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Zhang J, Wang B, Ren H, Chen J, Li J, Sun Y, Cui Y, Wang R, Liu M, Zhang F. Evaluation of the Potential Flight Ability of the Casuarina Moth, Lymantria xylina (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:506. [PMID: 39057239 PMCID: PMC11276713 DOI: 10.3390/insects15070506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Lymantria xylina Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is a potentially invasive pest, similar to Lymantria dispar asiatica Vnukovskij and Lymantria dispar japonica Motschulsky (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). To evaluate its potential for spread and flight distance related to egg deposition on vessels at ports, we employed a flight mill to assess the flight capabilities of its adults under varying conditions. Our findings revealed that females primarily flew short distances and ceased flying after 3:00 AM, whereas males covered much longer distances throughout the day. Sex, age, and flight duration significantly influenced flight ability. Females exhibited weaker flight capability than males, and their ability declined with increasing age or flight duration. Notably, 1-day-old moths displayed the strongest flight ability, with average flight distances of up to 3.975 km for females and 8.441 km for males. By the fifth day, females no longer flew, and males experienced reduced flight ability. After continuous hanging for 16 h, females lost most of their flight capacity, while males remained capable of flight even after 32 h. Additionally, female flight ability decreased significantly after mating, possibly due to factors such as egg-carrying capacity, weight, and load ratio. This study provides a foundation for assessing the risk of long-distance dispersal of L. xylina via ocean-going freighters, considering female moths' phototactic flight and oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Baode Wang
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Forest Pest Methods Laboratory, Riverdale, MA 02542, USA
| | - Haojie Ren
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Jianing Chen
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Junnan Li
- Fujian Academy of Forestry Sciences, Fuzhou 350012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Yonghong Cui
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Mengxia Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.)
| | - Feiping Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (J.Z.)
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Cornelissen B, Ellis JD, Gort G, Hendriks M, van Loon JJA, Stuhl CJ, Neumann P. The small hive beetle's capacity to disperse over long distances by flight. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14859. [PMID: 38937519 PMCID: PMC11211503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of invasive species often follows a jump-dispersal pattern. While jumps are typically fostered by humans, local dispersal can occur due to the specific traits of a species, which are often poorly understood. This holds true for small hive beetles (Aethina tumida), which are parasites of social bee colonies native to sub-Saharan Africa. They have become a widespread invasive species. In 2017, a mark-release-recapture experiment was conducted in six replicates (A-F) using laboratory reared, dye-fed adults (N = 15,690). Honey bee colonies were used to attract flying small hive beetles at fixed spatial intervals from a central release point. Small hive beetles were recaptured (N = 770) at a maximum distance of 3.2 km after 24 h and 12 km after 1 week. Most small hive beetles were collected closest to the release point at 0 m (76%, replicate A) and 50 m (52%, replicates B to F). Temperature and wind deviation had significant effects on dispersal, with more small hive beetles being recaptured when temperatures were high (GLMM: slope = 0.99, SE = 0.17, Z = 5.72, P < 0.001) and confirming the role of wind for odour modulated dispersal of flying insects (GLMM: slope = - 0.39, SE = 0.14, Z = - 2.90, P = 0.004). Our findings show that the small hive beetles is capable of long-distance flights, and highlights the need to understand species specific traits to be considered for monitoring and mitigation efforts regarding invasive alien species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Cornelissen
- Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive Plants and Plant Health (NIVIP), National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - James D Ellis
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Hendriks
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles J Stuhl
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Peter Neumann
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Bee Health, University of Bern, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3097, Bern, Switzerland
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Wang K, Xu M, Zhao L. Plasticity of Life-History Traits and Adult Fitness of Fall Webworm in Relation to Climate Change. INSECTS 2024; 15:24. [PMID: 38249031 PMCID: PMC10816995 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental factor influencing the life-history traits of ectotherms. This study investigated the effects of larval-rearing temperature (21, 23, 25, and 27 °C) on the life-history traits and adult fitness of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, an economically important invasive pest of China. With the increase in temperature during the larval stage, the larval developmental duration was significantly shortened, and the body mass was significantly increased, as was that of the body mass and size of pupae. The carbohydrate and lipid content of pupae significantly decreased with increasing larval-rearing temperature, whereas the protein content significantly increased. Adult body size and egg production increased significantly with increasing larval-rearing temperature, whereas there was no significant difference in egg diameter. These results indicate that H. cunea demonstrates life-history traits plasticity. In addition, the increase in fecundity would maintain a stable population size of H. cunea under higher temperatures. Such characteristics could enable H. cunea to spread to the more southern, warmer areas of China, posing an increased risk to the forestry industry in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lvquan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (K.W.); (M.X.)
