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Cheong Y, Lee JB, Kim SK, Yoon JW. Characterization of Salmonella species from poultry slaughterhouses in South Korea: carry-over transmission of Salmonella Thompson ST292 in slaughtering process. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e39. [PMID: 38834509 PMCID: PMC11156591 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Salmonella outbreaks linked to poultry meat have been reported continuously worldwide. Therefore, Salmonella contamination of poultry meats in slaughterhouses is one of the critical control points for reducing disease outbreaks in humans. OBJECTIVE This study examined the carry-over contamination of Salmonella species through the entire slaughtering process in South Korea. METHODS From 2018 to 2019, 1,097 samples were collected from the nine slaughterhouses distributed nationwide. One hundred and seventeen isolates of Salmonella species were identified using the invA gene-specific polymerase chain reaction, as described previously. The serotype, phylogeny, and antimicrobial resistance of isolates were examined. RESULTS Among the 117 isolates, 93 were serotyped into Salmonella Mbandaka (n = 36 isolates, 30.8%), Salmonella Thompson (n = 33, 28.2%), and Salmonella Infantis (n = 24, 20.5%). Interestingly, allelic profiling showed that all S. Mbandaka isolates belonged to the lineage of the sequence type (ST) 413, whereas all S. Thompson isolates were ST292. Moreover, almost all S. Thompson isolates (97.0%, 32/33 isolates) belonging to ST292 were multidrug-resistant and possessed the major virulence genes whose products are required for full virulence. Both serotypes were distributed widely throughout the slaughtering process. Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic analysis demonstrated that seven S. Infantis showed 100% identities in their phylogenetic relatedness, indicating that they were sequentially transmitted along the slaughtering processes. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study provides more evidence of the carry-over transmission of Salmonella species during the slaughtering processes. ST292 S. Thompson is a potential pathogenic clone of Salmonella species possibly associated with foodborne outbreaks in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Cheong
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jun Bong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Se Kye Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jang Won Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- The YOON Healthtech Co., Ltd, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
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Roobab U, Madni GM, Ranjha MMAN, Khan AW, Selim S, Almuhayawi MS, Samy M, Zeng XA, Aadil RM. Applications of water activated by ozone, electrolysis, or gas plasma for microbial decontamination of raw and processed meat. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1007967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A raw or processed meat product can be a breeding ground for spoilage bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., etc.). Failure of decontamination results in food quality loss and foodborne illnesses caused by pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Often, meat processors decontaminate the carcass using cheap chemicals or artificial antimicrobial agents not listed on the ingredient list, which is discouraged by health-conscious consumers. Foods with clean labels became more popular during the COVID-19 pandemic, which led consumers to choose healthier ingredients. Novel methods of controlling or improving meat safety are constantly being discovered. This review focuses on novel means of electrochemically activate water that is being investigated as a sanitizing agent for carcasses and processing area decontamination during production or at the end. Water can be activated by using non-thermal techniques such as ozonation, electrolysis, and cold plasma technologies. Recent studies showed that these activated liquids are powerful tools for reducing microbial activity in raw and processed meat. For instance, plasma-activated water can be used to enhance microbiological safety and avoid the negative effects of direct gaseous plasma on the organoleptic aspects of food products. In addition, electrolyzed water technology offers hurdle enhancement by combining with non-thermal strategies that have great potential. Ozonation is another way of activating water which provides a very convenient way to control microbiological safety and finds several recent applications as aqueous ozone for meat decontamination. These solutions are highly reactive and convenient for non-conventional applications in the meat industry related to food safety because of their antimicrobial or antiviral impact. The present review highlights the efficacy of activated-water decontamination of raw and processed meat via non-thermal solutions.
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de Brito FAE, de Freitas APP, Nascimento MS. Multidrug-Resistant Biofilms (MDR): Main Mechanisms of Tolerance and Resistance in the Food Supply Chain. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121416. [PMID: 36558750 PMCID: PMC9784232 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are mono- or multispecies microbial communities enclosed in an extracellular matrix (EPS). They have high potential for dissemination and are difficult to remove. In addition, biofilms formed by multidrug-resistant strains (MDRs) are even more aggravated if we consider antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as an important public health issue. Quorum sensing (QS) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) are mechanisms that significantly contribute to the recalcitrance (resistance and tolerance) of biofilms, making them more robust and resistant to conventional sanitation methods. These mechanisms coordinate different strategies involved in AMR, such as activation of a quiescent state of the cells, moderate increase in the expression of the efflux pump, decrease in the membrane potential, antimicrobial inactivation, and modification of the antimicrobial target and the architecture of the EPS matrix itself. There are few studies investigating the impact of the use of inhibitors on the mechanisms of recalcitrance and its impact on the microbiome. Therefore, more studies to elucidate the effect and applications of these methods in the food production chain and the possible combination with antimicrobials to establish new strategies to control MDR biofilms are needed.
