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Ayub S, Parnia S, Poddar K, Bachu AK, Sullivan A, Khan AM, Ahmed S, Jain L. Xylazine in the Opioid Epidemic: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Clinical Implications. Cureus 2023; 15:e36864. [PMID: 37009344 PMCID: PMC10063250 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The opioid overdose epidemic is exacerbated by the emergence of Xylazine as an illicit drug adulterant. Xylazine, a veterinary sedative, can potentiate opioid effects while also causing toxic and potentially fatal side effects. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of Xylazine use and overdoses within the opioid epidemic context. METHOD A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to identify relevant case reports, and case series related to Xylazine use. A comprehensive literature search included databases like Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, utilizing keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms related to Xylazine. Thirty-four articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. RESULTS Intravenous (IV) administration was a common route for Xylazine use among various methods, including subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and inhalation, with overall doses ranging from 40 mg to 4300 mg. The average dose in fatal cases was 1,200 mg, compared to 525 mg in non-fatal cases. Concurrent administration of other drugs, primarily opioids, occurred in 28 cases (47.5%). Intoxication was identified as a notable concern in 32 out of 34 studies, and treatments varied, with the majority experiencing positive outcomes. Withdrawal symptoms were documented in one case study, but the low number of cases with withdrawal symptoms may be attributed to factors such as a limited number of cases or individual variation. Naloxone was administered in eight cases (13.6%), and all patients recovered, although it should not be misconstrued as an antidote for Xylazine intoxication. Of the 59 cases, 21 (35.6%) resulted in fatal outcomes, with 17 involving Xylazine use in conjunction with other drugs. The IV route was a common factor in six out of the 21 fatal cases (28.6%). CONCLUSION This review highlights the clinical challenges associated with Xylazine use and its co-administration with other substances, particularly opioids. Intoxication was identified as a major concern, and treatments varied across the studies, including supportive care, naloxone, and other medications. Further research is needed to explore the epidemiology and clinical implications of Xylazine use. Understanding the motivations and circumstances leading to Xylazine use, as well as its effects on users, is essential for developing effective psychosocial support and treatment interventions to address this public health crisis.
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Luo L, Pan Y, Li Q, Zhang Y, Chen C, Shen J, Wang Z. Current progress in the detection of adrenergic receptor agonist residues in animal-derived foods. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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de Lima LF, de Araujo WR. Laser-scribed graphene on polyetherimide substrate: an electrochemical sensor platform for forensic determination of xylazine in urine and beverage samples. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:465. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ye L, Ngan DK, Xu T, Liu Z, Zhao J, Sakamuru S, Zhang L, Zhao T, Xia M, Simeonov A, Huang R. Prediction of drug-induced liver injury and cardiotoxicity using chemical structure and in vitro assay data. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 454:116250. [PMID: 36150479 PMCID: PMC9561045 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and cardiotoxicity (DICT) are major adverse effects triggered by many clinically important drugs. To provide an alternative to in vivo toxicity testing, the U.S. Tox21 consortium has screened a collection of ∼10K compounds, including drugs in clinical use, against >70 cell-based assays in a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) format. In this study, we compiled reference compound lists for DILI and DICT and compared the potential of Tox21 assay data with chemical structure information in building prediction models for human in vivo hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Models were built with four different machine learning algorithms (e.g., Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, and Support Vector Machine) and model performance was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC). Chemical structure-based models showed reasonable predictive power for DILI (best AUC-ROC = 0.75 ± 0.03) and DICT (best AUC-ROC = 0.83 ± 0.03), while Tox21 assay data alone only showed better than random performance. DILI and DICT prediction models built using a combination of assay data and chemical structure information did not have a positive impact on model performance. The suboptimal predictive performance of the assay data is likely due to insufficient coverage of an adequately predictive number of toxicity mechanisms. The Tox21 consortium is currently expanding coverage of biological response space with additional assays that probe toxicologically important targets and under-represented pathways that may improve the prediction of in vivo toxicity such as DILI and DICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Deborah K Ngan
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Tuan Xu
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Zhichao Liu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Tongan Zhao
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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5
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Chen L, Hu X, Sun Y, Xing Y, Zhang G. An ultrasensitive monoclonal antibody-based lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid detection of xylazine in milk. Food Chem 2022; 383:132293. [PMID: 35158128 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel hapten was designed and successfully synthesized to prepared the artificial immunogen against xylazine (XYL), then the monoclonal antibody 1H2-2C6 was obtained and applied to a lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) strip for rapid detection of XYL in milk. The visual detection limit (cutoff value) of the LFI strip was 5 ng/mL, the linear regression formula was Y = -0.521lg(X) + 0.382 (R2 = 0.995, n = 6), the linear detection range was 0.16-2.23 ng/mL and the detection limit (LOD) was 0.1 ng/mL. The recovery rates were in the range from 88.95% to 91.45%, the highest coefficient of variation was 8.89% (n = 3). The LFI strip was also validated by LC-MS/MS, as revealed, there were no significance differences between the two methods (the confidence interval was 95%). In brief, the LFI strip provides a reliable, sensitive and portable testing tool for screening of XYL on-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yunrui Xing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Saisahas K, Soleh A, Promsuwan K, Saichanapan J, Phonchai A, Sadiq NS, Teoh WK, Chang KH, Abdullah AFL, Limbut W. Nanocoral-like Polyaniline-Modified Graphene-Based Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Device for a Portable Electrochemical Sensor for Xylazine Detection. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13913-13924. [PMID: 35559175 PMCID: PMC9088932 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A portable electrochemical device for xylazine detection is presented for the first time. An electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) was integrated with a smartphone. The fabrication of the ePAD involved wax printing, low-tack transfer tape, and cutting and screen-printing techniques. Graphene ink was coated on the substrate and modified with nanocoral-like polyaniline, providing an electron transfer medium with a larger effective surface area that promoted charge transfer. The conductive ink on the ePAD presented a thickness of 25.0 ± 0.9 μm for an effective surface area of 0.374 cm2. This sensor was then tested directly on xylazine using differential pulse voltammetry. Two linear responses were obtained: from 0.2 to 5 μg mL-1 and from 5 to 100 μg mL-1. The detection limit was 0.06 μg mL-1. Reproducibility was tested on 10 preparations. The relative standard deviation was less than 5%. The applicability of the sensor was evaluated with beverage samples spiked with trace xylazine. Recoveries ranged from 84 ± 4 to 105 ± 2%. The developed sensor demonstrated excellent accuracy in the detection of trace xylazine. It would be possible to develop the portable system to detect various illicit drugs to aid forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasrin Saisahas
