short-term risk assessment of turnip tubers were evaluated. Hazard quotient (HQ) and acute hazard index (aHI) were significantly less than 100%, indicating negligible risk for consumption of turnip tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Feng
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Pan
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Product, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Hansen MRH, Jørs E, Lander F, Condarco G, Debes F, Tirado Bustillos N, Schlünssen V. Neurological Deficits After Long-term Pyrethroid Exposure. Environ Health Insights 2017; 11:1178630217700628. [PMID: 28469448 PMCID: PMC5398229 DOI: 10.1177/1178630217700628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid pesticides have been suggested to be a cause of Parkinson disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. To investigate this, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 Bolivian public health vector program spray men, primarily exposed to pyrethroids. Pesticide exposure and central nervous system (CNS) symptoms were determined by a structured interview, whereas neuromotor and neurocognitive performance was assessed using the computerized Behavioral Assessment and Research System and CATSYS system. Individuals exposed to higher levels reported significantly more CNS symptoms (adjusted odds ratio per quintile of cumulative exposure = 2.01 [1.22-3.31]). There was no association seen between pyrethroid exposure and neuromotor performance. Higher spraying intensity was associated with significantly worse neurocognitive performance in structural equation models (adjusted β per quintile = -0.405 [-0.660 to -0.150]), and workers only exposed to pyrethroids performed worse than workers also exposed to other pesticides (adjusted β = -1.344 [-2.224 to -0.464]). Chronic pyrethroid exposure may cause deterioration in neurocognitive performance, and exposure control is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rune Hassan Hansen
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Section for Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Martin Rune Hassan Hansen, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Section for Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Erik Jørs
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Flemming Lander
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Fróði Debes
- Research Unit of Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Sourthern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Occupational and Public Health, The Faroese Hospital System, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Noemi Tirado Bustillos
- Genetic Toxicology Unit, Genetics Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Danish Ramazzini Centre, Section for Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Giddings J, Gagne J, Sharp J. Synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on acute toxicity of pyrethrins to Hyalella azteca. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:2111-2116. [PMID: 26762236 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of acute toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca was performed to quantify the synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on pyrethrin toxicity. Concentrations of PBO <4 µg/L caused no toxicity enhancement, whereas toxicity increased with PBO concentrations between 4 µg/L and 15 µg/L. Additive toxicity calculations showed that true synergism accounted for an increase in pyrethrin toxicity (decrease in median lethal concentration) of 1.4-fold to 1.6-fold and varied only slightly between 4 µg/L and 15 µg/L PBO, whereas direct toxicity of PBO accounted for an additional increase in mixture toxicity (up to 3.2-fold) that was proportional to PBO concentration. The results can be used to assess the risk of measured or predicted co-occurring concentrations of PBO and pyrethrins in surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2111-2116. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Gagne
- Compliance Services International, Lakewood, Washington, USA
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Mohamed ME, Pahirulzaman KA, Lazarus CM. Production of 3-Oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic Acid in the Fungus Aspergillus oryzae: A Step Towards Heterologous Production of Pyrethrins in Fungi. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 58:172-8. [PMID: 26718544 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethrins are natural insecticides, which accumulate to high concentrations in pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) flowers. Synthetic pyrethroids are more stable, more efficacious and cheaper, but contemporary requirements for safe and environmentally friendly pesticides encourage a return to the use of natural pyrethrins, and this would be favoured by development of an efficient route to their production by microbial fermentation. The biosynthesis of pyrethrins involves ester linkage between an acid moiety (chrysanthemoyl or pyrethroyl, synthesised via the mevalonic acid pathway from glucose), and an alcohol (pyrethrolone). Pyrethrolone is generated from 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid, which originates from α-linolenic acid via the jasmonic acid biosynthetic cascade. The first four genes in this cascade, encoding lipoxygenase 2, allene-oxide synthase, allene-oxide cyclase 2 and 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase 3, were amplified from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library, cloned in a purpose-built fungal multigene expression vector and expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. HPLC-MS analysis of the transgenic fungus homogenate gave good evidence for the presence of 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid.