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De Bortoli CP, Santos RF, Assirati GJ, Sun X, Hietala L, Jurat-Fuentes JL. Exposure to Cry1 Toxins Increases Long Flight Tendency in Susceptible but Not in Cry1F-Resistant Female Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2023; 15:7. [PMID: 38249013 PMCID: PMC10815942 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (JE Smith) (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a polyphagous pest targeted by selected Cry and Vip3A insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that are produced in transgenic Bt corn and cotton. Available evidence suggests that sublethal larval exposure to Cry1Ac increases flight activity in adult Spodoptera spp. However, it is not known whether this effect is also observed in survivors from generally lethal exposure to Cry1Ac. Moreover, while multiple cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt proteins have been described in the native range of S. frugiperda, the effect of resistance on flight behavior has not been examined. Long-distance migratory flight capacity of S. frugiperda is of concern given its ongoing global spread and the possibility that migrants may be carrying resistance alleles against pesticides and Bt crops. In this study, we used rotational flight mills to test the effects of generally lethal exposure to Cry1Ac in susceptible and sublethal exposure in Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda strains. The results detected altered pupal weight after larval feeding on diet containing Cry proteins, which only translated in significantly increased tendency for longer flights in female moths from the susceptible strain. This information has relevant implications when considering current models and assumptions for resistance management of Bt crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P. De Bortoli
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (C.P.D.B.); (R.F.S.); (G.J.A.); (L.H.)
| | - Rafael F. Santos
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (C.P.D.B.); (R.F.S.); (G.J.A.); (L.H.)
| | - Giordano J. Assirati
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (C.P.D.B.); (R.F.S.); (G.J.A.); (L.H.)
| | - Xiaocun Sun
- Research Computing Support, Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Lucas Hietala
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (C.P.D.B.); (R.F.S.); (G.J.A.); (L.H.)
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (C.P.D.B.); (R.F.S.); (G.J.A.); (L.H.)
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Lazarević J, Milanović S, Šešlija Jovanović D, Janković-Tomanić M. Temperature- and Diet-Induced Plasticity of Growth and Digestive Enzymes Activity in Spongy Moth Larvae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050821. [PMID: 37238690 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature and food quality are the most important environmental factors determining the performance of herbivorous insects. The objective of our study was to evaluate the responses of the spongy moth (formerly known as the gypsy moth) [Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)] to simultaneous variation in these two factors. From hatching to the fourth instar, larvae were exposed to three temperatures (19 °C, 23 °C, and 28 °C) and fed four artificial diets that differed in protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) content. Within each temperature regime, the effects of the nutrient content (P+C) and ratio (P:C) on development duration, larval mass, growth rate, and activities of digestive proteases, carbohydrases, and lipase were examined. It was found that temperature and food quality had a significant effect on the fitness-related traits and digestive physiology of the larvae. The greatest mass and highest growth rate were obtained at 28 °C on a high-protein low-carbohydrate diet. A homeostatic increase in activity was observed for total protease, trypsin, and amylase in response to low substrate levels in the diet. A significant modulation of overall enzyme activities in response to 28 °C was detected only with a low diet quality. A decrease in the nutrient content and P:C ratio only affected the coordination of enzyme activities at 28 °C, as indicated by the significantly altered correlation matrices. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that variation in fitness traits in response to different rearing conditions could be explained by variation in digestion. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role of digestive enzymes in post-ingestive nutrient balancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelica Lazarević
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Milanović
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemĕdĕlská 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Darka Šešlija Jovanović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Janković-Tomanić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Liu X, Shi J, Ren L, Luo Y. Factors Affecting the Flight Capacity of Two Woodwasp Species, Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and Sirex nitobei M. