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Usurelu CD, Badila S, Frone AN, Panaitescu DM. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Nanocomposites with Cellulose Nanocrystals. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1974. [PMID: 35631856 PMCID: PMC9144865 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is one of the most promising substitutes for the petroleum-based polymers used in the packaging and biomedical fields due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, good stiffness, and strength, along with its good gas-barrier properties. One route to overcome some of the PHB's weaknesses, such as its slow crystallization, brittleness, modest thermal stability, and low melt strength is the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and the production of PHB/CNCs nanocomposites. Choosing the adequate processing technology for the fabrication of the PHB/CNCs nanocomposites and a suitable surface treatment for the CNCs are key factors in obtaining a good interfacial adhesion, superior thermal stability, and mechanical performances for the resulting nanocomposites. The information provided in this review related to the preparation routes, thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of the PHB/CNCs nanocomposites may represent a starting point in finding new strategies to reduce the manufacturing costs or to design better technological solutions for the production of these materials at industrial scale. It is outlined in this review that the use of low-value biomass resources in the obtaining of both PHB and CNCs might be a safe track for a circular and bio-based economy. Undoubtedly, the PHB/CNCs nanocomposites will be an important part of a greener future in terms of successful replacement of the conventional plastic materials in many engineering and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriana Nicoleta Frone
- National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (S.B.)
| | - Denis Mihaela Panaitescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (S.B.)
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Abstract
Orange bagasse (OB) could be considered a sustainable, renewable, and low-cost biomass for the extraction of cellulose. In this context, reactive extrusion can be considered an excellent, eco-friendly, alternative process for the extraction of cellulose from lignocellulosic materials. Thus, the present study aimed to obtain cellulose-based materials with a reactive extrusion process and also to investigate the impact of pectin on the delignification process. Two groups of samples (OB and depectinizated OB) were submitted to extrusion with sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide in one-step processes. The cellulose content of extruded materials was highly affected by pectin content in the raw material; the thermal profile (TGA curves) and crystallinity also changed. The cellulose content of modified materials ranged from 18.8% to 58.4%, with a process yield of 30.6% to 79.2%. The alkaline reagent provided the highest cellulose content among all extrusion treatments tested, mainly for OB without pectin. The extrusion process was considered an efficient and promising process for extracting cellulose from citrus residue. Materials produced in this study can be used as sources of cellulose fiber for various products and processes, such as in the food industry, fermentation substrates, or refined applications after subsequent treatments.
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Gröndahl J, Karisalmi K, Vapaavuori J. Micro- and nanocelluloses from non-wood waste sources; processes and use in industrial applications. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9842-9858. [PMID: 34713883 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00958c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In addition to renewability and abundance, nanocellulose materials have tremendous (and variable) properties for different applications, ranging from bulk applications, such as paper and packaging reinforcement, to emerging high added-value applications, such as substrates for optoelectronics. Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural and industrial waste sources is readily available and shows great promise as an inexpensive and sustainable raw material for nanocellulose production. However, the understanding of the potential of using non-wood based biowaste sources is not established and systematic comparisons of versatile agricultural and industrial waste sources can elucidate this complex topic. Here we present an overview of the most studied and most promising sources from agro-industrial waste, the processes to convert them into nanocellulose, some of the established and emerging applications, and discuss the advancements that are still needed for large-scale production. Sugarcane bagasse and oil palm empty fruit bunch have been the most researched waste-based sources for nanocellulose production and demonstrate the most promise due to availability and access. Industrial sources seem to have advantages over agricultural sources in collectability and ease of access. This work gives insight on the potential and the challenges of nanocellulose production from waste sources and discusses how the criteria set for nanocellulose materials in different applications can be met, thus opening new routes for circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Gröndahl
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland.
| | - Kaisa Karisalmi
- Kaisa Karisalmi, Kemira Oyj, Espoo R&D Center, Luoteisrinne 2, FI-02270 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaana Vapaavuori
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 AALTO, Finland.