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Bai Y, Ding X, Zhao Q, Sun H, Li T, Li Z, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhang C, Xu S. Development of an organic acid compound disinfectant to control food-borne pathogens and its application in chicken slaughterhouses. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101842. [PMID: 35395532 PMCID: PMC8987602 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During poultry slaughter, cross-contamination of chicken carcasses with microorganisms (including drug-resistant bacteria) can occur because of incomplete disinfection during the pre-cooling process, and surface contact with contaminated tools and equipment. The use of disinfectants is the most common way to reduce the risk of cross-contamination and bacterial spread, as they can effectively reduce the number of bacteria. We developed a disinfectant consisting of organic acids and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and tested its bactericidal effects at different concentrations against Salmonella and Campylobacter. The main effective components in the disinfectant were citric acid, lactic acid, and SDS, and together they exerted a synergistic bactericidal effect. The bactericidal efficacy of the disinfectant increased with increasing concentrations of the 3 active ingredients. To reach a 100% reduction rate during a 15-s treatment in vitro, for Salmonella, the lowest concentrations of citric acid, lactic acid, and SDS were 0.06, 0.08, and 0.02%, respectively; and for Campylobacter, the lowest concentrations were 0.02, 0.025, and 0.0125%, respectively. The disinfectant remained effective in presence of interfering substances (e.g., 15% fetal bovine serum). Further experiments showed that the disinfectant inactivated sensitive bacteria as well as 23 drug-resistant strains of Salmonella and Campylobacter. Treatment with the disinfectant for 15 s decreased the concentrations of all tested strains by more than 4.7 log colony forming units per mL, and the reduction rate was as high as 100%. In on-site disinfection tests in chicken slaughterhouses, the disinfectant significantly reduced the number of pathogenic bacteria on carcasses during the pre-cooling process, and on tools (such as knives and gloves) during the segmentation process. Thus, this disinfectant has potential uses in preventing cross-contamination of food-borne pathogens (including resistant bacteria) in slaughterhouses.
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Obe T, Nannapaneni R, Schilling W, Zhang L, Kiess A. Antimicrobial tolerance, biofilm formation, and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolates from poultry processing equipment. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Sohail MN, Rathnamma D, Priya SC, Isloor S, Naryanaswamy HD, Ruban SW, Veeregowda BM. Salmonella from Farm to Table: Isolation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella from Commercial Broiler Supply Chain and Its Environment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3987111. [PMID: 34660787 PMCID: PMC8514274 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3987111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry production chain is one of the major food safety concerns due to indiscriminate usage of antibiotics and the presence of pathogens such as Salmonella which causes infections in various stages of production. In the present study, 182 samples were collected from commercial broiler supply chain, viz., three hatcheries (n = 29), three commercial broiler farms (CBF; n = 99), and three retail meat shops (RMS; n = 54), and used for isolation and identification of Salmonella using three different selective agar media and a selective enrichment medium followed by PCR confirmation targeting the hilA gene. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 47/182 (25.82%), and a significantly higher (P < 0.05) prevalence was observed in retail meat shops (46.29%), CBF (19.19%), and hatcheries (10.34%). Comparison of three agar media for isolation of Salmonella revealed that all the media were equally selective. However, PCR amplification of hilA gene fragment was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in selective enrichment culture tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth (TTB) as compared to all solid (agar-based) media. Susceptibility pattern against most frequently used antibiotics revealed that 100% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. High resistance was observed for doxycycline (94.34%), followed by cefpodoxime (84.91%), ciprofloxacin (72.64%), gentamicin (65.09%), enrofloxacin (61.32%), colistin sulphate (40.42%), amikacin (34.91%), ampicillin (33.96%), neomycin (33.02), cefotaxime (30.19%), ceftazidime (29.25%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.58%), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (21.70%), and chloramphenicol (12.26%); 16.98% of the isolates were ex-tended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, and 76.41% were multidrug resistant (MDR). MDR Salmonella were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in RMS (91.66%) followed by CBF (82.75%), whereas no MDR isolates were present in the isolates from hatcheries. The results indicated a higher prevalence of Salmonella and AMR for commonly used antibiotics in the complete broiler supply chain, especially RMS and CBF. Also, this study idicated that TTB enrichment followed by PCR and colony PCR was found to be rapid, specific and time-saving method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Nasim Sohail
- Department of Para-Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar-0093, Afghanistan
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Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, 560024, Bengaluru, India
| | - D. Rathnamma
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Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, 560024, Bengaluru, India
| | - S. Chandra Priya
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Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, 560024, Bengaluru, India
| | - S. Isloor
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Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, 560024, Bengaluru, India
| | - H. D. Naryanaswamy
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Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nandinagar, 585401, Bidar, India
| | - S. Wilfred Ruban
- Department of Livestock Products and Technology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - B. M. Veeregowda