- Forensic
Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Asamee Soleh
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division
of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kiattisak Promsuwan
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division
of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Forensic
Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince
of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Jenjira Saichanapan
- Division
of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Forensic
Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince
of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Apichai Phonchai
- Division
of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Forensic
Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince
of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | | | - Way Koon Teoh
- Forensic
Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic
Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic
Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang
Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division
of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Forensic
Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince
of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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Chao M, Liu L, Wu A, Song S, Xu X, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of a monoclonal antibody for the detection of xylazine in milk and its use in an immunochromatographic strip. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05810f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A gold nanoparticle-based lateral-flow test (GNT) strip was developed to detect xylazine (XYL) in milk. And the limit of detection (LOD) and cut-off value of the GNT assay were evaluated to be 20 and 200 ng mL−1 in milk samples by the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Chao
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Wu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Song
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
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Sharma MK, Dhakne P, Nn S, Reddy PA, Sengupta P. Paradigm Shift in the Arena of Sample Preparation and Bioanalytical Approaches Involving Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopic Technique. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:1069-1082. [PMID: 31105088 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19r003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a highly important and integral part of bioanalysis for cleaning up the complex biological matrices and thereby minimizing matrix effect. Matrix effect can jeopardize the precise quantification and adversely affect the reliability of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analytical results by alteration of analyte ionization. Matrix components result in suppression or enhancement of the intensity of analyte response. In spite of the high specificity and selectivity of tandem mass spectrometry, a relatively higher concentration of coeluted matrix elements present in biofluids may alter the efficiency of quantification of a bioanalytical method. Numerous literature reports different types of sample preparation techniques employed in bioanalysis. In this review, the strategies for selection of the appropriate sample clean-up technique in bioanalysis are discussed extensively. A paradigm shift in the arena of sample preparation and bioanalytical approaches involving the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopic technique has been scrutinized. Current trends and possible future advancements in the field of biological sample extraction methods, including instrumental techniques are analyzed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
| | - Pooja Dhakne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
| | - Sidhartha Nn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
| | - P Ajitha Reddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
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EL-SHAL MA, HENDAWY HAM. Highly Sensitive Voltammetric Sensor Using Carbon Nanotube and an Ionic Liquid Composite Electrode for Xylazine Hydrochloride. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:189-194. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Mendes LF, Souza e Silva ÂR, Bacil RP, Serrano SHP, Angnes L, Paixão TRLC, de Araujo WR. Forensic electrochemistry: Electrochemical study and quantification of xylazine in pharmaceutical and urine samples. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Li Q, Magers T, King B, Engel BJ, Bakhtiar R, Green C, Shoup R. Measurement of lidocaine and 2,6-dimethylaniline in minipig plasma, skin, and dermal tapes using UHPLC with electrospray MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1087-1088:158-172. [PMID: 29747144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive LC-MS/MS methods were developed to measure lidocaine and its metabolite 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA) with application to transdermal studies. The methods for lidocaine in minipig plasma, tissue biopsies, and dermal tapes utilized mixed mode/SCX solid phase extraction, with lower quantitation limits of 25 pg/mL in plasma, 15 ng/g tissue, and 5 ng/tape. 2,6-DMA was measured in plasma and skin tissue homogenates by ultrafiltration and (for tissue) by further derivatization with 4-methoxybenzoyl chloride to form the corresponding benzamide derivative, which extended the lower limit of quantitation to 200 pg/mL. The methods allowed local measurement of lidocaine in stratum corneum, punch biopsies, and plasma and of 2,6-DMA in plasma and biopsies obtained from minipigs dosed with experimental transdermal formulations. Quantitation limits were approximately 7-fold lower than previously reported for lidocaine and 3-fold lower for 2,6-DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- AIT Bioscience, LLC, 7840 Innovation Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46278, USA
| | - Tobias Magers
- AIT Bioscience, LLC, 7840 Innovation Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46278, USA
| | - Brad King
- AIT Bioscience, LLC, 7840 Innovation Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46278, USA
| | - Brian J Engel
- AIT Bioscience, LLC, 7840 Innovation Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46278, USA
| | - Ray Bakhtiar
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc., Teva Pharmaceuticals, 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, USA
| | - Charisse Green
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc., Teva Pharmaceuticals, 145 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA 19380, USA
| | - Ronald Shoup
- AIT Bioscience, LLC, 7840 Innovation Blvd, Indianapolis, IN 46278, USA.