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Serra-Parareda F, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Balea A, Campano C, Sánchez-Salvador JL, Negro C, Delgado-Aguilar M. Correlation between rheological measurements and morphological features of lignocellulosic micro/nanofibers from different softwood sources. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:789-799. [PMID: 34352317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transition of nanocellulose production from laboratory to industrial scale requires robust monitoring systems that keeps a quality control along the production chain. The present work aims at providing a deeper insight on the main factors affecting the rheological behavior of (ligno)cellulose micro/nanofibers (LCMNFs) and cellulose micro/nanofibers (CMNFs) and how they could correlate with their characteristics. To this end, 20 types of LCMNFs and CMNFs were produced combining mechanical refining and high-pressure homogenization from different raw materials. Aspect ratio and bending capacity of the fibrils played a key role on increasing the viscosity of the suspensions by instigating the formation of entangled structures. Surface charge, reflected by the cationic demand, played opposing effects on the viscosity by reducing the fibrils' contact due to repulsive forces. The suspensions also showed increasing shear-thinning behavior with fibrillation degree, which was attributed to increased surface charge and higher water retention capacity, enabling the fibrils to slide past each other more easily when subjected to flow conditions. The present work elucidates the existing relationships between LCMNF/CMNF properties and their rheological behavior, considering fibrillation intensity and the initial raw material characteristics, in view of the potential of rheological measurements as an industrial scalable characterization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Serra-Parareda
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research group, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61 - 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research group, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61 - 17003 Girona, Spain; Chair on Sustainable Industrial Processes, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Mutjé
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research group, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61 - 17003 Girona, Spain; Chair on Sustainable Industrial Processes, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Campano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research group, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61 - 17003 Girona, Spain.
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5
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PEF as pretreatment to ultrasound-assisted convective drying: Influence on quality parameters of orange peel. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ahmad Khorairi ANS, Sofian-Seng NS, Othaman R, Abdul Rahman H, Mohd Razali NS, Lim SJ, Wan Mustapha WA. A Review on Agro-industrial Waste as Cellulose and Nanocellulose Source and Their Potentials in Food Applications. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1926478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noor-Soffalina Sofian-Seng
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rizafizah Othaman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hafeedza Abdul Rahman
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorul Syuhada Mohd Razali
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng Joe Lim
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Aida Wan Mustapha
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Innovation Centre for Confectionery Technology (MANIS), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jadhav H, Jadhav A, Takkalkar P, Hossain N, Nizammudin S, Zahoor M, Jamal M, Mubarak NM, Griffin G, Kao N. Potential of polylactide based nanocomposites-nanopolysaccharide filler for reinforcement purpose: a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Michelin M, Gomes DG, Romaní A, Polizeli MDLTM, Teixeira JA. Nanocellulose Production: Exploring the Enzymatic Route and Residues of Pulp and Paper Industry. Molecules 2020; 25:E3411. [PMID: 32731405 PMCID: PMC7436152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing environmental and sustainability concerns, caused by current population growth, has promoted a raising utilization of renewable bio-resources for the production of materials and energy. Recently, nanocellulose (NC) has been receiving great attention due to its many attractive features such as non-toxic nature, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, associated with its mechanical properties and those related to its nanoscale, emerging as a promising material in many sectors, namely packaging, regenerative medicine, and electronics, among others. Nanofibers and nanocrystals, derived from cellulose sources, have been mainly produced by mechanical and chemical treatments; however, the use of cellulases to obtain NC attracted much attention due to their environmentally friendly character. This review presents an overview of general concepts in NC production. Especial emphasis is given to enzymatic hydrolysis processes using cellulases and the utilization of pulp and paper industry residues. Integrated process for the production of NC and other high-value products through enzymatic hydrolysis is also approached. Major challenges found in this context are discussed along with its properties, potential application, and future perspectives of the use of enzymatic hydrolysis as a pretreatment in the scale-up of NC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Michelin
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.M.); (A.R.); (J.A.T.)
| | - Daniel G. Gomes
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.M.); (A.R.); (J.A.T.)
| | - Aloia Romaní
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.M.); (A.R.); (J.A.T.)
| | - Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-901, Brazil;
| | - José A. Teixeira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.M.); (A.R.); (J.A.T.)