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Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, Hebbal, 560024, Bengaluru, India
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Khan AS, Georges K, Rahaman S, Abebe W, Adesiyun AA. Characterization of Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Stages of the Processing Lines at Four Broiler Processing Plants in Trinidad and Tobago. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1048. [PMID: 34068037 PMCID: PMC8152471 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors for contamination of chicken with Salmonella at four operating broiler processing plants in Trinidad. Standard methods were used to isolate and characterize the Salmonella isolates. The overall prevalence of Salmonella at the four processing plants was 27.0% (107/396). The whole carcass enrichment (WCE) method yielded a statistically significantly (p = 0.0014) higher frequency of isolation (53.9%; 97/180) than the whole carcass rinse (35.0%; 63/180) and neck skin methods (42.2%; 38/90). S. enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Javiana, and Infantis were the predominant serotypes isolated accounting for 20.8%, 16.7% and 12.5%, respectively, of the serotyped isolates. Risk factors included the use of over 100 contract farmers (OR 4.4), pre-chiller (OR 2.3), addition of chlorine to chiller (OR 3.2), slaughtering sick broilers (OR 4.4), and flocks with >50% mortality. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 12.3% (14/114) of the isolates of Salmonella. Resistance was high to kanamycin (85.7%) and doxycycline (74.6%) but low to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (2.4%) and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (0.8%). The occurrence of resistant Salmonella in chickens processed at commercial broiler processing plants has implications for salmonellosis and therapeutic failure in consumers of improperly cooked contaminated chickens from these plants in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Sarah Khan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (A.S.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Karla Georges
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (A.S.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Saed Rahaman
- Veterinary Public Health Unit, Ministry of Health, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago;
| | - Woubit Abebe
- Department of Pathobiology, Tuskegee University College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee, 201 Frederick D Patterson Dr, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA;
| | - Abiodun Adewale Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (A.S.K.); (K.G.)
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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8
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Shang K, Wei B, Cha SY, Zhang JF, Park JY, Lee YJ, Jang HK, Kang M. The Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Hatcheries and Dissemination in an Integrated Broiler Chicken Operation in Korea. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E154. [PMID: 33440890 PMCID: PMC7827806 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive identification rates of Salmonella enterica in hatcheries and upstream breeder farms were 16.4% (36/220) and 3.0% (6/200), respectively. Among the Salmonella serovars identified in the hatcheries, S. enterica ser. Albany (17/36, 47.2%) was the most prevalent, followed by the serovars S. enterica ser. Montevideo (11/36, 30.6%) and S. enterica ser. Senftenberg (5/36, 13.9%), which were also predominant. Thirty-six isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial tested, of which 52.8% (n = 19) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Thirty-three isolates (enrofloxacin, MIC ≥ 0.25) showed point mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. One isolate, S. enterica ser. Virchow, carrying the blaCTX-M-15 gene from the breeder farm was ceftiofur resistant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that 52.0% S. enterica ser. Montevideo and 29.6% S. enterica ser. Albany isolates sourced from the downstream of hatcheries along the broiler chicken supply chain carried the same PFGE types as those of the hatcheries. Thus, the hatcheries showed a high prevalence of Salmonella isolates with high antimicrobial resistance and no susceptible isolate. The AMR isolates from hatcheries originating from breeder farms could disseminate to the final retail market along the broiler chicken supply chain. The emergence of AMR Salmonella in hatcheries may be due to the horizontal spread of resistant isolates. Therefore, Salmonella control in hatcheries, particularly its horizontal transmission, is important.
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Grants
- 119059-2 Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry(IPET) through Animal Disease Management Technology Development Program, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA)
- 716002-7 Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry(IPET) through Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Convergence Technologies Program for Educating Creative Global Leader, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food an
- 320005-4 Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry(IPET) through Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Convergence Technologies Program for Educating Creative Global Leader, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food an
- 2017R1D1A1B03030883 Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (K.S.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (J.-F.Z.); (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (K.S.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (J.-F.Z.); (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (K.S.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (J.-F.Z.); (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Jun-Feng Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (K.S.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (J.-F.Z.); (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Jong-Yeol Park
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (K.S.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (J.-F.Z.); (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Yea-Jin Lee
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (K.S.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (J.-F.Z.); (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-J.L.)
