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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fox E, Gosling R(B, Gil BM, Møretrø T, Stessl B, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Simon AC, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Persistence of microbiological hazards in food and feed production and processing environments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8521. [PMID: 38250499 PMCID: PMC10797485 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (in the meat, fish and seafood, dairy and fruit and vegetable sectors), Salmonella enterica (in the feed, meat, egg and low moisture food sectors) and Cronobacter sakazakii (in the low moisture food sector) were identified as the bacterial food safety hazards most relevant to public health that are associated with persistence in the food and feed processing environment (FFPE). There is a wide range of subtypes of these hazards involved in persistence in the FFPE. While some specific subtypes are more commonly reported as persistent, it is currently not possible to identify universal markers (i.e. genetic determinants) for this trait. Common risk factors for persistence in the FFPE are inadequate zoning and hygiene barriers; lack of hygienic design of equipment and machines; and inadequate cleaning and disinfection. A well-designed environmental sampling and testing programme is the most effective strategy to identify contamination sources and detect potentially persistent hazards. The establishment of hygienic barriers and measures within the food safety management system, during implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points, is key to prevent and/or control bacterial persistence in the FFPE. Once persistence is suspected in a plant, a 'seek-and-destroy' approach is frequently recommended, including intensified monitoring, the introduction of control measures and the continuation of the intensified monitoring. Successful actions triggered by persistence of L. monocytogenes are described, as well as interventions with direct bactericidal activity. These interventions could be efficient if properly validated, correctly applied and verified under industrial conditions. Perspectives are provided for performing a risk assessment for relevant combinations of hazard and food sector to assess the relative public health risk that can be associated with persistence, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Knowledge gaps related to bacterial food safety hazards associated with persistence in the FFPE and priorities for future research are provided.
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Park N, Kwon JG, Na H, Lee S, Lee JH, Ryu S. Discovery and characterization of a new genotype of Salmonella enterica serovar Bareilly isolated from diarrhea patients of food-borne outbreaks. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1024189. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1024189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first food-borne outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Bareilly in the UK (2010), it has been recognized as a new type of food-borne pathogen in S. enterica. To detect and characterize this new serovar pathogen in South Korea, a total of 175 Salmonella strains was isolated and 31 isolates were identified as S. Bareilly from various food-borne outbreaks between 2014 and 2018. While pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis using XbaI revealed two major groups (A and B) each with two subgroups (A1, A2/B1, B2), average nucleotide identity (ANI), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and in silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analyses confirmed only two major groups. Interestingly, extended SNP analysis with 67 S. Bareilly strains from outbreaks in other countries revealed that A group strains between 2014 and 2016 shared a close evolutionary relationship with the strains from outside of South Korea; however, the B group strains in 2018 were located in a separate SNP tree branch. These findings suggest that the A group may share common ancestor with the strains of previous outbreaks in the UK or other countries, while the B group is a new genotype. Comparative virulence factor (VF) analysis between the A and B group strains showed that S. Bareilly in the B group has more various than that of the A group. A comparative biofilm formation assay supports for this, which B group strain GG-21 has higher biofilm formation activity than A group strain GG-07. Antibiotic susceptibility test of 31 S. Bareilly strains revealed high susceptibility to 17 tested antibiotics, suggesting that S. Bareilly can be easily treated by antibiotics.
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Serotyping and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Strains Detected in Wildlife and Natural Environments in Southern Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040353. [PMID: 33801648 PMCID: PMC8065399 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild animals are potential vectors of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella serovars isolated from wildlife and the environment in Italy. A total of 164 Salmonella isolates were analyzed, and six different subspecies and 64 serovars were detected. High proportions of Salmonella isolates proved resistant to streptomycin (34.1%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.2%), tetracycline (17.7%), ciprofloxacin (14.63%) and ampicillin (11.59%). By source, the lowest level of resistance was observed in Salmonella serovars isolated from a water environment, while antimicrobial resistance was frequent in strains collected from shellfish, reptiles and birds. Multidrug-resistant strains were recovered from seafood (n = 11), mammals (n = 3) and water (n = 1). Three S. Typhimurium monophasic variant strains showed asimultaneous resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which represents a recognized alert resistance profile for this serovar. These data indicate the environmental dissemination of resistant strains due to anthropogenic activities, which, in southern Italy, probably have a higher impact on marine ecosystems than on terrestrial ones. Moreover, as most of the animals considered in the present study are usually consumed by humans, the presence of resistant bacteria in them is a matter of great concern.
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Peruzy MF, Capuano F, Proroga YTR, Cristiano D, Carullo MR, Murru N. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Food Samples: Five-Year Monitoring (2015-2019). Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E365. [PMID: 32610532 PMCID: PMC7400401 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous collection and analysis of updated data on the antimicrobic resistance among bacterial strains represent the essential core for the surveillance of this problem. The present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella serovars isolated in foods in 2015-2019. A total of 178 Salmonella strains belonging to 39 serovars were tested against 10 antimicrobials. High proportions of Salmonella isolates were resistant to tetracycline (n = 53.9%), ciprofloxacin (n = 47.2%), ampicillin (n = 44.4%), nalidixic acid (n = 42.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 38.8%). Different resistance rates were recorded among the different serotypes of Salmonella, and S. Infantis, exhibited the highest resistance to antibiotics. A high percentage of strains isolated from poultry, pork, and bovine were resistant to at least one or two antimicrobials. Resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were also recorded among the isolates from molluscan shellfish; however, the occurrence of resistant Salmonella strains isolated from this source was significantly lower compared with those reported for poultry, pork, and bovine. The high levels of resistance reported in the present study indicate a potential public health risk. Consequently, additional hygiene and antibiotic stewardship practices should be considered for the food industry to prevent the prevalence of Salmonella in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Peruzy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (M.F.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Federico Capuano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy; (F.C.); (D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Yolande Thérèse Rose Proroga
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy; (F.C.); (D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Daniela Cristiano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy; (F.C.); (D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Carullo
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute, 2, 80055 Portici (Naples), Italy; (F.C.); (D.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Nicoletta Murru
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (M.F.P.); (N.M.)
