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Lopes PC, French SS, Woodhams DC, Binning SA. Sickness behaviors across vertebrate taxa: proximate and ultimate mechanisms. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:260576. [PMID: 33942101 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is nothing like a pandemic to get the world thinking about how infectious diseases affect individual behavior. In this respect, sick animals can behave in ways that are dramatically different from healthy animals: altered social interactions and changes to patterns of eating and drinking are all hallmarks of sickness. As a result, behavioral changes associated with inflammatory responses (i.e. sickness behaviors) have important implications for disease spread by affecting contacts with others and with common resources, including water and/or sleeping sites. In this Review, we summarize the behavioral modifications, including changes to thermoregulatory behaviors, known to occur in vertebrates during infection, with an emphasis on non-mammalian taxa, which have historically received less attention. We then outline and discuss our current understanding of the changes in physiology associated with the production of these behaviors and highlight areas where more research is needed, including an exploration of individual and sex differences in the acute phase response and a greater understanding of the ecophysiological implications of sickness behaviors for disease at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lopes
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Susannah S French
- Department of Biology and The Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Sandra A Binning
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Tian J, He R, Fan Y, Zhang Q, Tian B, Zhou C, Liu C, Song M, Zhao S. Galectin-7 overexpression destroys airway epithelial barrier in transgenic mice. Integr Zool 2021; 16:270-279. [PMID: 32627954 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
When the integrity of airway epithelium is destroyed, the ordered airway barrier no longer exists and increases sensitivity to viral infections and allergens, leading to the occurrence of airway inflammation such as asthma. Here, we found that galectin-7 transgenic(+) mice exhibited abnormal airway structures as embryos and after birth. These abnormalities included absent or substantially reduced pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium and increased monolayer cells with irregular arrangement and widening of intercellular spaces. Moreover, airway tissue from galectin-7 transgenic(+) mice showed evidence of impaired cell-cell junctions and decreased expression of zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) and E-cadherin. When treated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or ovalbumin (OVA), galectin-7 transgenic(+) mice developed substantially increased bronchial epithelial detachment and apoptosis, airway smooth muscle and basement membrane thickening, and enhanced airway responsiveness. We found that Galectin-7 localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of bronchial epithelial cells, and that increased apoptosis was mediated through mitochondrial release of cytochrome c and upregulated JNK1 activation and expression of caspase-3 in galectin-7 Tg(+) mice. These findings suggested that Galectin-7 causes airway structural defects and destroys airway epithelium barrier, which predispose the airways to RSV or OVA-induced epithelial apoptosis, injury, and other asthma responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine II, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ruxuan He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine II, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yimu Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine II, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine II, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine II, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chunju Zhou
- Virus Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Virus Laboratory, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China
| | - Mingjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shunying Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine II, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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Ramírez-Otarola N, Maldonado K, Cavieres G, Bozinovic F, Sabat P. Nutritional ecology and ecological immunology in degus: Does early nutrition affect the postnatal development of the immune function? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:239-249. [PMID: 33184965 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Environmental conditions experienced by developing animals have an impact on the development and maturity of the immune system. Specifically, the diet experienced during early development influences the maintenance and function of the immune system in young and adult animals. It is well known that exposure to low-protein diets during early development are related to an attenuation of immunocompetence in adulthood. While this functional linkage has been widely studied in altricial models' mammals, it has been little explored how the nutritional history modulates the immune function in precocial animals. We evaluated the effect of dietary protein consumed during early development on the immune function and the oxidative costs in the precocial Caviomorph rodent Octodon degus, or degu. We evaluated components of the acute phase response (APR) and oxidative parameters before and after immune challenge. We found that after the immune challenge, the juveniles on the low-protein dietary treatment exhibited an attenuation of body temperature but showed higher levels of lipid peroxidation than juvenile degus on the high-protein diet. We did not find a significant effect of the interaction between diet and immune challenge on body mass, levels of inflammatory proteins, nor in the total antioxidant capacity. Our results suggest that some components of the immune function and the oxidative status in the degu can be modulated by diet during development. However, the modulation would depend on the immune variables analyzed, and the characteristics of the immune system of precocial rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ramírez-Otarola
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karin Maldonado
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Grisel Cavieres
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Sabat
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Cao W, Pu P, Wang J, Niu Z, Zhang T, He J, Tang X, Chen Q. Suppressed LPS-mediated TLR4 signaling in the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) compared to the bamboo rat (Rhizomys pruinosus) and rat (Rattus norvegicus). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:240-251. [PMID: 31994847 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ecological immunology involves the study of the immune function of wildlife, which is seldom compared with that of model animals. Here, we evaluated and compared the level of the innate immune response in the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), an indigenous underground rodent from the Tibetan Plateau, with that in the bamboo rat (Rhizomys pruinosus) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat (Rattus norvegicus). The spleen was observed by ordinary light and transmission electron microscopy, and the spleen index was calculated. After liposaccharide (LPS) challenge, the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in the spleen was detected by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. The expression of nuclear factor-κB1 (NF-κB1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) in the spleen was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-β (IFN-β) in the spleen were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay. The spleen index of the plateau zokor was lower than that of the bamboo rat and SD rat. The expression of TLR4, NF-κB1, and MAPK14 and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the spleen of the plateau zokor were lower than those of the bamboo rat and SD rat, while the expression of TLR2 and HIF-1α and the level of IFN-β were higher than those of the bamboo rat and SD rat. We speculate that suppression of the TLR4 signaling pathway in the plateau zokor is an adaptation to hypoxic tunnels that decreases antigenic risk and maintains immune homeostasis. Moreover, the spleen of the plateau zokor is reduced in size, reducing the innate immunity investment in the spleen. We also noted that high levels of HIF-1α in the spleen of the plateau zokor suppressed crosstalk between HIF-1α and TLR4, promoting the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjie Cao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Pu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinzhou Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Niu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie He
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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