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (K.S.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (J.-F.Z.); (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (K.S.); (B.W.); (S.-Y.C.); (J.-F.Z.); (J.-Y.P.); (Y.-J.L.)
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Korea
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Sun F, Li X, Wang Y, Wang F, Ge H, Pan Z, Xu Y, Wang Y, Jiao X, Chen X. Epidemic patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum isolates in China during the past half-century. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100894. [PMID: 33652525 PMCID: PMC7936142 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullorum is a chicken-specific systemic disease caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum). This study was carried out to provide basic data for understanding the trends of S. Pullorum. A total of 652 S. Pullorum isolates collected in China during 1962-2019 were examined. Overall, 525 (80.5%) isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic; 280 (42.9%) isolates resisted 3 or more classes of antibiotics and showed an increasing trend until 2015 and then decreased significantly. The most common multidrug-resistant pattern was ampicillin-tetracycline-nalidixic acid (13.6%). After 2008, 6 classes of antibiotic-resistant strains began to appear, and they have been prevalent ever since. In 2014, a strain resistant to 7 antibiotics (ampicillin-cefazolin-streptomycin-tetracycline-sulphonamides-nalidixic acid-nitrofurantoin) was isolated. The highest antimicrobial resistance was observed for nalidixic acid (71.9%), and the lowest was found for cefotaxime, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, fosfomycin, and polymyxin (0%). Our findings monitored the prevalence of the resistance of S. Pullorum during the past half-century in China. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and the rational use of antimicrobials is necessary and important to control the rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance in S. Pullorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaohui Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Henan, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xin'an Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Cadena M, Kelman T, Marco ML, Pitesky M. Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Profiles of Salmonella Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria Challenged with Disinfectants Commonly Used During Poultry Processing. Foods 2019; 8:E275. [PMID: 31336660 PMCID: PMC6678331 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella that survive cleaning and disinfection during poultry processing are a public health concern because pathogens that survive disinfectants have greater potential to exhibit resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants after their initial disinfectant challenge. While the mechanisms conferring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) after exposure to disinfectants is complex, understanding the effects of disinfectants on Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm states is becoming increasingly important, as AMR and disinfectant tolerant bacteria are becoming more prevalent in the food chain. This review examines the modes of action of various types of disinfectants commonly used during poultry processing (quaternary ammonium, organic acids, chlorine, alkaline detergents) and the mechanisms that may confer tolerance to disinfectants and cross-protection to antibiotics. The goal of this review article is to characterize the AMR profiles of Salmonella in both their planktonic and biofilm state that have been challenged with hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), peracetic acid (PAA), sodium hypochlorite (SHY) and trisodium phosphate (TSP) in order to understand the risk of these disinfectants inducing AMR in surviving bacteria that may enter the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Cadena
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Todd Kelman
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- UC Davis, Department of Food Science and Technology, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Cooperative Extension, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Shang K, Wei B, Jang HK, Kang M. Phenotypic characteristics and genotypic correlation of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Salmonella isolates from a poultry slaughterhouse and its downstream retail markets. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lee HJ, Youn SY, Jeong OM, Kim JH, Kim DW, Jeong JY, Kwon YK, Kang MS. Sequential Transmission of Salmonella in the Slaughtering Process of Chicken in Korea. J Food Sci 2019; 84:871-876. [PMID: 30861135 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide. Salmonella infections in humans are mainly associated with consumption of poultry products contaminated with this foodborne pathogen. Therefore, strict sanitary measures are necessary to control Salmonella contamination during the slaughtering process of poultry. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and transmission of Salmonella at a series of steps in the slaughtering process of chicken. A total of 601 samples were collected from a series of slaughtering steps (10 sampling sites) of 26 chicken slaughterhouses throughout Korea. Salmonella was isolated from samples and its distribution was analyzed along the slaughtering process. Isolates from each sampling site were tested for susceptibility to 15 antibiotics by the broth microdilution method. They were also genotypically characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonela was isolated from 168 out of 601 samples. Sixteen serotypes were identified while six isolates were untypable. Salmonella enterica serovars Montevideo (n = 29) and Virchow (n = 27) were the most common serotypes out of 119 nonredundant isolates. Relatively high contamination rates of Salmonella were found in shackles (75.0%), feathers near plucking machine (68.5%), and feces from crates (44.0%). Twenty-three antibiotic resistance patterns were recognized and 40 (33.6%) isolates were resistant to five or more antibiotics. The same serotypes of Salmonella were distributed along the slaughtering process of each Salmonella-positive slaughterhouse. Most of those isolates belonging to the same serotype had identical or closely related PFGE profiles. They also shared common antibiotic resistance patterns. Overall findings of this study indicated that Salmonella were sequentially transmitted through the chicken slaughtering process. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study provides useful information on the distribution and transmission of Salmonella serotypes through the chicken slaughtering process. Overall findings indicated the need for routine microbiological monitoring along the slaughtering process. This study also showed that on-farm control of Salmonella is needed to obtain Salmonella-free chicken carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - So-Youn Youn