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Seo KW, Im MC, Kim YB, Sung HW, Lee YJ. Characteristics of Salmonella Bareilly isolated from commercial layer farms and raw shell eggs in Korea. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Bareilly (S. Bareilly) has been among the top 20 most frequently isolated serovars in the United States and has been observed recently in layer flocks in Korea. Between 2013 and 2014, 45 S. Bareilly isolates were obtained from five commercial layer farms and nine retail markets in Korea. Among the 45 isolates, four pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were observed, with pattern B being the predominant and comprising 67% of the 45 isolates. The most common antimicrobial resistance was streptomycin (24.4%) and cephalothin (6.7%). This is the first report describing epidemiological characteristics of S. Bareilly, including geographical variation, in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Won Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Chan Im
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Bin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Zoonoses Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Paudyal N, Pan H, Liao X, Zhang X, Li X, Fang W, Yue M. A Meta-Analysis of Major Foodborne Pathogens in Chinese Food Commodities Between 2006 and 2016. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 15:187-197. [PMID: 29652195 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in food commodities in China have been reported in numerous publications over time. However, the results are scattered and varied. To calculate a robust point estimate with a higher statistical power, we applied meta-analytic approach for investigating the prevalence of common foodborne pathogens in major food items in China. Data, on prevalence of bacteria in various food commodities were extracted and analyzed from 361 (132 English and 229 Chinese) publications. Prevalence of eight most frequently reported pathogens on six broad food categories was used for pooled and subgroup meta-analysis by DerSimonian-Laird method in random-effects model. The estimated overall prevalence of pathogens in the foods was 8.5% (95% CI 8.2-8.7). The highest prevalence, irrespective of the pathogen type, was in the aquatic produce at 12.8% (12.0-13.5), while the least was in the vegetables at 3.0% (2.6-3.4). Among the pathogens, the most prevalent was Vibrio at 21.3% (19.6-23.1), whereas the least was pathogenic Escherichia coli at 4.3% (3.3-5.2). The major food pathogens in Chinese foods in decreasing order of prevalence were Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Campylobacter, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, and pathogenic E. coli. Presence of these organisms in foods equates the risk of microbiological food safety in China with other developed countries rather than the developing countries. This justifies the need of novel perspectives for formulating policies on microbiological food safety and risk mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Paudyal
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Pan
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiayi Liao
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- 2 College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China .,2 College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- 1 Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Kim YJ, Moon HJ, Lee SK, Song BR, Lim JS, Heo EJ, Park HJ, Wee SH, Moon JS. Development and Validation of Predictive Model for Salmonella Growth in Unpasteurized Liquid Eggs. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:442-450. [PMID: 30018489 PMCID: PMC6048364 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.38.3.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid egg products can be contaminated with Salmonella spp. during processing. A predictive model for the growth of Salmonella spp. in unpasteurized liquid eggs was developed and validated. Liquid whole egg, liquid yolk, and liquid egg white samples were prepared and inoculated with Salmonella mixture (approximately 3 Log CFU/mL) containing five serovars (S. Bareilly, S. Richmond, S. Typhimurium monophasic, S. Enteritidis, and S. Gallinarum). Salmonella growth data at isothermal temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C) was collected by 960 h. The population of Salmonella in liquid whole egg and egg yolk increased at above 10°C, while Salmonella in egg white did not proliferate at all temperature. These results demonstrate that there is a difference in the growth of Salmonella depending on the types of liquid eggs (egg yolk, egg white, liquid whole egg) and storage temperature. To fit the growth data of Salmonella in liquid whole egg and egg yolk, Baranyi model was used as the primary model and the maximum growth rate and lag phase duration for each temperature were determined. A secondary model was developed with maximum growth rate as a function of temperature. The model performance measures, bias factor (B f , 0.96-0.99) and r2 (0.96-0.99) indicated good fit for both primary and secondary models. In conclusion, it is thought that the growth model can be used usefully to predict Salmonella spp. growth in various types of unpasteurized liquid eggs when those are exposed to various temperature and time conditions during the processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jo Kim
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyoung Lee
- Animal and Plant, Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Song
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lim
- Animal and Plant, Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Heo
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | | | - Sung-Hwan Wee
- Animal and Plant, Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jin-San Moon
- Animal and Plant, Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
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Application of high pressure processing for prevention of greenish-gray yolks and improvement of safety and shelf-life of hard-cooked peeled eggs. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Epidemiological Analysis Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis of Salmonella enteritidis Outbreak in Factory Workers. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Yang Y, Hoe YW, Zheng Q, Chung HJ, Yuk HG. Biofilm formation by Salmonella Enteritidis in a simulated liquid egg processing environment and its sensitivity to chlorine and hot water treatment. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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