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Aleman M, Davis E, Knych H, Guedes A, Smith F, Madigan JE. Drug Residues after Intravenous Anesthesia and Intrathecal Lidocaine Hydrochloride Euthanasia in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1322-6. [PMID: 27362367 PMCID: PMC5108439 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intrathecal lidocaine hydrochloride under general anesthesia has been used as an alternative method of euthanasia in equids. Carnivore, scavenger, and even human consumption of horse meat from carcasses have been anecdotally reported in rural areas after this method of euthanasia. The presence of drug residues in horse meat has not been investigated. Hypothesis/Objectives To investigate if drug residues are found in horse tissues and determine their concentrations. Animals Of 11 horses requiring euthanasia for medical reasons. Methods Prospective descriptive study. Horses were anesthetized with total IV dose of xylazine (mean, 2.5 mg/kg), midazolam (0.1 mg/kg), and ketamine hydrochloride (mean, 5.8 mg/kg). An atlanto‐occipital cisterna centesis for the collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and administration of lidocaine hydrochloride (4 mg/kg) was performed. Blood samples for both serum and plasma, skeletal muscle (triceps brachii, gluteus medius), and CSF were collected for the determination of drug residues. Frozen skeletal muscle available from 5 additional horses that received standard dosages of drugs for short‐term anesthesia (xylazine 1.1 mg/kg, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, and ketamine 2.2 mg/kg) also were analyzed. Results Drug residues were found in the tissues of all horses, but at extremely low concentrations. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Euthanasia by administration of lidocaine intrathecally to horses under IV anesthesia poses a low risk of toxicity to carnivores and scavengers that might consume muscle tissue from a carcass in which this protocol has been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aleman
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - E Davis
- International Animal Welfare Training Institute, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - H Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - A Guedes
- Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - F Smith
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - J E Madigan
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA
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Phospholipid Adsorption Polymeric Materials for Detection of Xylazine and Metabolite in Blood and Urine. INT J POLYM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/3682167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers have been used in different areas. Recently, polymeric material is favored in analytical area due to its high performance and high consistency, which was used in sample pretreatment in this study. Xylazine poisoning is often seen in body fluid samples obtained from various accidents or suicides. However, the content of xylazine is difficult to detect precisely due to matrix effect in testing practices. In this paper, a method application for phospholipid adsorption polymeric materials to determine xylazine in blood and urine samples was proposed, developed, and validated. Compared with existing method, this method using polymeric pretreatment has a wider linear range of 2.0–2000.0 ng/mL for xylazine and its metabolite 2,6-dimethylaniline in both blood and urine and lower detection limits of 0.3 ng/mL for 2,6-dimethylaniline and xylazine in blood and 0.2 ng/mL for 2,6-dimethylaniline and xylazine in urine. Therefore, this method is suggested to be applied in testing practices by academic groups and commercial organizations.
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14
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Doran GS, Bradbury LA. Quantitation of the anaesthetic xylazine in ovine plasma by LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 997:81-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Müller C, Vetter F, Richter E, Bracher F. Determination of Caffeine, Myosmine, and Nicotine in Chocolate by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Food Sci 2014; 79:T251-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Müller
- Dept. of Pharmacy; Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians Univ; Butenandtstr 5-13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Florian Vetter
- Dept. of Pharmacy; Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians Univ; Butenandtstr 5-13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Elmar Richter
- Dept. of Toxicology; Walther Straub Inst; Ludwig-Maximilians Univ; Nussbaumstr 26 D-80336 Munich Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Dept. of Pharmacy; Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians Univ; Butenandtstr 5-13 D-81377 Munich Germany
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