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Ok-Mi Jeong
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Jeong
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
| | - Min-Su Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea
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Cadena M, Froenicke L, Britton M, Settles ML, Durbin-Johnson B, Kumimoto E, Gallardo RA, Ferreiro A, Chylkova T, Zhou H, Pitesky M. Transcriptome Analysis of Salmonella Heidelberg after Exposure to Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Acidified Calcium Hypochlorite, and Peroxyacetic Acid. J Food Prot 2019; 82:109-119. [PMID: 30702951 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of RNA sequencing in commercial poultry could facilitate a novel approach toward food safety with respect to identifying conditions in food production that mitigate transcription of genes associated with virulence and survivability. In this study, we evaluated the effects of disinfectant exposure on the transcriptomes of two field isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) isolated from a commercial broiler processing plant in 1992 and 2014. The isolates were each exposed separately to the following disinfectants commonly used in poultry processing: cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), acidified calcium hypochlorite (aCH), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA). Exposure times were 8 s with CPC to simulate a poultry processing dipping station or 90 min with aCH and PAA to simulate the chiller tank in a poultry processing plant at 4°C. Based on comparison with a publicly available annotated SH reference genome with 5,088 genes, 90 genes were identified as associated with virulence, pathogenicity, and resistance (VPR). Of these 90 VPR genes, 9 (10.0%), 28 (31.1%), and 1 (1.1%) gene were upregulated in SH 2014 and 21 (23.3%), 26 (28.9%), and 2 (2.2%) genes were upregulated in SH 2014 challenged with CPC, aCH, and PAA, respectively. This information and previously reported MICs for the three disinfectants with both SH isolates allow researchers to make more accurate recommendations regarding control methods of SH and public health considerations related to SH in food production facilities where SH has been isolated. For example, the MICs revealed that aCH is ineffective for SH inhibition at regulatory levels allowed for poultry processing and that aCH was ineffective for inhibiting SH growth and caused an upregulation of VPR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna Cadena
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lutz Froenicke
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Monica Britton
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Matthew L Settles
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- 4 Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Emily Kumimoto
- 3 Genome Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Aura Ferreiro
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Tereza Chylkova
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- 5 Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- 1 Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.,2 Cooperative Extension, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Shang K, Wei B, Kang M. Distribution and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms with or without enrofloxacin use. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:257. [PMID: 30165845 PMCID: PMC6117923 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is a major zoonotic food-borne pathogen that persists on poultry farms, and animals undergo reinfection with endemic strains. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella within and between broiler farms that used enrofloxacin and those that did not. RESULTS Cloacal and environmental (litter, feed, and water) samples from two selected flocks in each of 12 farms owned by the same company were collected three times over a 30-day period of two production cycles during 2015-2016. The rate of Salmonella isolation was 7.8% (123/1584). Nine Salmonella serotypes (116 isolates) and seven untypable isolates were identified, and Salmonella Montevideo was the most prevalent serotype. Azithromycin-resistant (17.9%) and colistin-resistant (3.3%) isolates were detected, and multidrug-resistant isolates (43.1%) were also observed. No isolate was resistant to enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin; however, intermediate resistance to enrofloxacin was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in farms that used enrofloxacin than in those that did not. The rate of multi-drug resistance among litter isolates (25/44, 56.8%) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that among cloacal swab (24/67, 35.8%) and feed (4/12, 33.3%) isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of strains of the same serotype was conducted to determine their epidemiological relationship. The PFGE types were classified into 31 groups with a 100% correlation cutoff in dendrograms for Salmonella Montevideo isolates, which showed 100% genomic identity based on age, sample type, flock, and production cycle within and between farms. CONCLUSION The present study highlights the occurrence of horizontal transmission and cyclic contamination with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in broiler farms owned by the same company. Litter may be a good indicator of indoor environmental contamination with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella on farms. Additionally, enrofloxacin use may be one of the factors promoting resistance towards it in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596 South Korea
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Walker G, Jalukar S, Brake J. The effect of refined functional carbohydrates from enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast on the transmission of environmental Salmonella Senftenberg among broilers and proliferation in broiler housing. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1412-1419. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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