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:236. [PMID: 36975921 PMCID: PMC10057106 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sirex noctilio F. is an invasive woodwasp that causes pine mortality in plantations in China. Sirex nitobei M. is a native woodwasp in large areas of China. In this study, the flight capacity of the two woodwasps was studied and compared using a tethered-flight mill system to find individual factors affecting the flight capacity. After flight bioassays, woodwasps were dissected to determine nematode infestation. Post-eclosion-day (PED) age significantly influenced the flight capacity of S. noctilio females and males; as woodwasps become older, their flight capacity decreased. For S. nitobei, PED age did not significantly affect their flight capacity. In general, the flight capacity of S. noctilio was greater than that of S. nitobei. Females flew further and for longer than males for both Sirex species. The Deladenus spp. parasitism status of the two Sirex species did not significantly affect their flight performance parameters. PED age and body mass were key individual factors significantly affecting the flight capacity of the two Sirex species. In this study, detailed and accurate tethered-flight parameters of S. noctilio and S. nitobei were obtained. Although this is different from natural flight, it also provides us substantial laboratory data on their flight capacity, and facilitates risk analysis of the two woodwasp species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- IFOPE, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University—French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- IFOPE, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University—French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- IFOPE, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University—French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Beijing 100083, China
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Horne GM, Manderino R, Jaffe SP. Specialist Herbivore Performance on Introduced Plants During Native Host Decline. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:88-97. [PMID: 36610403 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ash (Fraxinus spp.) is in rapid decline across the northeastern USA due to the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire). Three recently co-occurring confamilial species may serve as alternative larval host plants for ash-reliant Lepidoptera. These prospective hosts are nonnative shrubs often planted in managed suburban landscapes and are sometimes invasive or naturalized in North America. Given the imminent decline of ash trees, we considered potential downstream effects on insect herbivores historically specialized on ash foliage. We measured the performance of three ash-specialist hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on native white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) and alternative host plants: common lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.), weeping forsythia [Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl], and European privet (Ligustrum vulgare L.). We found the nonnative host plants provided varied support for larval survival to pupation, with biomass and growth rate affected differently by both plant and insect identity. Nearly all caterpillars reared on one alternative host, European privet, exhibited distinct malformations of the wing buds at pupation. Given caterpillar presence on privet in the field, privet may constitute an ecological trap (i.e., when female moths select a sub-optimal host, offspring survival and fitness are reduced). This work demonstrates how performance testing can reveal species-specific effects of host plant loss on mono- or oligophagous insects. For some ash specialists, alternative nonnative host plants may be suboptimal, but some cultivated host plants may be able to support certain specialist insects during native host decline. We suggest that landscaping decisions can be tailored to support threatened insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Horne
- Department of Biology, Colby College, 4000 Mayflower Hill Drive, Waterville, ME, USA
- The Caterpillar Lab, 172 Main Street, Marlborough, NH, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, 458 Hutchison Hall, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rea Manderino
- Oak Spring Garden Foundation, 1776 Loughborough Lane, Upperville, VA, USA
| | - Samuel P Jaffe
- The Caterpillar Lab, 172 Main Street, Marlborough, NH, USA
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Morphological Correlates of Locomotion in the Aquatic and the Terrestrial Phases of Pleurodeles waltl Newts from Southwestern Iberia. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Animals capable of moving in different environments might face conflicting selection on morphology, thus posing trade-offs on the relationships between morphology and locomotor performance in each of these environments. Moreover, given the distinct ecological roles of the sexes, these relationships can be sexually dimorphic. In this article, I studied the relationships between morphological traits and locomotor performance in male and female semiaquatic Pleurodeles waltl newts in their aquatic and their terrestrial stages. Morphology was sexually dimorphic: males have proportionally longer limbs and tails, as well as a better body condition (only in the aquatic phase), whereas females were larger and had greater body mass in both phases. Nonetheless, these morphological differences did not translate into sexual divergence in locomotor performance in either stage. This finding suggests other functions for the morphological traits measured, among which only SVL showed a positive relationship with locomotor performance in both stages, whereas the effect of SMI was negative only in the terrestrial stage, and that of tail length was positive only in the aquatic stage. In any case, the morphological correlates of terrestrial and aquatic locomotion did not conflict, which suggests no trade-off between both locomotory modes in the newts studied.
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