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Shak KPY, Pang YL, Mah SK. Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2479-2498. [PMID: 30345212 PMCID: PMC6176822 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Among many other sustainable functional nanomaterials, nanocellulose is drawing increasing interest for use in environmental remediation technologies due to its numerous unique properties and functionalities. Nanocellulose is usually derived from the disintegration of naturally occurring polymers or produced by the action of bacteria. In this review, some invigorating perspectives on the challenges, future direction, and updates on the most relevant uses of nanocellulose in environmental remediation are discussed. The reported applications and properties of nanocellulose as an adsorbent, photocatalyst, flocculant, and membrane are reviewed in particular. However, additional effort will be required to implement and commercialize nanocellulose as a viable nanomaterial for remediation technologies. In this regard, the main challenges and limitations in working with nanocellulose-based materials are identified in an effort to improve the development and efficient use of nanocellulose in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Pui Yee Shak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yean Ling Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Shee Keat Mah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Cheras 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Chin KM, Sung Ting S, Ong HL, Omar M. Surface functionalized nanocellulose as a veritable inclusionary material in contemporary bioinspired applications: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Mern Chin
- School of Bioprocess Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP); Arau Perlis 02600 Malaysia
| | - Sam Sung Ting
- School of Bioprocess Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP); Arau Perlis 02600 Malaysia
| | - Hui Lin Ong
- School of Materials Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP); Arau Perlis 02600 Malaysia
| | - Mf Omar
- School of Materials Engineering; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP); Arau Perlis 02600 Malaysia
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Vadivel V, Moncalvo A, Dordoni R, Spigno G. Effects of an acid/alkaline treatment on the release of antioxidants and cellulose from different agro-food wastes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 64:305-314. [PMID: 28318962 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the release of both antioxidants and cellulosic fibre from different agro-food wastes. Cost-effective and easily available agro-food residues (brewers' spent grains, hazelnut shells, orange peels and wheat straw) were selected and submitted to a double-step acid/alkaline fractionation process. The obtained acid and alkaline liquors were analysed for total phenols content and antioxidant capacity. The final fibre residue was analysed for the cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose content. The total phenols content and antioxidant capacity of the acid liquors were higher than the alkaline hydrolysates. Orange peels and wheat straw gave, respectively, the highest (19.70±0.68mg/gdm) and the lowest (4.70±0.29mg/gdm) total phenols release. Correlation between antioxidant capacity of the liquors and their origin depended on the analytical assay used to evaluate it. All the acid liquors were also rich in sugar degradation products (mainly furfural). HPLC analysis revealed that the most abundant phenolic compound in the acid liquors was vanillin for brewers' spent grains, hazelnut shells and wheat straw, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid for orange peels. Wheat straw served as the best raw material for cellulose isolation, providing a final residue with a high cellulose content (84%) which corresponded to 45% of the original cellulose. The applied process removed more than 90% of the hemicellulose fraction in all the samples, while delignification degree ranged from 67% (in hazelnut shells), to 93% (in brewers' spent grains). It was not possible to select a unique raw material for the release of highest levels of both total phenols and cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vellingiri Vadivel
- Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alessandro Moncalvo
- Institute of Oenology and Agro-Food Engineering, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Roberta Dordoni
- Institute of Oenology and Agro-Food Engineering, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giorgia Spigno
- Institute of Oenology and Agro-Food Engineering, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from bamboo using microwave liquefaction combined with chemical treatment and ultrasonication. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:725-734. [PMID: 27474619 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibers were successfully isolated from bamboo using microwave liquefaction combined with chemical treatment and ultrasonic nanofibrillation processes. The microwave liquefaction could eliminate almost all the lignin in bamboo, resulting in high cellulose content residues within 7min, and the cellulose enriched residues could be readily purified by subsequent chemical treatments with lower chemical charging and quickly. The results of wet chemistry analyses, SEM images, and FTIR and X-ray spectra indicated the combination of microwave liquefaction and chemical treatment was significantly efficient in removing non-cellulosic compounds. Ultrasonication was used to separate the nanofibrils from the purified residues to extract nanofibers. The TEM images confirmed the presence of elementary fibrils, nano-sized fibril bundles, and aggregated fibril bundles. As evidenced by the TGA analysis, cellulose nanofibers isolated by this novel technique had high thermal stability indicating that the isolated nanofibers could possibly be applied as reinforcing elements in biomaterials.
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