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van Balen EC, Wolansky MJ, Kosatsky T. Increasing use of pyrethroids in Canadian households: should we be concerned? Can J Public Health 2012; 103:e404-7. [PMID: 23618016 PMCID: PMC6975195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 03/29/2024]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of plant-derived insecticides and their man-made analogues that are increasingly applied in Canada as first choice for pest control in many agricultural and residential settings. Their popularity is partly due to their alleged safety compared to the older organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides. Application of pyrethroids is expanding because of recent increases in the level of pest infestations--such as bed bugs--and the decreased susceptibility of target species to many pest control products. Pyrethroid residues have been documented in homes, child care centres and food. While pyrethroids are considered of low health risk for humans, their increased use is of concern. Our current understanding of the adverse effects of pyrethroids derives mainly from studies of short-term effects in laboratory animals, case reports of self- and accidental poisonings, and high-dose occupational exposures, for which the levels and formulations of pyrethroid products differ from those relevant for long-term exposure in the general population. The available data suggest that the reproductive and nervous systems, endocrine signalling pathways, and early childhood development may be targets for adverse effects in the case of repeated exposure to pyrethroid formulations. Given uncertainty about the existence of long-term health effects of exposure to pyrethroids, particularly under realistic scenarios, we should be cautious when promoting pyrethroid products as safe methods for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna C. van Balen
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | | | - Tom Kosatsky
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, BC Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC Canada
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15
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Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of plant-derived insecticides and their man-made analogues that are increasingly applied in Canada as first choice for pest control in many agricultural and residential settings. Their popularity is partly due to their alleged safety compared to the older organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides. Application of pyrethroids is expanding because of recent increases in the level of pest infestations--such as bed bugs--and the decreased susceptibility of target species to many pest control products. Pyrethroid residues have been documented in homes, child care centres and food. While pyrethroids are considered of low health risk for humans, their increased use is of concern. Our current understanding of the adverse effects of pyrethroids derives mainly from studies of short-term effects in laboratory animals, case reports of self- and accidental poisonings, and high-dose occupational exposures, for which the levels and formulations of pyrethroid products differ from those relevant for long-term exposure in the general population. The available data suggest that the reproductive and nervous systems, endocrine signalling pathways, and early childhood development may be targets for adverse effects in the case of repeated exposure to pyrethroid formulations. Given uncertainty about the existence of long-term health effects of exposure to pyrethroids, particularly under realistic scenarios, we should be cautious when promoting pyrethroid products as safe methods for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna C van Balen
- National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, BC
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Hitmi A, Barthomeuf C, Sallanon H. Rapid mass propagation of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis. by callus culture and ability to synthesise pyrethrins. Plant Cell Rep 1999; 19:156-160. [PMID: 30754741 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid mass propagation of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium from young flower heads was developed to compare the ability of callus, in vitro shoots and rooted plants, and original plants to synthesize pyrethrins. The ability to synthesise all six pyrethrin components increased with differentiation. Jasmolin II and cinerin II were the main products present in mother plant shoots, whereas pyrethrin I was the greater component present in callus and in vitro plants. Clonal propagation increased the pyrethrin I content compared to that of plant shoots and young flowers. Total pyrethrin content was the same in in vitro and plant shoots, but lower in these shoots than in young flowers. The pyrethrin I/pyrethrin II ratio, which is directly related to insecticidal activity, varied from 3.4 in in vitro shoots to 0.87 in mother plant shoots and young flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hitmi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université Blaise Pascal. 24, avenue des Landais, F-63177 Aubière Cedex, France e-mail: Fax: +33-4-73407917, , , , , , FR
| | - C Barthomeuf
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Biotechnologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université d'Auvergne, 1, place Henri-Dunant, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 01, France, , , , , , FR
| | - H Sallanon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université Blaise Pascal. 24, avenue des Landais, F-63177 Aubière Cedex, France e-mail: Fax: +33-4-73407917, , , , , , FR
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17
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Hitmi A, Sallanon H, Barthomeuf C. Cryopreservation of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis. cells and its impact on their pyrethrin biosynthesis ability. Plant Cell Rep 1997; 17:60-64. [PMID: 30732421 DOI: 10.1007/s002990050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An efficient protocol for cryogenic storage of high-pyrethrin-producing cell lines of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium is described. Optimal survival (92%) was obtained with cells precultured in 1/2 Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium containing 180 g ⋅ l-1 sucrose for 30 days, then incubated in the same medium in the presence of 5% DMSO for 1 h in an ice bath, cooled slowly to -20°C and immersed for 30 min in liquid nitrogen. After cryopreservation, the cells conserved the same growth pattern, but displayed different biochemical properties. The subculture derived from the thawed cells was characterized by a lower chlorophyll content and a higher pyrethrin biosynthesis ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hitmi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université Blaise-Pascal, 24, avenue des Landais, F-63177 Aubière Cedex, France Fax no.: +33-4-73-40-79-17, , , , , , FR
| | - H Sallanon
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université Blaise-Pascal, 24, avenue des Landais, F-63177 Aubière Cedex, France Fax no.: +33-4-73-40-79-17, , , , , , FR
| | - C Barthomeuf
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Biotechnologies, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université d'Auvergne, 1, place Henri-Dunant, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 01, France, , , , , , FR
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